Chapter 2

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents the findings, analysis and

interpretation of the study. Data was gathered, collated,

and tabulated in accordance to the specified questions. It

is supported with tables that illustrate the responses of

the study in the performance of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator as an Instructional Media

as well as its acceptability level by trade experts in the

academe and in the industry.

The description of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic

Light Control Simulator in terms of its preparations,

designs, procedures, tools, materials, cost, parts, and

functions are as follows:

1. Project Description

The PLC-based Traffic Light Control Simulator is a

time-based and sensor-based four-way intersection control

system using Zen software. It is a type of coordinated

control used to manage a network of intersections. Omron

20C1DR-D-V2 1 is the type of PLC used as the processor to

control the traffic light in this project. The use of PLC

 37

in traffic light simulation provides skills in traffic

light control and automation system for the learners.

The successful performance of the PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator depends on

appropriate planning. Every detail and specification of

the resources used for the simulator were greatly

considered to achieve the desired results of the study.

Every phase of preparation was supplemented with valuable

data to minimize failure in the conduct of the study.

1.1 Preparation

Material selection is essential in the design and

construction the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator. Failures arising due to bad material

selection are common in many project designs even in

industrial settings. Materials were properly selected with

careful analysis on the cost and benefit before proceeding

with procurement to mitigate production costs of the PLC-

based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator.

1.2 Design

The design of the PLC-Based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator is revolutionary in nature. It

 38

encompasses global trends and prevailing trends of

technology shift.

1.2.1 Ladder Diagram

The ladder diagram of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator is a set of connections

between logical checkers (contacts) and actuators (coils).

L 1 L 2

H0
Ia I9 Q4
0
stop start
Right amber Relay 1
HO
1
Tb Relay 1
2
Timer 11
Ma
3
m10 T3
M 3
4 T
m3 timer3
M 2 M 1
5
m2 m1
H 0 T a Q 4 Q 5
6
Relay 1 Timer 10 Right amber Green right
Q 5 T 0
7 T
Green right Timer 0
H 0 Y 5
8
Relay 1
M 1 X2 T 1
9 T
m1 Timer 1
I6
10

I7 T 2
11 T

X3 Timer 2
12
T 1 M 2
13
Timer 1 m2
T 2 M 3
14
Timer 2 m3
M 2 M 3 T 0 M 4
15
m2 m3 Timer 0 m4

T 3 Y 4
16
Timer 3
M 4 Q 3 M 9 Q 4
17
m4 Red right m9
Q 4 T 4
18 T
Right amber
Y3
19
T 4 Q 5 Q 3
20
Timer 4 Green right Red right
Q 3 T 5
21 T
Red right timer5
T 5 Q 5 M a
22
Timer 5 Green right
M a m10
23
m10
Q 5 Q 0
24
Green light Red left
Q 4 Y0
25
Right amber
Y2
T c
26
t13 T 9
M 8
27 T
m8 timer9
M 7 M 6
28
m7 m6
Q 3 Q 1 Q 2
29
Red right Left amber
T 6
30 T
timer6
X0
31

M 6 I4 T 7
32 T
m6
I5 T 8
33 T
X1
34
 39

M7
T7
35
timer7 m7
T8 M8
36
timer8 m8
M7 M8 T6 M9
37
m7 m8 timer6
M9 Q0 m9
38
m9 Red left
Mb Y1
39
m11
M9 Q0 M4 Q1
40
m9 Red left m4 Left amber
Ta
41 T
timer10
T9 Q0 Mb
42
timer9 Red left m11
Mb
43
Me
m11
I3
44
m14
I1 M6 Tb
45 T
m6
me Timer 11
46
m14 Mf
47 I0

m15
48 Mf M1 Tc
T
M 15 m1 t13
I2
49

Q7
Q5
50
Q4
51

Q1
52
Q6
Q2
53

I4
54
Y7
Y5
55

Y2 Y6

56
Y1
57

Figure 2. Ladder Diagram of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator: An Instructional
Media
 40

1.2.2 Schematic Diagram

The schematic diagram of PLC-based Intelligent Traffic

Light Control Simulator is a representation of the elements

of a system using abstract and graphic symbols rather than

realistic pictures.

