Yee Ia eI eV eeaee lalelaeT Oe I IN ToT TOTeI POO eee wer alaTore eee peeedaaae ees IASEwS ees sees ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL PROCESSING EDITED BY SUNGGYU LEE Leesa Ieee eee sds SII SPM MIs esses IIa ees \cialalelelealelelevebalalelellalell ea IIS AIMS IsI eee eae wee se sesso Meso ees aeae sa ITa OS Volume 1Contents Contributors Topical Table of Contents Preface Volume 1 Absorption Equipment / Karl B. Schnelle, Jr. and Partha Dey : 1 Activated Sludge Process / Shankha K, Banerji n Adsorption / Shivaji Sircar 25 Advanced Oxidation / Sangehul Hwang : 41 Alkaline Zn-MnO, Batteries / Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing : BT Alkylation Processes to Produce High-Quality Gasolines/ Lyle F. Albright and James M. Ryan i 37 Animal Cell Culture / Shang-Tian Yang and Shubhayu Basu oT Antioxidants / S. Al-Malaika and H. H. Sheena 81 Biocatalysis/ Tyler Johannes, Michael R. Simurdiak, and Huimin Zhao . 101 Biofilms / 7. Reg. Bott mn Biofuels and Bioenergy / Dinesh Gera 121 Bioinformatics and Modeling Biological Systems / Sinweral Patel and . Jeremy S, Edwards 131 Biomass to Ethanol / Randy S. Lewis, Rohit P. Datar, and Raymond L, Hulnke 143 Biomaterials / Sujata K. Bhatia and Surita R, Bhatia 153 BioMEMS / L. James Lee 161 Biomolecular Engineering / Zengyi Shao, Re Lui Ang, and Huimin Zhao im Bioprocess and Chemical Process Intensification / G. Akay 183 Bioprocessing / Ryan G. Soderquist and James M. Lee : 199 Bioremediation / Teresa J. Cutright 207 Bioseparations / Shubhayu Basu and Shang-Tian Yang : 221 Blowing Agent / Kyung W. Suh 237 Branching Level Detection in Polymers / M.J. Scorah, R. Dhib, and A. Penlidis 251 Bubble Cap Tray / Stanley Marple 269 Bulk Molding and Sheet Molding Compounds / Sanjeev N. Rao and Krishnan Jayaraman 283 Capsule Pipeline / Henry Liu 298 Carbon Dioxide Capture and Disposal: Carbon Sequestration / K. 5. Lackner, AH. Park, and LS, Fan 305 ‘Carbon Fibers from Lignin-Recyclable Plastic Blends / Satoshi Kubo and John F. Kadia 317 Carbon Nanotubes / Morinobu Endo, Yoong-Ahm Kim, Takuya Hayashi Kenji Takeuchi, Maruicio Terrones, and Mildred S. Dresselhaus 3383 Catalyst Preparation / X. D. Hu and Michael W, Balakos 345xxiv Catalytic Combustion for Thermal Energy Generation / Daniel G. Lefer 361 Catalytic Cracking / Paul O'Connor 37 Catalytic Dehydrogenation / Bipin V. Vora and Peter R. Pujado 379 Catalytic Naphtha Reforming / Abdullah M, Aitani 397 Centrifuges / Alan G. Leiki 407 Ceramics / Stephen J. Lombardo 47 Chemical Mechanical Planarization in Integrated Circuit Manufacturing / John Zabasajja 429 Chemical Vapor Deposition / David G. Retzloff 441 Chiral Drug Separation Bingyun Li and Donald T, Haynie 449 Chlorofiuorocarbons / Byung Gwon Lee and Youn-Woo Lee 459 CHP Technology/Systems / Loway M. Chamra and B. K. Hodge 469 Chromatographie Separations / Scott M. Husson 481 Coal-Water Slurries / 5. Komar Kawatra 495 Computational Fluid Dynamics / André Bakker and Elizabeth Marden Marshall 305 Computer-Aided Process Engineering / Andrzej