yefERENTIATION (CONTD, FROM BOOK 1) Jation of Work Done in Class 11, 01+ Fe esults and rules of differentiation oa t sic. Care Oe i) ae ), where cis a constant, eg., a 0; Gyrd-ZVOl =f'@), reg, Leas +8)=6x. (x"), (ne =e Keg. ast: a Ok A (ax bya. (art by""a,eg., 4 (x4 5)'=4. 3x4 5p x3 = 12 Bx @ {a linear function of x)"=" (Linear functon)"-!. Coeficient of x aot forget to multiply by the coefficient of x. 3 Lie w= of’ (9, (cis 2 constant, d 8) FG) =5 x 8x7 = 400", * Detities of trigonometric functions F | 0 Eocin x)= cos x (i) Gy oss=— sin (0) L (cor) =-cones (iy (tan x) = sec? x chet Scanned with CamScannercne2 1SC Mathematics — xt! 0) Hee nea tana Gv E (eosee 4) = = cose cols Remark, « isin radians in alt the nbove cases. & Derivative of Algebrats sum of hwo functions - ons ol ay du y dv () Ify =u 2 vand wand v are functions of y, then > de ue det eee 2 ° eg. yr Stans+3e = Besson 20% (ii) Generalisation My = uty — urn fimetions of x, then WT dug deg dw a dd dk eet vy = 84714 9 +6 sinx +8 cose x = Ho 74360 + 6.008 x~ 8 eosee x cot x 6, Differential coefficient of product of two functions dy du = mand wand ¥: Woy dy y de uvand wand are functions of x => 4 y o Le, derivative of product of two functions Firs fancion x Derivative ofthe second + Second function x Derivative of the fr 2 sinx then # =x. = x cosxtsinx (3x7) “8 (x cos x +3 sin x) (i Expansion of a rule If, v and w are all Msn of x, then By du Surw wae u Bea ww be to differentiate the product of three functions, multiply the differential coefficients of each function by the product of the remaining two functions and add up the results. Thus. if y= (+2) Gx +5) sin.x, then dy in a a 4d og F = x4 5) sine £ (x42) + (x42) sin. x Bx +5)" +(x +2) Bx + 5)" Fo (sing) eg. Losing + sin x Le) = Gr 5'sinx.(1)+(r+2)sinx.4 (Gx +5) .3 +(x +2) Bx + 5). cos x = (Bx +5) ((3x-+5) sin.x + 12 (x +2) sin.x + (x + 2) (3x + 5) cos.x] (if) The rule can be extended to the product of any finite number of functions. Derivative of the product of a finite number of functions = Sum of the products obtained as under : Derivative of a function x product of the remaining functions +. till all the functions forming the product have been differentiated eg, St sins (247) (2-994) = sins Qx+7) (r-9)8 een Qx+ I e-9" £6sinz) +X sinx (x- op & Be FTF (Ginx) (e+ 7) L (of chs ls NE) Ate'D OES 9)8 . cos x +x3sinx.(x—9)* 2 +25 sin x (2x +7).8(x-9)) Scanned with CamScannerro on = (1-9 Be Qe Hae cneo sine +2 Ore haem elvative of the quotient of two +22 0x~ 9) sine + Re} (Ie +7) sina Del fonetions wo, wand v functions of y > & iy de oF (=x? 4 3 2 dO) 30 £1! ees Poe ogee (-nF Ga 9 127-34 706 = a AVC) _ 12 1-421 0-08 =x" (i) Reciprocal rule a ( 1 ) = -L& a SO). Yor d 52 ae 341 (0x +3) Be+7 dr Sona + i 7 Gx +3r4 7) 4. Differentiating from first principles ae AD (Sx +347)? Step 1. Put the function to be differentiated equal to, ie, let y= Sex). (a) Step 2. Let 8x (or h) be an increment in the value of x and 6) : nt the value of y So that y + By = f (x + Bx) or fix +h), ieee nen Step 3. Find By by subtracting (i) from (i), be. 8y = ff + 3x) — f(s) or fe + W)~/U0). 