UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA (UiTM)

PERLIS BRANCH ARAU

PHY636 - ADVANCED PHYSICS LABORATORY

GROUPING PRE-LAB QUESTION

EXPERIMENT 2:
ULTRASONIC ECHOGRAPHY A-SCAN AND
ULTRASONIC B-SCAN

Prepared by:

ALIA SHAHIDAH AHMAD SUFIAN (2018660708)

MOHAMMAD IZZAT JAAFAR (2018439294)
MUHAMMAD LUTHFI AMIRUL ZAINOR (2018402818)

Submitted to:

DR. KHUZAIMAH NAZIR

Date of Submission:

16th NOVEMBER 2020

PRE-LAB QUESTIONS OF ULTRASONIC ECHOGRAPHY A-SCAN AND
ULTRASONIC B-SCAN

TASK 1

Record your group discussion around 5 minutes about any part of today
session. Discussion must be in English.

For video presentation, kindly refer to the link google drive below:

TASK 2:

A. Explain how to determine the relationship between time of flight of ultrasonic

echoes and depth of drill holes.

Answer:
When the waves propagate (produce echo peak) from the transducer and a part
of it hit the drill holes and backwall, the wave will then be reflected back to the
transducer. This will be detected as echo peak by the tools. At time of flight where
the second highest peak is generated is where the drill holes is located. The depth
of drill holes can be determined by using the formula d=(c*t)/2. The smaller time of
flight, the smaller the depth of drill holes.

B. Explain how to determine the effect of depth of drill hole on ultrasonic echoes
amplitude.

Answer:
The sooner the initial pulse is reflected by the flaw in the tested specimen, the
bigger the amplitude of the echo detected since less energy is absorbed by the
flaw compared to when the initial pulse hit the backwall. Thus, the bigger the depth
of drill hole, the smaller echoes amplitude detected.

C. Explain how to determine the size of drilled hole using ultrasonic echoes.
Please use diagrams/figures and example of calculation to explain your
answer.

Answer:
When wave propagates form the transducer to the back wall and return back to the
transducer as reflected wave, this will generate two echo peaks when there is no
drill holes detected. In case of a drill holes present, a new flaw echo peak will be
detected in between the first two echo peaks. Mark the location when the flaw echo
peak start to appear. Then move the transducer until only the transmission peak
and flaw peak remain then mark this point on the tested specimen. Calculate the
size of drill holes using the appropriate formula.
a) When drill hole present but not very large

Figure 1 The wave propagation when hole present but not very large
b) When drill holes present are very large

Figure 2 The wave propagation present when hole is very large

The measure distance is diameter, d. The drill holes size can be determined
by Area, A = 2πr where r = d/2 or d
TASK 3:

A. Discuss the difference between transmission mode and reflection mode in

ultrasonic measurements.

Answer:
Transmission mode Reflection mode
(Attenuation method) (Pulse echo method)

Utilized the transmitted part or Utilized the reflected part of the

ultrasonic wave. ultrasonic wave.
Probe are on the different sides of the Probes are on the same side of the
material. material.
Does not give the depth for example Give the location of the defect.
location of the defect.
Two probes used-each on opposite Either one or two probes used. If two
sides of the material. probes-both on the same side of the
material.

B. Explain how to perform an ultrasonic experiment to determine the specific

attenuation coefficient of acrylic using transition mode. Please use
diagrams/figures and example of calculation to explain your answer.

Answer:
TASK 4:

A. Discuss the difference between longitudinal and shear waves.

Answer:
Longitudinal wave is the wave that is consisting of a periodic disturbance or
vibration that takes place in the same direction as the advance of the wave. A
coiled spring that is compressed at one end and then released experiences a wave
of compression that travels its length, followed by a stretching which is a point on
any coil of the spring will move with the wave and return along the same path,
passing through the neutral position and then reversing its motion again.
Meanwhile, shear waves is a part of transverse wave that occurs in an elastic
medium when it is subjected to periodic shear. Shear is the change of shape,
without change of volume, of a layer of the substance, produced by a pair of equal
forces acting in opposite directions along the two faces of the layer. If the medium
is elastic, the layer will resume its original shape after shear, adjacent layers will
undergo shear, and the shifting will be propagated as a wave (Gregersen, 2020).

Longitudinal Waves Shear Waves

• Directly by “normal probes” • Only created by refraction

• Angle created by refraction (Only angles possible)
(straight beam and angle possible)

B. Explain how to determine 1st and 2nd critical angle in solid materials.

Answer:
The first critical angle is when a longitudinal wave moves from a slower to a faster
material, there is an incident angle that makes the angle of refraction for the wave
90˚. This first critical angle can be found from Snell's law by putting in an angle of
90° for the angle of the refracted ray. Meanwhile, the second critical angle is called
the minimum angle of incidence of the longitudinal waves at which the shear wave
does not penetrate into the second medium. At angles of incidence close to the
second critical for distributed heterogeneous boundary-head, the shear wave that
quickly fades. If the angle of incidence close to the second critical angle, there is
inhomogeneous head-shear wave at the interface, which quickly fades
(Crouse, 2014).
C. Explain how to determine the sound velocity, elastic coefficient, elastic
modulus and shear modulus for acrylic.

