Section 2.2

The Load Combination Equations

ASCE 7-05 provides load combination equations for both LRFD and ASD.  The ones that
you will use will depend on which of the two design philosophies that have been chosen
for your project.

You will note that several of the load combination equations have multiple permeations
due to use of "or" or "+" in the equations (both wind, W, and seismic, E, are considered
to be + loads).  This is true of both the LRFD and ASD combinations.

Load and Resistance Factor Design

If you chose to use LRFD for your design philosophy, then you are to make sure that
your structure is capable of supporting the loads resulting from the seven ASCE 7-05
basic load combination equations. 

LRFD applies load factors to service level loads so that they are safely comparable to
member strengths (which are generally inelastic) while maintaining the actual (service)
loads in the elastic region.  Member strength (the maximum load that the member will
support) is generally between 1.3 to 1.4 times the force that will cause yielding in a
member.  These load factors are applied in the load combination equations and vary in
magnitude according to the load type. 

The magnitude of the LRFD load factors reflect the predictability of the loads.  For
example, the load factor for D is generally lower than the load factor for L in any given
equation where there is equal probability of simultaneous occurrence of the full value of
each load type.  This is because dead loads are much more predictable than live loads
and, hence, do not require as great of a factor of safety.

Example:  Analysis of a structure shows that a particular member supports 5 kips dead
load and 6 kips live load.  Using LRFD LC-2, the combined design load equals 1.2 times
the dead load plus 1.6 times the live load, or 15.6 kips.  The factor for dead load (1.2)
is lower than the factor for live load (1.6) because dead load is more predictable than
live load.  The load factors are all greater than 1.0 since we want to compare the result
to the ultimate strength of the member instead of the yielding strength of the member
yet we don't want yielding to occur.  The ultimate strength is generally about 1.3-1.4
times the yield strength of the member.
Allowable Strength Design

For ASD there are eight basic load combination equations.  You will notice that the large
load factors found in the LRFD load combinations are absent from the ASD version of
the ASCE 7-05 load combination equations.  Also, the predictability of the loads is not
considered.  For example both D and L have the same load factor in equations where
they are both likely to occur at full value simultaneously.  The probability associated
with accurate load determination is not considered at all in the ASD method.  Hence the
major difference between LRFD and ASD.

Example:  Analysis of a structure shows that a particular member supports 5 kips dead
load and 6 kips live load.  Using ASD LC-2, the combined design load equals the dead
load plus the live load, or 11.0 kips.  The factor for dead load (1.0) is the same as the
factor for live load (1.0), hence not accounting for the fact that the dead load is more
predictable than the live load.  The result of the load combination equation is then
generally compared against the yielding strength of the member to ensure elastic
behavior.

The Load Combination Equations

The published load combination equations are:

LRFD

1. 1.4(D + F)
2. 1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
3. 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + ((0.5 or 1.0)*L or 0.8W)
4. 1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
5. 1.2D + 1.0E + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.2S
6. 0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
7. 0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H

When atmospheric ice is included, ASCE 7-05 requires modifications to equations (2),
(4), and (6), effectively resulting in three new equations which are listed here:

  2ice.  1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.2Di + 0.5S

ASD
 1. D+F
2. D+H+F+L+T
3. D + H + F + (Lr or S or R)
4. D + H + F + 0.75(L + T) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
5. D + H + F + (W or 0.7E)
6. D + H + F + 0.75(W or 0.7E) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
7. 0.6D + W + H
8. 0.6D + 0.7E + H

For the purposes of this text, we will identify the equations and their permutations by
the labels defined as defined in Table 2.1.