0, This gives * orf’) ; eae N Boos") = Lig LEPBI=L 0 op Lte# D= LO) Lit aro cao) The above process of differentiation (by applying all the five steps) is called differentiation from definition or from first principles or ab-initio, or delta method. : Stated in words, the various steps of working are : 1, Give the independent variable an increment. Scanned with CamScannerches Malicg ‘ind the corresponding increment of the functior xy 2 Wheto 0 eg ede bap Mlustrations. To differentiate + 3+ Sand 7 Ache y =F from frst principles we wou = follows : Letya+arss ing i is ee increment in the value of x, and &y the coresponding increment in the Valu, 5 ~ peby = (tay ester or +5 a 11) - (i) gives “ii gy = be 3xdP T6465 +3 EF : By 2 age gedx Se + Or Zr = or haa BL im B 32 +3 x0404 6r+3 x0=32 4 6, Ge” a0 e. @ Le ¥eeNaae oe ~l Let dx be an increment inthe value of x and 8y. the corresponding increment in the yay. ot, so that» + 5y= Y= (+t) ‘Subtracting (i) from (#7), by = Vato) -Vt-> J5— +o) - V4-2 (Garey + f9-x 7 8) Saas en fi =" ) Note this sp) 4—(r+&r)- (4-2) -o “Teqsins fer fais fe using (Va Voy la + Vi) =a 5) Xe 7 oe ” Yara ey + s—x a = 4 ae” evar ana Jas We can work out as under also: ey = Lim S22 -LO) OS Lim 2 2 in sesh 8) (x7 +3x? +5) seatre Lin 223th Bah? 4H? 434 43M? +6xh-+ BA 34° — 8 mo h = Lim (3x? 4 3xh +h? +3h+6x) 3x? + 6x. Put h=0 Scanned with CamScannerChas pronation ‘ Lhe hy= fl) pg PE SA ee Oe SO = Wg ee Parereh © Jaze Ji=x ama" 9. Geometrical interpretation of & VA=C I) Vex SS (+h st x tim A eek Ta {4-(x+ hy-(4-9} bin eS 90 hf f= (2th) + Lim 0 | a= (eh +4 using (a~ b)(a+by=a_p Lim ——$—— 09 Iq (x4hy+ Ja-x Puth= de ‘The derivative of any function at any point P on the curve of its graph is the tangent ofthe angle which the et to the curve at P makes with the positive direction of the x-2xis. & = tan y = slope of the tangent at P(x, »). ie, * Mlustratio gradient (slope) is 3. t dy If the slope is 3, then jen = x=-3orl Suppose we have to find the points on the curve y =x? + 3x - 6x ~ 10 where the 7 y= 1 (e) y = 8 +30-6r-10 Pies (x, D oans eee 6r-6 x i Fig. 8.01 3P 4 6x-6 = 3 => P+20-3=0 = (x+3)(E-1)=0 Ifx=—3,y=—27+27+18-10=8 Ifx=1,y= 1 +3~-6~10=~ 12. Hence, the curve y=? + 3x? — 6x - 10 has a slope of 3 at point (3, 8) and at (1, -12). ae Differentiate with respect to x: 1. xt 8c" 2 Ort 3 Beet 3. OS aes =x ” Gi) 6 (a) 4 (wy 4ve \ wo Ve win 2 oii x 3 ( i) (1-8 iii) (BT (is) G2 +5)? — (if) (2x = 1) Gx +2) (a) oat (iv) 22 (x + 1) +2 Scanned with CamScanner4 weed (9 oT aw = ao (0 rar ty 2 3a = / wer a it I y tr sates? (G0 wet 0 Syren tn Leo, ee 4 © Geren tary - SSE thew tae Fades wrens TL Detieeenisar with regpect tor stot ( tee -sP tee wd [2+ are -aF 4 alee (tang, * 2 = tor each of the following : 2. Find the graduens functon 7° for e G) pare iy ye 4 3x3 = Sy 9. Food the geaieos of the following carves 21 the points indicated. 