Kraslawski SIT Conductive Polymers / Ronald W. Gumbs 527 Contact Angles, Surface Tension, and Capillarity / Peter R. Pujado 539 Corrosion in the Process Industries / J. A. Richardson and R. A. Cottis S49 Critical Phase Behavior / J. Richard Elliott, Jr 563 Cross-Linked Polyethylene / Carosena Meola, Giovanni Maria Carlomagno, and Giuseppe Giorleo sm7 Crystal Growth / CW. Lan, W. C. Yu, and W. C. Hsw 589 Cumene Production / Robert J. Schmidt 603 Dehumidification | Louay M. Chamra and B. Keith Hodge 617 Denitrogenation / Dacik Kim and Teh Fu Yen 27 Design of Extrusion Dies / Milivoje M. Kostic and Louis G. Reifschneider 633 Desulfurization / Chunshan Song, Uday T. Turaga, and Xiaoliang Ma 651 Detergent Alkylate / Bipin Vora, Andrea Bozzano, and Stephen Sohn 663 Detergent Enzymes / Michael R. Stoner, Douglas A, Dale, Alfred Gaertner, and Theodore W. Randolph 673 —— Volume 2 Diamond Films / Angel L. Velez and Mark A. Pretas 685 Diamond-Like Carbon Films / Angel Velez and Mark A. Prelas 695 Differential Scanning Calorimetry / John O. Hill 99 Dimethyl Ether / Abhay Sardesai 107 Dimethylearbonate / Byung Gwon Lee 19 Distillation Column Design: Packing / Andrew W. Sloley .... 9 Distillation Column Design: Trays / Andrew W, Sloley 749 Drag Reducing Agents / Jacques L. Zakin, Ying Zhang, and Yunying Qi 161 Dust Explosion Hazard Assessment and Control / Vahid Ebadat 787 Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis { Kevin P. Menard 799 Education on Plant Design / Truman S. Storvick 813 Electrodeposition / André Avelino Pasa and Maximiliano Luis Munford 821 Electronic Chemical Sensors. / Chung-Chiun Liu 833 Electroplating / Helen H. Low and Yinlun Huang 839 Electrostatic Precipitation / Kenneth R. Parker 349,Emulsion Polymerization / Vincent G. Gomes Enhanced Oil Recovery / Kishore K. Mohanty and Gerard T. Caneba Environmental Chemodynamies / Louis J. Thibodeaux Environmental Law and Policy / Don C. Haddox and Teresa J. Cutright Epoxy Resins / fan Hamerton Ethylbenzene / Guy B. Woodle Fermentation Processes / Kimberly Ogden Fermenter Design / Kishore K. Kar, Juergen Lueske, and Richard F. Cope Fluid Flow / Theodore Reginald Bott Fluid Transport in Porous Media / Michael C. Brooks Fluidization /A-H. Park and L-S. Fan Fluidized Bed Reactor / John R. Grace, Jamal Chaouki, and Todd Pugsley Fluorescent Coatings for High Temperature Phosphor Thermometry / 5. W. Allison, W. A. Hollerman, SM. Goedeke, M. R. Cates, and T. J. Bencic Fluoropolymers / Sina Ebnesajjad Fouling of Heat Exchangers / 7. Reg. Bott Fractal Geometry: Applications / Douglas K. Ludlow Free-Radieal Polymerization / Yadunandan Lal Dar, Rajeev Farwaha, and Gerard T. Caneba Friction Materials / Sunil Kesavan and Xinming Shao Fuel Cell Membranes Andrew M. Herring Functional Biomaterials / Chun Wang ‘ Gas Explosion Hazard: Prevention and Protection / Dehong Kong Gas-Liquid Contactors / Kishore K. Kar, Richard F. Cope, and Juergen Lueske Gas-Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors / John C. Middleton, John M. Smith, and Piero