500 mA
0.5 A

12

IN 4001x4 + 12V
INDUCTIVE
220VAC PROXIMITY
BN BN BN BN BN BN BN BN SENSORS
WH WH WH WH WH WH WH WH
BUTTON

0
PUSH

C.B. BU BU BU BU BU BU BU BU
P.B.

I0 I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I9 Ia X0 X1 X2 X3

Supply
PLC MODULE
COM Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
+ 12V

PILOT
LIGHT

FUSES

Figure 3. Schematic Diagram of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator: An Instructional
Media
 41

1.2.3 Pictorial Diagram

The pictorial diagram of the PLC-Based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator is a representation or

sketch of the component system and the wiring between these

components.

L1 L2
Input Switches

PLC Module

Traffic Light Pedestrian Light

Indicator Indicator

Figure 4. Pictorial Diagram of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator: An
Instructional Media
 42

1.3 Procedure

One of the critical factors in constructing the PLC-

Based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator is having

a well-developed plan. The plan consists of a series of

tasks organized into a sequence of steps making the best

use of manpower, equipment, tools, and materials. The plan

also serves as a road map to ensure the performance and

consistency in the assembly of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator as an instructional device.

1.3.1 Assembly

Assembly is an important step in constructing the PLC-

based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator.

Component parts were gathered and put together to form a

whole based on a given perspective of the simulator. The

process was divided in two parts: Panel Assembly and

Electrical Component Assembly.

Panel Assembly

The Panel Assembly consisted of a pre-fabricated metal

frame with shelves, a table top, and a plexiglass that

served as a front cover of the assembly. The following

steps were involved in assembling the panel:

 43

1. Checking and Preparing the Materials

Materials were checked and laid out in the work area.

The pre-fabricated metal frame was marked with a metal

scriber and a center punch to provide a leading mark for

drilling holes. An engineer square was used to check the

angle and correctness of the miter joint of the metal

frame. The pre-fabricated table top made of ply board was

marked using pencil to establish an orientation guide for

mounting. A combination square was used to check the

correctness of the angle. The pre-designed plexiglass

glass served as a front panel to accommodate the mounting

of electrical components. The design was checked based on

the given layout and orientation of the electrical

components. Dimensions were also checked using a pull-push

rule.

2. Mounting the Table Top and Plexiglass

Safety is of paramount importance in assembling the

workstation for PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator. All tools and materials involved in the

assembly were properly organized. The workplace was

secured from trash and other hazardous materials.

The pre-fabricated metal frame was placed in a clean,

level surface. The punched marks were located and holes

 44

were drilled using a portable electric drill. The pre-

fabricated table top was placed on top of the metal frame

and was aligned perfectly to the back edge of the frame.

The overhang in front and on both sides of the table were

checked using a combination square. Philip pan head screws

were used to fasten the table top to the metal frame using

a philips screw driver.

The plexiglass panel was pre-cut and pre-designed to

accomodate the electrical components such as the

programmable logic controllers, the computer screen,

sensors, pushbuttons, and the traffic lights. Cracks and

other possible defects on the surface were carefully

verified before mounting. The plexiglass panel was

fastened with a philip pan head screws.

Electrical Component Assembly

Electrical components are devices or sets of devices

that require electrical power to operate. A computer,

Programmable Logic Controller, sensors, switches, circuit

breakers, and power supply were used in the PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator. The following

steps were employed in assembling the components:

 45

1. Checking and Testing the Electrical Components

Prior to testing, all electrical components were

gathered and checked for physical defects. Faulty

components will lead to problems later during the

commissioning of the simulator. Switches and light were

tested for resistance using a multimeter. Low voltage was

applied to both sensors and lights to verify output signal

and illumination. The computer module is connected to an

Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS). The stability of supply

voltage of the computer was tested by disconnecting the UPS

from the line source.

The unit is loaded with a Windows operating system and

the PLC application program. The installed software were

run and tested through simulation.

The PLC module was connected to a low voltage source

to test the response time and to verify the luminance of

indicating lights within the unit. The computer and the

PLC were linked through a dedicated sync cable. A ladder

program from the computer was uploaded to the PLC to verify

the communication between the two units.