1) pa F- Sent. O) Ui F=Or~12X-3)/ N22 Gi) y= 22 See TQ, U fiz) > 3 4x, find the wales ofc given that f"(a)= 5. FXO, IL DeSerecice fom Sox pracipies L SGAaRERoneee in 2-* Oz (6) (x ~ 1) (2z-3) (i) <= (Case, im (CBSE) (nF? o. (1B) fe oe 7 Laws (i 82 ti tm 2 Be a3 n 2 (oe oi) 3 (i) = (witty 14 p 2 2 y= =7 2 Wy 02-36 iy 40-2 OO) Ta (iv) 54x (3225 55 3 -3-$% wy eer (i) 422-254 \ (9375 / Ae (iy-7 sin Ts (if) a sec? ax (iii) 9 sec 9x tan 9x (Iv) 2x cos? é _ sind 3 , o- Be (si) 6 bx? coses br? con be 62 u-\ sin z- s.008% 2sin x 1 8. Ul) mane (iy) 2x=: org iO aan Geom eieS)o Tl Scanned with CamScannertee > 4P EY (9) Stan! 2x sec? 2r 2e = 1p + 4ree + 4) a dy “ 2 Sa1-14r ti) Sho 2A! oP © & az i-th on a Ri a 5 aws (i 13 (iti) 6 to. 14 -16 nm. 3 Ui 4-4 Ut rset yy 224 1 ee © sal 4.02. Differentiation of a function of a function or composite function- The chain rule Consider the function sin (Sx* - 3x ~ 4), It is the sine function of $° - 34 ~ 4 and Sx*~ 3 - 4 iatum is a polynomial function in x. So it is an example of function of a function. If g2 gt) = 5 - 3x4, then y = flr) =f (2x9) oF (fog) (x) = sin (Se - 3-4). ‘We know how to find the derivative of flu) = sin u, ¢e., the sine function and also the derwvative fg). The problem is how to find the derivative of the composite functions (fog) (x) that is function {2 fimetion. The answer is, with the chain rule which says that the derivative of the composite of ro differentiable functions is the product of their derivatives, Thorem (The Chain Rule). If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x), then the composition fog is differentiable atx and (og)'x = Sg) -¥0) Alternatively, if y= (g(x)] and w= g(x) then y bere & is evaluated at u = g(x) ' a \ | Proof. Since S(u) and w= g(x), therefore, y= f[e(x)], ie. fog + | Now, Su + bu) ~ flu) and bu = glx + Bx) — glx) ' 2 _ Llu iuy~ flu) yyy Bu _ glx +dn)~gl2) Bu br ix ~ We first assume that for sufficiently small values of 6x, 61 # 0. This will necessarily be the case ' 4 3 40. Then, since g is differentiable, it is continuous and hence when 8x —> 0,x + 8x > x and Ae + Bx) —» gn). Scanned with CamScannermee ISO Mathemateg TWherelony, 1 Aa + wear Oy 9 Nene Bie as AEB ee AY Brite : ae ty a ke by Fund gate towh cosstinonnay furvtions Became they atv bierentiable Mus diy g Bx 4 Wand dy +f) when Ser 2 0 Whey & 8 hg Theeehwe, fam pam La yoy de = = du at Caution. Don ever cancel in RIVS. tapbtain LULS, = RLS, Ald 10. memory: The diff, coe Mt ofp WAGE a= aif, coeM, Of NAEK AE» AIM, coe. OF Wat: 8.03. Applying the chain rule Ex. 1. Differentiate sin(S? - Av + 4) wart ay Lety ae +secx 24x +s0cx s “ A(uns+2] = Lee, puting tanx+ 2 =u Scanned with CamScannerce Isc Mathematics — x rE (ans) © Stance 7" ove! x e307} (sect et Xe) (tan EY & 4{=45) dt\ sings -8 Zee, ping ins +°- s)=u — sinx 2-8)? Lginse -8) cosx+3x7 Ginx+ 3-8) 8.05. Extension of a function of a function (Repeated use of the chain rule) ‘We sometimes have to use the chain rule two or more times to find a derivative. Uy =/0),u= 40) and v= g(2), then ®eld dtodu dv dx = ~(inx +9 8? (co8x4 3x7) = — ae By de Welknow that St = SxS ol But u is @ function of v, and v in it turn, is a function of x, Substituting this value of & in (1), we get i.e Derivate ofy.r1.x=Derivate of y wnt ux Derivative of unt. y x