M. Armenante Gas-Phase Lubrication of MEMS Devices: Using Alcohol Vapor Adsorption Isotherm for Lubrication of Silicon Oxides Kenneth Scrawhecker, David B. Asay, and Seong H. Kim Gas-Solid Reactions / Douglas P. Harrison Gas-to-Liquid Mass Transfer / Huw D. Doan, Simant R. Upreti, and Ali Loki Geothermal Energy / Sunggyu Lee and H. Bryan Lanterman Greenhouse Gas Management for Multiplant Complexes / Ralph W. Pike Heat Exchanger Operation and Troubleshooting. Reg. Bort Heat Transfer Fluids / Satish C. Mohapatra Heavy Water (Deuterium Oxide) / Sharad M, Dave Heterogeneous Catalysis / Richard W. Rice and James G. Goodwin, Jr. High-Pressure Reactor Design / Joseph M. Lambert, Jr. and Steven C. Hukvari Hollow Fiber Technology / Vicki Chen and Pierre Le-Clech Hybrid Materials (Organic-Inorganic) / C. Sanchez and G. J. A. A. Soler-tllia Hydrocracking / James G. Speight Hydrodesulfurization / James G, Speight Hydrodynamics of Trickle-Bed Reactors / K. D. P. Nigam and Arunabha Kundu Hydrogels_/ Jae Hyung Park, Kang Moo Huh, Mingli, Ye, and Kinam Park Hydrogen Bonding / J. Richard Elliott, Jr Hydrogenation / Xiaobo Yang Hydrogenation Reactions in Dense Gas Systems / Gary Combes, Fariba Dehghani, Raffaella Mammucari, and Neil R. Foster 863 881 891 899 on 929 941 951 975 987 997 1009 1021 1031 1043 1053 1057 1071 1085 1099 1109 119 1143 MSI 1163 1175 1189 1203 1211 1221 1235 1245 1253 1267 1281 1289 129° 1307 1319 1325 1337Hydrophilic Polymers for Biomedical Applications / Frank Davis and Séamus P. J. Higson 1349 Hydrotreating Catalysts and Processes: Current Status and Path Forward / ‘Arunabha Kundu, Nishith Dwivedi, Azad Singh, and K. D. P. Nigam. 1357 — Volume 3 Immobilized Enzyme Technology / Charles G. Hill, Jr., Cristina Otero, and Hugo S. Garcia 1367 Incineration and Combustion / Selim M. Senkan 1381 Injection Molding / David 0. Kazmer 1401 Ton Exchange / Sukalyan Sengupta and Arup K. Sengupta 1411 Ton Exchange Resin / Sukalyan Sengupta and Arup K. SenGupta . eT Latex Processing { Alexander F. Routh 1445 Liquid—Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors / Richard V. Calabrese, Douglas B. Leng, and Piero M. Armenante 1457 Lithium-Ton Battery / Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 1469 Loss Prevention in Chemical Processing / Joel M. Haight 1483 Low-Pressure Caseade Are Torch / Hirotsugu Yasuda 1493 Lubrication Performance Factors for Chemical Provess Plant Machinery / Jim C. Fitch and Drew D. Troyer isi ‘Mass Transfer Enhancement Because of Flow Instabilities / Vinal Kumar and K.D. P. Nigam 1531 Materials Modeling / Sanat Mohanty, Gregg Caldwell, Manish Jain, and Cristina U, Thomas 1551 Measuring Experimental Quantities Using Simple Fluorescence _/ W. A. Holleran, S. W. Allison, S. M. Goedeke, and M. R. Cates 1561 Membrane Reactors / Ivo F. J. Vankelecom 1575 Mesoporous Siliea Films / Hugh W. Hillhouse and Brian W. Eggiman 1587 Metallocene Catalysts for Olefin Polymerization / 1. C. Chung 1599 Microelectronics Fabrication / Edmund G. Seebauer and Charlotte T. M. Kwok 1615 