 46

2. Mounting and Connecting the Components

The installation of electrical component is crucial in

developing the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator. It is essential that all connections and

mounting processes adhere to the safety standards of the

Philippine Electrical Code. The PLC module and the

computer screen were provided with metal brackets fastened

to the flexiglass panel. Likewise, the sensors, pushbutton

switches, and traffic lights were mounted to their

designated outlets and provided with nuts to lock on the

board. The motherboard, hard disk, compact disk drive, and

UPS were mounted in a common flexi-glass board and set on

the surface of the workstation. All wires were enclosed in

an approved type of raceway. A terminal block was provided

for terminations of joints and connections from all the

different components. The circuit breakers, fans, and

outlet for main power source were mounted on the left side

end of the workstations.

1.3.2 Operation

The PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator was connected to a 220 volts power supply. The

main protective device was turned on to provide electrical

power to the UPS, computer system, and PLC to work. The

 47

computer and PLC were linked together by means of a sync

cable. Pressing the power button starts the computer and

PLC's loading process of the Windows operating system and

Zen application software.

The PLC ladder program for intelligent traffic light

control was entered via wireless keyboard and mouse. The

programs created were edited, monitored, and simulated in

the screen and then transferred to the PLC. Pressing the

run button of the PLC unit starts the actual sequence of

events of the Intelligent Traffic Light Control.

The PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator is a traffic light model imitating the real-world

process of controlling a four-way traffic light system. It

has a complete set of traffic light signals which are red,

yellow and green for each lane. Each lane has two sensors.

The first sensor is placed in front of the lane to detect

the presence of a car at the junction and the second sensor

is placed at a certain length from first sensor to

determine the volume of vehicles in that lane.

The pedestrian traffic light is one of the features of

the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator.

It is controlled by pressing a pushbutton. The lights

change to a green colored walk symbol and a red stop sign

 48

for the vehicles to stop moving in their lane and vice

versa. A green go light to signify that vehicles can start

moving in their lane and a red stop sign for pedestrians to

stop crossing.

The Zen software is a PLC programming tool for the

creation, testing, and maintenance of programs associated

with Omron PLCs. It provides facilities supporting a PLC

device, address information, and communications with OMRON

PLCs and their supported network. It operates on IBM

compatible personal computers with Pentium or better

central processors and runs in a Microsoft Windows

environment. The information within the Zen software

project consist of ladder programs, operands, required PLC

memory content, I/O table, expansion instructions, and

symbols.

1.4 Tools, Materials and Costs

Proper tools, materials, and equipment are essential

in achieving timely and good quality results in assembling

the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator.

The table below shows the list of tools and materials

with their costs, used in assembling the PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator.

 49

List of Tools and Instrument

Tools, Equipment and Purpose

Instrument
1. Driving tools
▪ Flat screw driver Drives ordinary screws with
slotted heads.
▪ Philip screw Drives screws with cross or star
Driver heads
2. Soldering tools
▪ Electric soldering Solders terminals and joints of
Iron the instructional media.
3. Boring tools
a. ▪ Electric drill, Bores holes on metal framing
b. Portable
4. Measuring tools
▪ Pull-push rule Measures the dimension of the
instructional media.
5. Marking tools
▪ Center punch Marks guide holes for the metal
framing of the device.
6. Holding tools
▪ Electrician's Holds small components of the
Pliers device.
7. Cutting tools
▪ Wire stripper Removes insulation of conductors
▪ Knife Cuts wire insulation
8. Laying-out tools
▪ Center punch Marks guide holes for the pre-
fabricated metal framing
9. Test Instrument
▪ Multi-meter Measures voltage current and
resistance
 50

List of Materials and Cost

Total
Unit
Quantity Unit Materials Description Cost
Cost (Php)
(Php)
PLC, Omron, Zen 20C1DR-D-
1 unit 14,500.00 14,500.00
V2, DC12-24V 5W 16 I/O
Motherboard, computer, LGA
1
pc 775 socket, with dual core 2,500.00 2,500.00
processor, 2gb RAM,
1 pc Drive hard disk, 60GB, IDE 750.00 750.00
Drive Compact Disk, 4XRW,
1 pc 450.00 450.00
IDE
Monitor, 15", LCD , VGA,
1 pc 2,000.00 2,000.00
220 volts
Keyboard and mouse,
1 set 750.00 750.00
wireless
1 pc UPS, 300watts, 220 VAC 2,500.00 2,500.00
Sensor, Proximity,
8 pcs. 3,500.00 28,000.00
Inductive, 12VDC
2,600.00
20 pcs. Light, LED, 12VDC 130.00
Switch, Pushbutton, SPDT,
7 pcs. Momentary Action 35.00 245.00
Switch, Breaker, 2 Pole,
2 pcs.
32 Ampere 155.00 310.00

