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06.data Transmission - Telemetry

Data transmission and telemetry involve measuring quantities at a distance and transmitting the information to another location. There are different types of data transmission systems including DC, AC, landline, and radio frequency. The information can be modulated by altering characteristics like amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal. Common modulation techniques are amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a transmission medium by dividing the medium through techniques such as frequency division, time division, wavelength division, and code division.

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30 views

06.data Transmission - Telemetry

Data transmission and telemetry involve measuring quantities at a distance and transmitting the information to another location. There are different types of data transmission systems including DC, AC, landline, and radio frequency. The information can be modulated by altering characteristics like amplitude, frequency, or phase of a carrier signal. Common modulation techniques are amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Multiplexing allows multiple signals to share a transmission medium by dividing the medium through techniques such as frequency division, time division, wavelength division, and code division.

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Data Transmission &

Telemetry

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 1


Introduction
• The term data transmission and telemetry refers to the process by which the
information regarding the quantity being measured is transmitted to a remote
location for application like data processing, recording or displaying.

• Telemetry may defined as measuring at a distance.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 2


Classification
• DC telemetering System
1. Voltage telemetering System

2. Current telemetering System

3. Position telemetering System

• AC telemetering System
1. Landline

2. Radio Frequency

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 3


Modulation
• Modulation is a process where some characteristic(amplitude, frequency)
of a carrier signal is altered according to information in a message signal.
• The frequency of the carrier signal is usually much greater than the highest
frequency of the input message signal.
• Basic Modulation Types
– Amplitude Modulation: changes the amplitude.
– Frequency Modulation: changes the frequency.
– Phase Modulation: changes the phase.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 4


Amplitude Modulation
• Amplitude Modulation is a process where the amplitude of a carrier
signal is altered according to information in a message signal.
• Modulation index k is a measure of the extent to which a carrier
voltage is varied by the modulating signal.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 5


Amplitude Modulation

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 6


Frequency Modulation
• Frequency Modulation is a process where the frequency of a carrier
signal is altered according to information in a message signal.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 7


Sharing the medium
Multiplexing in Networks

Main purpose is ?
Multiplexing
•Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry only one signal at
any moment in time.
•For multiple signals to share one medium, the medium must somehow
be divided, giving each signal a portion of the total bandwidth
•The current techniques that can accomplish this include frequency
division multiplexing, time division multiplexing, wavelength division
multiplexing etc.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 9


The Concept of Multiplexing
• Multiplexing refers to the combination of information streams
from multiple sources for transmission over a shared medium.
• Multiplexor is a mechanism that implements the concept
• Demultiplexing to refer to the separation of a combination
back into separate information streams.
• Demultiplexor to refer to a mechanism that implements the concept.
• Figure 11.1 illustrates the concept
• each sender communicates with a single receiver.
• all pairs share a single transmission medium.
• multiplexor combines information from the senders for transmission
in such a way that the demultiplexor can separate the information for
receivers.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 10


The Concept of Multiplexing

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 11


The Basic Types of Multiplexing
• There are four basic approaches to multiplexing that each have a set of
variations and implementations
• Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
• Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• Code Division Multiplexing (CDM)

• TDM and FDM are widely used.


• WDM is a form of FDM used for optical fiber.
• CDM is a mathematical approach used in cell phone mechanisms.
Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 12
FDMA
• Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) splits the
available frequency band into smaller fixed frequency channels. Each
transmitter or receiver uses a separate frequency.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 13


TDMA
• Time-division multiplexing involves separating the transmitters in time so that they can
share the same frequency. The simplest type is Time Division Duplex (TDD). This
multiplexes the transmitter and receiver on the same frequency. TDD is used, for
example, in a simple two way radio where a button is pressed to talk and released to
listen.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 14


Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
• TDM assigns time slots to each channel repeatedly
– multiplexing in time simply means transmitting an item from one source, then
transmitting an item from another source, and so on
• Figure 11.8 (below) illustrates the concept

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 15


Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
• WDM refers to the application of FDM to optical fiber
– some sources use the term Dense WDM (DWDM) to emphasize that many wavelengths
of light can be employed

• The inputs and outputs of such multiplexing are wavelengths of light


– denoted by the Greek letter λ, and informally called colors

• When white light passes through a prism


– colors of the spectrum are spread out

• If a set of colored light beams are each directed into a prism at the correct
angle
– the prism will combine the beams to form a single beam of white light
Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 16
Wavelength Division Multiplexing
• Prisms form the basis of optical multiplexing and demultiplexing
– a multiplexor accepts beams of light of various wavelengths and uses a
prism to combine them into a single beam
– a demultiplexor uses a prism to separate the wavelengths.

Shafwat Nazifa , Lecturer, CUET 17


WDM

Each color can be used as a channel

Today's DWDM systems use 50 GHz or even 25 GHz channel spacing for up to 160 channel operation.
CDMA
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
– all terminals send on the same frequency probably at the same time and can use
the whole bandwidth of the transmission channel
– each sender has a unique random number, the sender XORs the signal with this
random number
– the receiver can “tune” into this signal if it knows the pseudo random number, tuning
is done via a correlation function
Disadvantages:
– higher complexity of a receiver (receiver cannot just listen into the medium and start
receiving if there is a signal)
– all signals should have the same strength at a receiver
Advantages:
– all terminals can use the same frequency, no planning needed
– huge code space (e.g. 232) compared to frequency space
– interferences (e.g. white noise) is not coded
– forward error correction and encryption can be easily integrated
Comparison

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