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Ma2020 Assign 3

This document provides an assignment on Legendre polynomials that includes proving various properties and formulas related to Legendre polynomials, deriving recurrence relations, solving Legendre differential equations, finding Legendre series expansions of functions, and other tasks involving Legendre polynomials.

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rohit singh
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23 views

Ma2020 Assign 3

This document provides an assignment on Legendre polynomials that includes proving various properties and formulas related to Legendre polynomials, deriving recurrence relations, solving Legendre differential equations, finding Legendre series expansions of functions, and other tasks involving Legendre polynomials.

Uploaded by

rohit singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment Sheet 3 on Legendre Polynimials

MA2020 Differential Equations (July - November 2012)

1. Using the governing differential equation of the Legendre polynomials show that
n(n+1)
(a) Pn′ (1) = 2

(b) Pn′ (−1) = (−1)n−1 n(n+1)


2
n
2. Prove the Rodrigue’s formula Pn (x) = n!21 n dx d 2
n (x − 1)
n

PN (−1)r (2n−2r)!
3. Prove that Pn (x) = r=0 2n r! (n−r)! (n−2r)! x
n−2N
where N is n2 or n−1
2
depend-
ing on n is even or odd
1 1
4. Prove that (1 − 2xt + t2 )− 2 = (1 − t(2x − t))− 2 =
P∞ n
n=0 t Pn (x)

5. Using the generating function of pn (x), prove the following

(a) Pn (−1) = (−1)n


(b) Pn (−x) = (−1)n Pn (x)
(2m)!
(c) P2m (0) = (−1)m 22m (m!)2

(d) P2m+1 (0) = 0

6. Prove that (
0, n is odd
Pn (0) = (−1)1/2 (n!)
2n ((n/2)!)2
, n is even

7. Prove the following recurrence formulae for Pn (x)

(a) (n + 1)Pn+1 (x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x)


(b) nPn (x) = xPn′ (x) − Pn−1
′
(x)
(c) (2n + 1)Pn (x) = Pn+1
′
(x) − Pn−1
′
(x)
(d) Pn′ (x) = xPn−1
′
(x) + nPn−1 (x)
(e) (1 − x2 )Pn′ (x) = n (Pn−1 (x) − xPn (x))

8. If Pn (α) = 0 then Pn−1 (α) and Pn+1 (α) are of opposite sign

9. Prove the following orthogonal property of the Legendre polynomials Pn (x)


Z 1 
0, m 6= n
Pm (x) Pn (x) dx = 2
−1 2n+1
, m=n

10. Prove the following


R1 2n(n+1)
(a) −1 x2 Pn−1 (x) Pn+1 (x) dx = (2n−1)(2n+1)(2n+3)
R1 1 3 1
(b) −1 x2 Pn2 (x) dx = 8(2n−1) + 4(2n+1) + 8(2n+3)
R1
(c) −1 P32 (x) dx = 27
R1
(d) −1 xPn2 (x) dx = 0

1
11. Solve (1 − x2 )y ′′ − 2xy ′ = 0 (Legendre equation with n = 0). Show that
its general solution is y(x) = c1 y1 (x) + c2 y2 (x) with y1 (x) = P0 (x) = 1 and
2 (−3)(−1)2.4 5 1 1+x
y2 (x) = x + x3 + x + ... = ln
3! 5! 2 1−x
12. Solve (1 − x2 )y ′′ − 2xy ′ + 2y = 0. (Legendre equation with n = 1)
(2n)!
13. Show that the coefficient of xn in Pn (x) is .
2n (n!)2
14. Show that there are constants α0 , α1 , ..., αn such that

xn = α0 P0 (x) + α1 P1 (x) + ... + αn Pn (x)

15. Show that any polynomial of degree n is a linear combination of P0 (x), P1 (x), ..., Pn (x).

16. Find the (first three terms of the Legendre series of


0, −1 ≤ x < 0
i) f (x)= ii) f (x)= ex , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

17. Let Pn (x) be the Legendre


 polynomial. Show that
R1 m 0, m<n
(i) x Pn (x)dx= 2n+1 (n!)2
−1  , m=n
(2n + 1)!
R1 2n(n + 1)
(ii) (1 − x2 )Pn′ (x)Pn′ (x)dx =
−1 2n + 1
18. The function on the left side of
1
√ = P0 (x) + P1 (x)t + P2 (x)t2 + ... + Pn (x)tn + ...
1 − 2xt + t2

is called the generating function of the Legendre polynomials. Assuming that


this relation is true and use it
a) To verify that Pn (1) = 1, Pn (−1) = (−1)n .
1.3...(2n − 1)
b) P2n+1 (0) = 0, P2n (0) = (−1)n
2n (n!)
c) Differentiate (1) with respect to t and show that
∞ ∞
Pn (x)tn = (1 − 2xt + t2 ) nPn (x)tn−1
P P
(x − t)
n=0 n=1

d) Equate the coefficients of tn in (c) and obtain the recurrence relation

(n + 1)Pn+1(x) = (2n + 1)xPn (x) − nPn−1 (x)

e) Use recurrence relation in (d) to find P2 (x), P3 (x), P4 (x) and P5 (x) assuming
that P0 (x) = 1, P1 (x) = x.

19. Find the first few terms of the Fourier-Legendre


( series.
π 0, −1 < x < 0
(a) f (x) = cos (x) (b) f (x)=
2 x, 0 < x < 1

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