Derivative of v, For example, to find the derivative of cos sin vx ,observe that here three functions are involved. The outennost function is cos function of sin v= , next is sine function of Vx and the innermost | C8 Sin ( 3) Outermost functi n function is V . Inne : dy Next ere Lety ~08(sin Vi ), We have to find r inner function —_“unetion putsin VE =u Put Vr =y then, y'= 080 Then, = sin y sin dv 4 a. ac We Scanned with CamScanneret ¢ We have, yd de ! ay : de” du dv de OR =sin (sin Ve) « oss =sin(sin Vx)-cos vx 2x 4,08. Direct chain rule method Incases like the above in which several functions are involved itis more convenient diferente gegen fimetion by direct chain rule method. In this method, we first different he vemos. ppetion than the next inner, then the next inner and so on. In the last we differents the imemost wo Thus,y= cos (sin Vx ) % in(sin Vx) Abin ) Step 1. Differentiate the outermost cos faction =-sin(sin JF ) cos V2 (WR) Step 2, Differentiate the net hers filon a =-sinin Vi). cos JF. 1 step 3, Ditferentite the insemos ion 3 2x 407. Interchange of the dependent and independent variable yt Let 8x and By denote the increments to x and y respectively. Then by algebra 5 §r/6y ry Y- or proceeding to the limit when 6x —> 0, dy > 0, we get os, 1 de @ 1 ty ® + provided & +0, and = = 1 provided #0 7 Be eS yO ay yd Fs This result is very useful in differentiating inverse functions. ty de Corl. x dy ; vd /* ae cord. $= Fr apr Provided #0 ; 408, Derivative of absolute value functions : Le y= [xevo? (by definition) ; Differentiating wr. x, we get yy 1 xt Scanned with CamScannerwee ELD Dit IMerentlate the following functions wind ISC Malhematics — xi (Ae see ye | vw w Vat eve) ang i [rede caf m (Es waoc 1 ae eae (oy eee"? as (2 -x"} (win alas Vet etex i Leys (ar ~ $2 + 1) ura Se+) Then, 2 10x Alsoy= ut =4ul (12x? -10x) = 44x? ~Sx? +1)? -(12x? - 10x), Alternatively, we can differentiate by direct chain rule method as under: 2 = 44-57 41)? Loe =Sx7 +1) = 440 5x7 +1)° (12x? - 10x) (i) Ley = Viva. Put +2. Theny= ve 1 1 =. and fromu=1+22,we have 2 We Wier sane siae ay _ dy du x a de & Wier Vier Alternatively, ee rule method we have using 20d yen 2 P(e) = ae = ay Las. +x7)= A erog ete a We a aoe : Vow co tay= er See. potr+ Vier =u. Then, y=H «, 2 = nu"! vi a Soe puvere Vier 1 elt ere fuss) Woy ay x4 Vier ~) hee : fy OM ye xtview? Gi = Be do gy?) FEN : ac du ae vie? From Gg 7 sie amo © Gy a an(xe Vier tie?) 7 We Scanned with CamScannercn ons wo 1 u = form [=] (ii) we 4 , 2 9x" 2 Wu du, 3 y52(-3x7) 3 -Pyst oe e ee : Aa -y a du ak direct chain rule method. pastivelys PY ene. ca i a _ 3@-Py? 3") 2 y= J -( +2)! fu fora] win Let dy - gt Ae? 423 Ge8) +02 +2)!9 a 3 se 2842) deaids2) 342 = aD WBS Vc+l-x, y* Ye atex = : wid (2a) “aa states"? See eee = ype @e+)-* a Scanned with CamScanner'SC Mathomatic, Ch b-14 *. seoonafnge? 7 a 2 | yaet) ra TI)", prove that we o( Ex aitys ete =1 or ‘Squaring both sides we get @- o£ y = mi (=) T =m? y? or (X sof ay =mt-y?, Ex. 4. Differentiate w.r.t = ‘ (i tan 4c a Vsinx Gi) cosx (iv) six +5) ©) sin (cos 33 Sol (i) Zeanto= sec? 4r. Bane sect dee dad see ae ms 5 a = ia 4 Hsin Soin “aa * Rie Gi) Lees?) = -sin? 2 (e) =-sin 232 =-3x? sin, ww 4 sin?