4 pcs. Relay, Transparent, 6VA DC 31.00 124.00

Insulator, Shrinkable
2 mtr 6.00 12.00
tube,3mm
1 roll Lead, soldering, 60/40 HQ 350.00 350.00
Insulator, spaghetti
1 mtr. tubing, 1’ 14.00 14.00
Workstation, metal frame,
1500mmx540mmx540mm, with
1 unit 2,500.00 2,500.00
shelves, wheel caster,
fine finish, oak white
Workstation, table top,
wooden, flexi glass front
1 unit cover with tarpaulin 2000.00 2,000.00
design, 650mmx540mmx540mm,
fine finish, oak white

Total = ₱ 59,605.00

Labor Cost = ₱ 23,842.00

Total Cost = ₱ 83,447.00

50
51
 53

Functions:

a. Programmable Logic Controller. It is an industrial

computer control system that continuously monitors the state

of input devices and makes decisions based on a ladder

program designed to control the state of output devices for

the intelligent control of a traffic light simulator.

b. Input/output Modules. The input module carries the

signal process such as the pedestrian push button switches

into the controller and inductive proximity sensors. The

output modules are devices that the PLC uses to send changes

like the traffic lights of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic

Light Control Simulator.

c. PLC Power Supply. It converts the input source

power of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator into an isolated 24VDC supply to power DC input

circuits, switches, and other indicators required for

internal circuitry.

d. Computer. A programming device interfaced to the

PLC-based traffic light control simulator for the storing

and processing of the ladder diagram of traffic lights. It

is used to simulate the created program before it is

downloaded to the PLC.

 54

e. Traffic lights. A set of automatically operated

colored lights typically red, amber, and green positioned at

road intersections of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic

Light Control Simulator. It is used to control the flow of

vehicles to prevent congestions and accidents.

f. Pedestrian Lights. It consists of a set of light

signals, normally red and green, positioned at pedestrian

intersections of the PLC-based intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator. It is used to control all the pedestrians

when to cross the road to avoid accidents.

g. Inductive Proximity Sensor. An electronic sensor

installed in the street pavement of the traffic light

simulator that detects a passing vehicle and sends

information to the traffic light unit to control timing

automatically.

h. Pedestrian Pushbutton Switch. An electronic push

button installed in pedestrian street crossing that is used

to change traffic signal timing of the PLC-based Traffic

Light Control Simulator.

i. PLC Interface Cable. An RS-232 communication

cable that connects the PLC and computer of the PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator. It is used to

 55

transmit and receive data one bit at a time using one signal

line to transmit and another signal line to receive.

j. Main Power Switch. An electronic main control

switch mounted in the front panel of the PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator used to send

signal to the UPS's control unit and power on the PLC and

the computer of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator.

k. Uninterruptible Power Supply. A device that

allows the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator to keep running for at least a period of time when

the primary power source is lost.

l. Main Circuit Breaker. An electrical switch mounted

at the left side of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator designed to protect the circuit from

overload or short circuit.

m. Exhaust Fan. A small fan mounted in the rear end

of the workstation used to expel warm air from inside of

the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator.

n. Power Cord Receptacle. A non-locking electrical

appliance and interconnection coupler for connecting power

supply cords of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator.
 56

o. AC Power Cord. A cable that temporarily connects

the instructional media to the main electricity supply via a

wall socket or extension cord.

p. PLC Workstation. Customized laboratory furniture

designed for the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator consisting of a metal frame and durable components

to ensure long term use and durability.

Table 1 shows the performance level of the

Programmable Logic Controller in terms of program

simulation.

In trial 1, 2 and 3, the PLC was tested with custom

software for creating relay ladder logic diagrams via a

computer. During simulation, it was found out that the

pedestrian light signals were sequenced and synchronized,

timers and relays are actuated as soon as the signal was

detected, and the program ran without bugs. Hence, input

and output devices as designed in the circuit respond to

its changing state from ON to OFF and vice versa. In trial

4, the PLC was interfaced using a RS-232 communication

cable. During the test, data was uploaded and downloaded

to both devices and lights actuate on and off.

