REINFORCED CONCRETE

STRUCTURES 1 – CI2091
ds2 hfcd As2
fydAs2
MEd lx hfcdAc
Ac
h

As1
fydAs1
ds1

Instructor: Ho Huu Chinh Email: [email protected]

 Chapter 3
Design principles and detailing

3.1 Design principles

3.2 Design procedure
3.3 Limit state design
3.4 Loads and actions
3.5 Analysis method
3.6 General detailing
3.7 Detailing of structural members

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_01

 3.6 General detailing
• General rules spacing of bars (EC2 - 8.2) to place
and compact good quality concrete.
For separate horizontal layers the bars in each layer
should be located vertically above each other. There
should be room to allow access for vibrators and
good compaction of concrete.

▪ Requirement:
ah , av ≥ f
ah , av ≥ dg + 5mm
ah , av ≥ 20mm

▪ Practice: ah : clear horizontal distance

ah , av ≥ 65 mm av : clear vertical distance
GOOD BAD

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_26

 3.6 General detailing
• Min. mandrel size for bent bar (EC2 - 8.3)
cross bar (optional)
▪ to avoid reinforcement damage: mandrel diameter
fm,min = 4f if f ≤ 16mm
fm,min = 7f if f > 16mm
The bar should extend at least 5f beyond a bend.

▪ to avoid concrete failure inside the bend of the bar

if cross bar not used:

fm,min = 0.8f2 [(1/ab,min) + 1/(2f)] fyd / fcd

f : diameter of bend bar
ab,min = cnom + f/2 lmin :
fyd : design steel strength minimum
dimension
fcd : design concrete strength
of column

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_27

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage of longitudinal rebars (EC2 - 8.4) to avoid longitudinal cracks
and/or concrete spalling.

▪ Methods:
STRAIGHT BAR
a/- Straight bar

b/- Bend

c/- Hook

d/- Loop

e/- Welded bar

For more information of detailing according to EC2, please see:

https://eurocodes.jrc.ec.europa.eu/doc/1110_WS_EC2/Presentations/05_EC2WS_Arrieta_Detailing.pdf

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_28

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage of longitudinal rebars (EC2 - 8.4)

▪ Ultimate bond stress: (EC2 - 8.4.2)

▪ Basic required anchorage length: (EC2 - 8.4.3)

( ssd ≤ fyd )
lbd
f
lb,rqd

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_29

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage of longitudinal rebars (EC2 - 8.4)

▪ Design anchorage length: (EC2 - 8.4.4)

lbd
f
lb,rqd

Values of a1 → a5 coefficients are in EC2 – Table 8.2

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_30

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage of longitudinal rebars (EC2 - 8.4)
▪ Values of a1 → a5 coefficients : (EC2 – Table 8.2)

a1

a2

a3

a4
a5

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_31

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage of longitudinal rebars (EC2 - 8.4)

▪ Values of cd and K coefficients : (EC2 – Figures 8.3 , 8.4)

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_32

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage of longitudinal rebars (EC2 - 8.4)

▪ Simplified formulation of design anchorage length: (EC2 – 8.4.4)

→ for straight , bend , hook , loop

→ for welded transverse bar

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_33

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage of link reinforcement (EC2 - 8.5)

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_34

 3.6 General detailing
• Arrangement of laps (EC2 - 8.7) : force transmission, from one bar
to the next, must be assured.

Avoid:
▪ Large cracks
▪ Spalling

Methods:
▪ Lapping of bars
▪ Welding
▪ Mechanical couplers ▪ When the provisions comply with figure

Arrangement: above, the permissible percentage of

▪ Should be staggered lapped bars in tension may be 100%

▪ Not located in areas of high moments where the bars are all in one layer.

▪ Symmetrically at any section ▪ Where the bars are in several layers the
percentage should be reduced to 50%.