Answer:
Sound Velocity
The velocity of sound in acrylic shall be determined by time of flight reflection
technique with an ultrasonic echoscope. The measurements are done by reflection
method, on three cylinders of different length. Two measurement series are carried
out with ultrasonic probes of different frequencies (Hahn, 2020).

Figure 3 Ultrasonic echoscope

Elastic coefficient
From the velocities of sound CL2 and CT2 while knowing the density of acrylic, the
elastic coefficient, u can be determined by following equation:

0.5
CL2 2(1-u)
( )=[ ] (1)
CT2 1-2u
0.5
G
CT2 = ( ) (2)
ρ
0.5
E 1-u
CL2 = [( ) ( )] (3)
ρ (1+u)(1-2u)

Where:
CL2 is the sound velocity for longitudinal in medium 2, (m/s)
CT2 is the sound velocity for transverse in medium 2, (m/s)
u is the elastic coefficient
E is the elastic module, (N/m2)
G is the shear module, (PA)
ρ is the density of the medium, (kg/m3)
Elastic Modulus:
Method 1
From the velocities of sound CL2 and CT2 while knowing the density of acrylic, the
elastic modulus, E can be determined by following equation:

0.5
E 1-u
CL2 = [( ) ( )]
ρ (1+u)(1-2u)

Where:
CL2 is the sound velocity for longitudinal in medium 2, (m/s)
CT2 is the sound velocity for transverse in medium 2, (m/s)
u is the elastic coefficient
E is the elastic module, (N/m2)
G is the shear module, (PA)
ρ is the density of the medium, (kg/m3)

Method 2
There are another way to determine the elastic modulus. Firstly, the rectangular
strips of acrylic (Lucitone 199) was fabricated and stored in artificial saliva at
37 °C for 2 weeks. The specimens were subjected to a three-point flexural test.
The data were statistically analyzed with t-test

Figure 4 The diagram of a strip resin specimen during 3-point flexure test (left)
and the testing machine, Testometric (right).

The Ethics Committee of the Dental Medicine Faculty of Damascus University

approved the research protocol (Dent, 2014).
Shear Modulus
Method 1
From the velocities of sound CL2 and CT2 while knowing the density of acrylic, the
shear modulus, G can be determined by following equation :
0.5
G
CT2 =( )
ρ

Where:
CL2 is the sound velocity for longitudinal in medium 2, (m/s)
CT2 is the sound velocity for transverse in medium 2, (m/s)
u is the elastic coefficient
G is the shear module, (PA)
ρ is the density of the medium, (kg/m3)

Method 2
The shear modulus and strength of the acrylic adhesive 3M® DP 8005 was
evaluated by two different methods: the Thick Adherend Shear Test (TAST) and
the Notched Plate Shear Method (Arcan). However, TAST standards advise the
use of a special extensometer attached to the specimen, which requires a very
experienced technician. In the present study, the adhesive shear displacement for
the TAST was measured using an optical technique, and also with a conventional
inductive extensometer of 25 mm used for tensile tests. This allowed for an
assessment of suitability of using a conventional extensometer to measure this
parameter. Since the results obtained by the two techniques are identical, it can
be concluded that using a conventional extensometer is a valid option to obtain
the shear modulus for the particular adhesive used. In the Arcan tests, the
adhesive shear displacement was only measured using the optical technique. This
work also aimed the comparison of shear modulus and strength obtained by the
TAST and Arcan test methods. Strain is measured using two extensometers in
order to eliminate errors from unsymmetrical specimens. The results are
averaged. The shear modulus is obtained by calculating the slope of the linear
region of the stress-strain diagram. If the strength results are to be used for design
of bonded structures, then only cohesive failure data can be used
(Margarido, 2014).

Figure 5 Compressive TAST

REFERENCES
Crouse, B. (2014). Refraction and Snell's Law. Advanced Technological Education.
Retrieved from https://www.ndeed.org/EducationResources/CommunityColleg
e/Ultrasonics/Physics/refractionsnells.htm

Dent, S. J. (2014). Elastic modulus and flexural strength comparisons of high-impact

and traditional denture base acrylic resins. The Saudi Dental Journal. Retrieved
from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3924576/

Gregersen, E. (2020). Longitudinal Waves. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved

from https://www.britannica.com/science/longitudinal-wave

Hahn, O. (2020). Velocity of ultrasound in solid state material. PHYWE Excellent in

Science. Retrieved from https://www.phywe.com/en/velocity-of-ultrasound-in-
solid-state-material.html

Margarido, F. (2010). Shear Modulus and Strength of an Acrylic Adhesive by the

Notched Plate Shear Method (Arcan) and the Thick Adherend Shear Test
(TAST). Materials Science Forum. Retrieved from
https://www.scientific.net/MSF.636-637.787