Microfabrication / Chung-Chiun Liu 1627 Microgravity Processing of Materials / Robert Naumann 1633 Microreactors and Microreaction Engineering / Richard I. Masel, Scott Gold, and Zheng Ni 1643 Microscale Fuel Cells. / J. D. Holladay and V. V. Viswanathan 1663 Microscopy of lonomers / Andreas Taubert and Brian P. Kirkmeyer 1673 Microwave Processing of Ceramics / Eldon D. Case 1687 Mixing and Chemical Reactions / Edward L. Paul, Suzanne M. Kresta, and Arthur W. Etchells 1699 Molecular Bioengineering / Sundararajan ¥. Madihally 1709 Molecular Modeling for Nonequilibrium Chemical Processes / Dionisios G. Viachos 117 Molecular Self-Assembly / Yoon Seob Lee and James F. Rathman 1727 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers / Gregory T. Rushton and Ken D. Shimizu 1737 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells / Prabliw Ganesan, Branko N. Popov, and Rajam Pattabiraman : 1747 Multiphase Mixing and Solid-Liquid Mixing in Agitated Reactors / Piero M. Armenante, Victor Atlemo-Obeng, and W. Roy Penney 1767 Multiphase Reactors) Stanley M. Barnett 1781‘Nanoimprint Technology and Its Applications / L. Jay Guo 1791 Nanomaterials / David S. J. Arney, Jimmie R. Baran, Allen R. Siedle, and ‘Matthew H. Frey 1803 Nanoporous Dielectric Materials {Jorge A. Lubguban and ‘Shubhra Gangopadhyay 1813 Nanostructured Materials / Vikrant N. Urade and Hugh W. Hillhouse 1825 Nanotribology / Jonathan W. Bender and Xiaodong Li 1837 Natural Gas Hydrates / PR. Bishnoi and Matthew A. Clarke 1849 Natural Gas Utilization / Peter R. Pujads. 1865 New Flame Retardant Materials: Nonhalogenated Additives from Brominated Starting Materials and Inherently Low-Flammability Polymers / Alexander B. Morgan, Joshua Jurs, Jason Stephenson, and James M. Tour 1879 Nickel-Cadmium Battery / Chung-Chiun Liu and Xuekun Xing 1397 NMR in Chemical Processing / Sungrama K. Sahoo and Peter L. Rinaldi 1907 NMR Spectroscopy of Polymers in Solution / Sangrama K. Sahoo and Peter L. Rinaldi 1919 NO, Removal / Mike Bradford and Rajiv Grover 1935 Numerical Computations for Chemical Process Analysis and Design / David G. Retzloff. 1949 Onsite and Offsite Emergency Preparedness for Chemical Facilities and ‘Chemical Transportation’ / Michael K. Lindell and Ronald W. Perry 1959 Oriented Morphologies: Development in Polymer Processing / Mario A. Perez 1973 Osmotic Distillation / Bob Johnson 1985 Ozone Treatment / Jiangning Wu 1993 Volume 4 Packed Absorption Column Design / Karl B. Schnelle, Jr. and Partha Dey 2003, Particle-Particle Interaction: Improvements in the Prediction of DLVO Forces _/ ‘Anh V. Nguyen, Link T. T. Tran, and Jan D. Miller 2017 Pervaporation: Vapor Permeation / Nicholas Patrick Wynn 2031 Petroleum Refinery Distillation / Stanley Marple 2053 Phase Behavior of Hydrocarbon Mixtures X.-¥. Zou and J. M. Shaw 2067 Phase Equilibria / Karl B. Schnelle, Jr 2077 Phenolic Resins / Adriane G. Ludwick and Mohamed 0. Abdalla 2089 Photodegradation of Polymers J. R. White 2101 Photoresists Sergei ¥. Zelentsov and Nadezta V. Zelentsova au Photovoltaic Materials / Richard Corkish 2129 Phytoremediation / Joel G. Burken . 