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_35

 3.6 General detailing l0

• Arrangement of laps (EC2 - 8.7)

bar 1

bar 2
▪ Design lap length (EC2 – Table 8.2)
bar 3

bar 4

Example:
0.65 l0 0.65 l0 Bars 2 and 3
are outside the
(Table 8.1) Section considered
section being
considered.
Therefore,
r1 = 50%
 a6 = 1.4

Simplified design
lap length:

l0 = a6 lb,rqd ≥ l0,min

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_36

 3.6 General detailing
• Example 4
Calculate the tension anchorage length and lap length for an H16 bar
in the bottom of a beam with the methods of anchorage:
a) Straight bars b) Bent bars
Assume:
Concrete strength class is C25/30, Steel strength class is 500B
Nominal cover is 25mm, Percentage of lap bars is 50%

• Example 5
Calculate the compression lap length for an H20 bar in the column
with the method of anchorage:
a) Straight bars
Assume:
Concrete strength class is C40/50, Steel strength class is 500B
Nominal cover is 25mm, Percentage of lap bars is 100%

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_37

 3.6 General detailing
• Anchorage length and lap length (EC2 - 8.4, 8.7)
References: Anchorage and lap lengths for concrete class C25/30 (ssd = 435 MPa)

= 1,4

= 1,5

Check:

Check:

Example: Column lap length for 100% laps & grade C40/50 = 0.73 x 61f = 44.5f

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_38

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• General requirements (EC2 - 9.1)
Study scope: only basic members
presented in this lecture:
+ Detailing of beams (EC2 - 9.2)

+ Detailing of solid slabs (EC2 - 9.3)

+ Detailing of columns (EC2 - 9.5)

Definition: (EC2 - 5.3.1)

+ Beam: L ≥ 3h

+ Solid slab: Lmin ≥ 5hs

+ Column: h ≤ 4b & L ≥ 3h

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_39

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - Longitudinal reinforcement (EC2 - 9.2.1)
• As,min = 0.26 (fctm/fyk)btd but ≥ 0.0013btd • As,max = 0,04 btd

bt : denotes the mean width of the tension zone

• Section at supports should be designed for a

hogging moment ≥ 0,25 max. span moment.

• Any design compression reinforcement

(f), which is included in the resistance
calculation, should be held by transverse
reinforcement with spacing ≤ 15 f

• At intermediate supports of continuous flanged

beams, tension reinforcement (As) should be
spread over the effective width (beff), but
concentrated over the web width (bw).

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_40

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - Curtailment of tension reinforcement (EC2 - 9.2.1)

General: MEd + NEd + VEd

“shift rule”→ Ftd d

z Asw

FRs = As ssd
VEd = 0
z ≈ 0.9 d
al ≈ 1.125 d
2D20 DFtd ≈ 1.25 VEd

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_41

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - Curtailment of tension reinforcement (EC2 - 9.2.1)

Example: MEd + VEd (NEd = 0) L2f25 = Lcut2 + 2( al + lbd )

MRs,4f25 = 294 294 L2f25 = Lcut3 + 2( al + lbd )

(ssd < fyd)

MRs,2f25 = 174
(ssd = fyd)
MEd [kNm]

x [m]

MRs = Asssdz MRs,2f25 = 190 (ssd = fyd)

MRs,3f25 = 245 (ssd < fyd)
ssd ≤ fyd
-245
al ≈ 1.125d Lf25 = Lcut1 + 2( al + lbd )
L2f25 = lbd + Lspan1 + 10f25

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_42

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - Simplified curtailment of tension reinforcement

Wu = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

As

As
L
Case 1: Simple beam - bottom reinforcement

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_43

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - Simplified curtailment of tension reinforcement

Wu = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk As
As
As*
L1 L2 L3 * reduce to
(al = 9d / 8) 25% for
equal span
Case 2: Continuous beam - top reinforcement

As
(al = 9d / 8)

As

Case 3: Continuous beam - bottom reinforcement

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_44

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - Anchorages bottom reinforcement at supports:

Wu = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

L1 L2 L3

≥ 25% As,max ≥ 30% As,max

lbd
10f

a/- Anchorage of bottom steel b/- Anchorage of bottom steel

at end supports A,D (no fixity) at intermediate supports B, C

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_45

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - Shear reinforcement (EC2 - 9.2.2)
beff s
A’s VEd

bw d

As Asw
As

• The longitudinal spacing of vertical shear reinforcement :

smax = 150mm at the laps in the bars As
smax = 0.75 d but ≤ 600mm at other places

• The minimum area of vertical shear reinforcement :

As,min = 0.08 (fck)1/2 / fykbws

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_46

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of beams - ‘Indirect’ supports (EC2 - 9.2.5)
supported
beam with
B height h2
link

Wu = 1.35Gk + 1.5Qk

L (h1 ≥ h2)

reinforcement
A
supporting
▪ The supporting links may be placed in a zone beam with
height h1
beyond the intersection of beams
▪ The supporting reinforcement is in addition to
that required for other reasons

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_47

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of solid slabs in case of hs < 200mm (EC2 - 9.3)
As
Type 1:
hs
Straight top and
As Asec
bottom bars

One-way solid slab As

Type 2:
Alternate straight hs
and bent bars As Asec

• Maximum spacing of principal bars (s) and secondary bars (ssec):

s ≤ 3hs but ≤ 400mm; s ≤ 2hs but ≤ 250mm in max. moment areas
ssec ≤ 3.5hs but ≤ 450mm; ssec ≤ 3hs but ≤ 400mm in max. moment areas
• Total area of principal bars (As) and secondary bars (Asec):
As ≥ 0.26 (fctm/fyk)bd but ≥ 0.0013bd and As ≤ 0.04bd and Asec ≥ 0.2As

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_48

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of solid slabs - Simplified detailing of tension reinforcement

wu = 1.35gk + 1.5qk

As Solid slab

As

L
Case 1: Simple slab - bottom reinforcement

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_49

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of solid slabs - Simplified detailing of tension reinforcement

As
wu = 1.35gk + 1.5qk
As

L1 L2 L3
Solid slab

Case 2: Continuous slab - top reinforcement

Solid slab
As

As

Case 3: Continuous slap - bottom reinforcement

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_50

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of columns - Longitudinal reinforcement (EC2 - 9.5.2)

▪ Longitudinal diameter: f ≥ 12 mm

▪ Minimum area: As,min = 0.1NEd /fyd ≥ 0.002bh

▪ Maximum area: As,max = 0.04bh outside laps

As,max = 0.08bh at laps
where bh = concrete area; NEd = design axial load

▪ Minimum number of bars in a column is 4 ≥ 3 links

▪ For columns having a polygonal cross-section,

at least one bar should be placed at each corner.

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_51

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of columns - Transverse reinforcement (EC2 - 9.5.3)
h

> 50
≤150 fw spacing scl,1
Lcl
b
adding max (b,h)
link
≤150
f
spacing
▪ Link diameter: fw = max (6 mm , f /4) scl,2 BEAM

▪ Link spacing: scl,1 ≤ min (400 mm , b , 20f)

but spacing: scl,2 ≤ min (240 mm , 0.6b , 12f) max (b,h)

in zones above or below a beam Lcl
or near lapped joints with f ≥ 14 mm fw
spacing scl,1
▪ Longitudinal bar should be ≤ 150 mm from a transverse bar

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_52

 3.7 Detailing of structural members
• Detailing of columns – Longitudinal and transverse reinforcement

▪ Example 6
Calculate the detailing for links of a square column
Assume:
Dimension sizes b = 300mm ; h = 500mm
Longitudinal reinforcement: 6f32

▪ Solution
Link diameter: fw = ? To arrange
link bars ≥ 3 links
Link spacing: scl,1 =?
in cross-
scl,2 =? section ?

Chapter 3: Design principles and detailing page III_52