(@x+5)] =2sin Gr +5). Asin Gr+5)] = 2 sin (3x +5) cos (3x +5) Sor+s) sin (3x + 5) cos (3x +5) +3 =3 sin (6x + 10) [re 2 sin 4 cos A = sin 24] a. (9) Lisigtcoss°9 = cos cos x). 2 (cos?) Diff. sin Function Diff. cos Function = cos (cos) (- sin). Se Scanned with CamScannerZo = # x=) Pryel de (x=1)? (ee ay dp _=1, 2-2) Hx dp dep? (xP ap EXERCISE 8 (5) eatin tHE following functions a en OF wl? @) (= 5)! 3. Vx? +0? 6(2 +4) (20-1) fs 8. (x-1) yx? - 2x42 axz—Ja=x 16. fare 17.) sine (ii) cos? x 18. sin 3x cos 5x 19. cos (sin.x*) nu. Ja+Ja+x 22.27] My=P+4,0=22 + 2e 25. z panda Ux? +2 we dy 1 26. Find = ifyah um — and v= 524246 27,Given that y= Sx +008? (241), show that (=x) dy _5 5/3 = I=. (3—x)—2sin(4x+2) ae 3 xy G 1 1-cos2x dy 28. Ify = Ltog( —2982* that 2 =2 cose x. - 2iee( en) Breve Net ae 322) _ 72-3) 1s. Vitvr (ii) tan 20. cos? usc) usa Scanned with CamScannerpISe 1774 =0, — e fF ISC 1988 29.6; (We+ne? 2,460" neo ' a a ern" Aa 30. Given y= (ax— pp +@e- Dr be (vy) &x(? — SYP § "3 oe Os ae t Las Gi 1 S064 99 0 Gaye es’ : 2120 -r)Gr-P +) +The gate) OP — 1)? (13x3 + 36x yy reset tax eae rtaast3 9 ase eee 8 aay Pa, i 3 } a+y!? xQa?-2") + 8 i 10, mee woe A= xi" (24 x2 g ; ; | ata~ Vat) a2 13, —t 17.09.32 c08» (i) 3 sin xcoste (itz) SE VE OE 20,-3x%sin (20°) 2. EN ! ors Woe Tose 3. —— Te-7) Tuna or (HPO r+ 1y —S—_, ae ata? 26. SP (Se+1)2—ASx +1) (ut +0) 2 Gag si "(4x2 +x ~ 22. win Sqr ae ; 7] ase" ~7) Scanned with CamScanneryy. Ve = Vee =1) = Ve(e =1) = Val) -1) Now factorise using formula for a? - 6°. .9. Derivatives of trigonometric functions You have already studied in detail how to find the derivatives of t-functions in Book lund revised ine questions thereon in Ex. 8 (a) in this chapter. Here we take up some harder examples. These require the application of chain rule. 8.10. More examples on differentiation of t-functions Ex. 9. Differentiate the following functions wt. x (sec (tan x) (ii) cos (sin x2) (it) om eee (0) sin Jsinx + cose ) oi fan seex + tanx Sol. () < {see (tan x)] = see (tan x) tan (tan x) 4 (tanx) = see (lan. tan (Lan 2), sect Alternatively. You may find it more convenient to proceed as under: Let tanx =u, Then Mt = sec? de a du Then, A fsec (tan 0] Fotseeu) =F (see w) sec w tan w. sec? x sec (tan_x) , tan (tan x) . sec? x. iL feos(sins?y) = sin sin.) Loin? sin (sin x?) cos x re () = -sin (sin.x*) cos.x? . 2x = ~ 2c sin (sin x*) cos T= cos x _ |2sin*x/2 x (UD Let ti I+cosx 2cos?x/2 ‘an 2 dy d x rad (x) bk BL Atay 2) < sec? £4 (2) = sect £ de é(™3) fo ya(3) Zee secx+ tan x hy Let y= Seat tan y (i) Le y sec x—tan x = Sccx+tane secx+tanx (seer +tans) + = Seat lane seer FUME (SETH IN A eee ey tan y! Secx-tanx “ secx+tanx ~ gee? x tan? dy Te 7 2(seex + tanx) e (see.x + tan x) 2 (sec x + tan x) (sec x tan.x + see? x)= 2 sec x (sec x + tan ep iain yh ta sats ena ara = d ~ = con fanzscons (finer) ; = cos [Sine + cone ! 4 Ginx +608 x) 2Jsinx Foose de L cos sin x + cos x - (cos e=sin x) sin x + cose Scanned with CamScanner