2139 Pilot Plant and Minipilot Units / Richard P. Palluzi 2147 Pinch Design and Analysis. / Robin Smith and Jin-Kuk Kim 2165 Pipeline Safety / Glenn B. DeWolf 2181 Plant Metabolic Engineering / Eleanore T. Wurtzel and Erich Grotewold. 2191 Plasma Etching / David G. Retzloff 2201 Plasma Polymerization Coating / Hirotsugu K. Yasuda 2215 Pollution Prevention / Ashok Kumar, Harish G. Rao, Abhilash Vijayan, and Charanya Varadarajan 2231 Polyanhydrides / Maria P. Torres, Amy S. Determan, Surya K. Mallapragada, and Balaji Narasimhan 2247Polybutadiene / William L. Hergenrother, Mark DeDecker, and Dan F. Graves 259 Polycarbonate (PO) / Sarah E, Morgan and Jun Li 217 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) / Teresa J. Cutright and Sangchul Hwang 291 Polymer Clay Nanocomposites / Hyowng J. Choi, Ji W. Kim, and Myung S. Jhon 2301 Polymer Composites / Youssef K. Hamidi, M. Cengiz Altan, and Brian P. Grady 2313 Polymeric Membranes Takeshi Matsuura and Mehrdad Rafat 2323 Polymerization Reactions: Modeling, Design, and Control / Kyu Yong Choi : 2335 Polysaccharides / Anton Huber 2349 Polyurethanes / Joanna D. Fromstein and Kimberly A. Woodhouse 2369 Polyvinylidene Fluoride Jeffrey H. Yen and Ramin Amin-Sanayei 2379 Porous Media Karsten E, Thompson 2391 Powder Coating Application Processes / Harry J. Lader . 2405 Power Factor / Peter R. Pujadé 247 Pressure-Relief Valve Design / Jonathan Francis 23 Process Optimization / Ralph W. Pike 2439 Processing of Pharmaceuticals Using Dense Gas Technologies /R. Mammucari, F. Dehghani, and N. R. Foster 2451 Propylene Production / Abdullah M. Aitani 2461 Protein Design / Zhilei Chen and Huimin Zhao 2467 Protein Folding: Biomedical Implications / Ajit Sadana, Tuan Vo-Dinh, and ‘Nigil Satish Jeyashekar 2479 Protein Production in Transgenic Plants: Development and Commereialization / Wayne R. Curtis 2489 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. / Pyoungho Choi, Pradeep Haldar, and Ravindra Datta Reactive Extrusion / Gerard T. Caneba Reactive Separation / Vincent G. Gomes: Reactor Engineering / Ken K. Robinson Real-Time Optimization: Status, Issues, and Opportun T. E, Marlin, and W. S. Yip Recent Advances in Catalytic Distillation / Flora T. T. Ng Recycling of Spent Tires / Roger N. Beers and David A. Benko Reformulated Gasoline / A. K. Dalai and D. Ferdous Renewable Energy / Gareth P. Harrison Reprocessing of Domestic Spent Nuclear Fuel / Truman S. Storvick Resid Conversion / James G. Speight ies / J.-F. Forbes, Volume 5 Rheology of Cellulose Liquid Crystalline Polymers Qizhow Dai, Richard Gilbert, and John F. Kadla 2663 Rotational Molding of Polymers / Céline T: Bellehumeur 2677 Rubber Devuleanization / David A. Benko and Roger N. Beers : 2691 Scrubbers / 5. Komar Kawatra . 