When atmospheric ice is included, ASCE 7-05 requires modifications to equations (2),
(3), and (7), effectively resulting in three new equations which are listed here:

  2ice.  D + H + F + L + T + 0.7Di
  3ice.  D + H + F + 0.7Di + 0.7Wi + S
  6ice.  0.6D + 0.7Di + 0.7Wi + H

Table 2.1
ASCE 7-05 Load Combination Equation Permutations

LRFD ASD
 
LR A
FD S
- 1.4(D+F) D-
D+F
LC L
1 C
LR 1
FD A
1.2(D + F + T) +
- S
1.6(L + H) + 0.5Lr
LC D-
D+H+F+L+T
2a L
LR C
FD 2
1.2(D + F + T) +
- A
1.6(L + H) + 0.5S
LC S
2b D- D + H + F + L + T +
LR L 0.7Di
FD C
1.2(D + F + T) +
- 2i
1.6(L + H) + 0.5R
LC A D + H + F + Lr
2c S
LR 1.2(D + F + T) + D-
FD 1.6(L + H) + 0.2Di L
- + 0.5S C
LC 3a
2i A
LR S
FD D-
1.2D + 1.6Lr + (0.5 D+H+F+S
- L
or 1)*L
LC C
3a 3b
LR A
FD S
1.2D + 1.6Lr +
- D-
0.8W D+H+F+R
LC L
3b C
LR 3c
FD A
1.2D + 1.6S + (0.5
- S
or 1)*L
LC D- D + H + F + 0.7Di +
3c L 0.7Wi + S
LR C
FD 3i
1.2D + 1.6S +
- A
0.8W
LC S
3d D- D + H + F + 0.75(L +
LR L T) + 0.75Lr
FD C
1.2D + 1.6R + (0.5
- 4a
or 1)*L
LC A
3e S
LR D- D + H + F + 0.75(L +
FD L T) + 0.75S
1.2D + 1.6R +
- C
0.8W
LC 4b
3f A
LR S
FD D- D + H + F + 0.75(L +
1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5
- L T) + 0.75R
or 1)*L + .5Lr
LC C
4a 4c
LR A
FD S
1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5
- D-
or 1)*L + .5S D+H+F+W
LC L
4b C
LR 5a
FD A
1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5
- S
or 1)*L + .5R
LC D-
D+H+F-W
4c L
LR C
FD 1.2D + (0.5 or 5b
- 1.0)*L + Di + Wi + A
LC 0.5S S
4i D-
D + H + F + 0.7E
LR 1.2D + E + (0.5 or L
FD 1)*L + 0.2S C
- 5c
 LC A
5a S
LR D-
D + H + F - 0.7E
FD L
1.2D - E + (0.5 or
- C
1)*L + 0.2S
LC 5d
5b A
LR S
FD D- D + H + F + 0.75W +
0.9D + 1.6W +
- L 0.75L + 0.75Lr
1.6H
LC C
6a 6a
LR A
FD S
0.9D - 1.6W +
- D- D + H + F + 0.75W +
1.6H
LC L 0.75L + 0.75S
6b C
LR 6b
FD A
0.9D + Di + Wi +
- S
1.6H
LC D- D + H + F + 0.75W +
6i L 0.75L + 0.75R
LR C
FD 6c
- 0.9D + E + 1.6H A
LC S
7a D- D + H + F - 0.75W +
LR L 0.75L + 0.75Lr
FD C
- 0.9D - E + 1.6H 6d
LC A
7b S
*  Note that the load factor for L in LRFD equations D- D + H + F - 0.75W +
(3), (4), and (5) is permitted to equal 0.5 for L 0.75L + 0.75S
occupancies in which the unit live load is less than or C
equal to 100 psf, except for garages or areas 6e
occupied as places of public assembly.  Otherwise A
the load factor for L equals 1.0. S
D- D + H + F - 0.75W +
L 0.75L + 0.75R
  C
6f
A
S
D+H+F+
D-
0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L +
L
0.75Lr
C
6g
A
S
D+H+F+
D-
0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L +
L
0.75S
C
6h
A D+H+F+
S
D-
0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L +
L
0.75R
C
6i
A
S
D+H+F-
D-
0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L +
L
0.75Lr
C
6j
A
S
D+H+F-
D-
0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L +
L
0.75S
C
6k
A
S
D+H+F-
D-
0.75(0.7E) + 0.75L +
L
0.75R
C
6l
A
S
D-
0.6D + 0.7Di + 0.7Wi
L
+H
C
6
m
A
S
D-
0.6D + W + H
L
C
7a
A
S
D-
0.6D - W + H
L
C
7b
A
S
D-
0.6D + 0.7E + H
L
C
8a
A
S
D-
0.6D - 0.7E + H
L
C
8b
 LRFD

ASD