2701 Six Sigma Design: An Overview of Design for Six Sigma (DFSS)_/ Sean A. Curran, Kwok-Wai Lem, Steve Sund, and Mina Gabriel 219Size Reduetion {Sunil Kesavan Soave's Modified Redlich-Kwong Equation of State / J. Richard Elliott, Jr Solid—Liquid Mixing: Numerical Simulation and Physical Experiments / Philippe A. Tanguy, Francis Thibault, Gabriel Ascanio, and Edmundo Brito-De La Fuente Solid-Liquid Separation / Frank M. Tiller and Wenping Li Solvent Refining Processes / Roland H. Heck Solvents / Satish C. Mohapatra Sonochemical Reaction Engineering / David A. Bruce and Amarnath Naveddy Sorbent Technology / Shuguang Deng Spinning Disk Reactor / R. J. J. Jachuck and J. R. Burns Styrene / Guy B. Woodle Styrene-Butadiene Rubber _/ Jing Peng Superabsorbents / Takamasa Nonaka Supercritical COy-Assisted Surface Coating Injection Molding / Masahiro Okshima Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) / Ram B. Gupta Supercritical Fluid Technology: Reactions / Aydin K. Sunol, Sermin G. Sunol, and Naveed Aslam Supercritical Water Oxidation / Ram B. Gupta Synthesis Gas | Kim Aasberg-Petersen Tar Sand James G. Speight ‘Theoretical Aspects of Liquid Crystals and James J. Feng ‘Thermal Analysis Techniques: Overview / John O. Hill ‘Thermal Cracking of Hydrocarbons / Tom Chunghu Tsai and Lyle F. Albright Thermal Desorption / Timothy P. Sullivan ‘Thermal Stability of Chemical Reactors / Haishan Zheng and Jason M. Keith ‘Thermogravimetric Analysis / John O. Hill ‘Thermomechanical Analysis / Kevin P. Menard ‘Thermosets: Materials, Processes, and Waste Minimization / Kwok-Wai Lem, Sean A, Curran, Steve Sund, and Mina Gabriel ‘Thin Film Processes in MEMS and NEMS Technologies. / W. 8. Ashurst, . Carraro and R. Maboudian Science and Technology / T: L. Alford, J. Kouvetakis, and Mayer id Film Deposition / Myung S. Jhon and Thomas E. Karis ‘Thiochemicals: Mercaptans, Sulfides, and Polysulfides / Jeffrey Yen, Vijay R. Srinivas, and Gary S. Smith ‘Thiochemicals: Mercapto Acids and Organosulfur (IV/VI) Compounds / Jeffrey H. Yen, Gary 8, Smith, and Vijay R. Srinivas ‘Tissue Engineering / Shang-Tian Yang and Clayt Robinson Trace Elements / Jan D. Brindle ‘Transmission Electron Microscopy for Materials Science / Rolf Erni and Nigel D. Browning Tubular Reactors: Reactor Types and Selected Process Applications / Patrick L. Mills and Joseph M. Lambert, Jr. Twin-Serew Extrusion / Paul Andersen gud Crystalline Polymers. / 2738 2747 2753 2769 2791 2799 2811 - 2825 2847 2859 2871 2881 2397 2907 2915 2927 2933 2947 2955 2965 2975 2987 2997 3009 3023 3031 3049 3061 3075 3089 3101 3115 3129 3139 3151 3167‘Use of Lipases to Isolate Polyunsaturated and Oxygenated Fatty Acids and Form Value-Added Ester Products. / Douglas G. Hayes ‘Vapor-Liquid-Solid Synthesis of Nanowires / Brian A. Korgel, Tobias Hanrath, and Forrest M. Davidson, IIT . : Water Gas Shift Reaction / Wolfgang Ruettinger and Oleg Hinich Water Reclamation {Mark A. Kuehne, Norman N. Li, Richard Q. Song, Maxwell Tsai, and Jane C. Li Wide Band-Gap Electronics Materials. / Mark A. Prelas and Krishnendu Saha Zeolite Membranes Yushan Yan, Zijian Li, Shuang Li, and Christopher Lew Ziegler-Natta Catalysis / John C. Chadwick Index 3179 3191 3205 3217 3227 3237 3247