 57

2. The Performance Level of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator;

Table 1
2.1 Programmable Logic Controller Simulation Program
PLC
Trial (Input/ Operation Output Description
Output)
Synchronized On and Off traffic 100%
Modify and pedestrian light signals functional
Ladder
input
Diagram Synchronized On and Off traffic 100%
1 status
(Input and pedestrian light signals functional
from ON
switches) Synchronized On and Off traffic 100%
to OFF
and pedestrian light signals functional
Sequenced ON and Off Traffic 100%
Ladder Change and pedestrian signal light functional
Diagram output Sequenced ON and Off Traffic 100%
2 (Output relays and pedestrian signal light functional
relays and and timer Sequenced ON and Off Traffic 100%
timers) status and pedestrian signal light functional
Timers, relays and signal 100%
lights actuated On and Off functional
Timers, relays and signal 100%
Connecting
Simulate lights actuated On and Off functional
3 input to
program Timers, relays and signal 100%
output
lights actuated On and Off functional
Program uploaded 100%
Program runs functional
Connecting Transfer Program uploaded 100%
4 PLC to of Program runs functional
Computer Program Program uploaded 100%
Program runs functional

Table 2 illustrates the performance level of the

Programmable Logic Controller in terms of execution of events.

During the first trial, a program was written for the PLC which

turns the outputs on and off based on input conditions and the

internal program. For this aspect, a time delay timer was tested

and configured for specific time setting for every light: twelve
 58

(12) seconds for red, eight (8) seconds for green, and four (4)

seconds for amber.

The timers start when input was enabled and line goes

true for red light. It turns off when the accumulated time

is reached enabling the amber light for four (4) seconds

and is set to off when the pre-set value is reached,

allowing the green light to turn on for eight (8) seconds.

The cycle of events continued when the set points were

accumulated and the pre-set values of the timer were

reached. The test was successful and is 100% functional.

The inductive proximity sensors were solely designed

for the detection of metal objects without any physical

contact. The object sensed is often referred to as the

proximity sensor's target. The maximum distance that the

sensor can detect is defined as "nominal range". In the

second trial, the sensors were tested at a graduated

detection of 1 to 1.5mm distance with a piece of metal as

the target. The sensors were able to trigger the ON delay

timers and performs well with 100% accuracy and extended

the time as designed in the traffic light sequence of

events.
 59

Table 2
2.2 Execution of Events
Functional Operation
Trial Output Result
Parts
Red will light on 100% functional
Time set -
12 sec. Red will light on 100% functional
(red Red will light on 100% functional
PLC on light)
delay
Time set - Green will light on 100% functional
timer
8 sec. Green will light on 100% functional
(green
1 (Time Set- Green will light on 100% functional
light)
seconds)
Time set - Amber will light on 100% functional
4 sec.
Amber will light on 100% functional
(amber
light) Amber will light on 100% functional
Detect object and initialized timing
making expanded timed for red light in 100% functional
activating.
Detect object and initialized timing
making expanded timed for red light in 100% functional
1 mm activating.
Detect object and initialized timing
100% functional
extend active time for red light
Proximity
Sensor Detect object and initialized timing
(Sensing 100% functional
extend active time for red light
Distance
2 Detect object and initialized timing
bet. 100% functional
Sensor and extend active time for red light
object) 1.5 mm
Detect object and initialized timing
100% functional
extend active time for red light

Failed to detect and initialize 0% functional

2 mm Failed to detect and initialize 0% functional

Failed to detect and initialize 0% functional

Shortened time for red traffic signal
light
100% functional
Initialize timing for the Green
pedestrian signal light to On
Shortened time for red traffic signal
light
Pedestrian Manual 100% functional
3 Initialize timing for the Green
Push override
pedestrian signal light to On
Button
Shortened time for red traffic signal
light
100% functional
Initialize timing for the Green
pedestrian signal light to On
Uninterrup maintain the normal operation 100% functional
table
Disconnect
4 Power maintain the normal operation 100% functional
the power
Supply
supply
(UPS) maintain the normal operation 100% functional
 60

Pedestrian push buttons are electronic buttons

designed to change traffic signal timing to accommodate

pedestrian street crossings. During the third trial, the

push buttons were pressed and tested as an override control

of the ON delay timer used for the traffic lights in order

to get enough time to cross the street. The push buttons

were working properly as an override control and responded

to the time setting properly for the sequence of events.

The Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) allows the PLC

to sustain the required power for operation. During the

fourth trial, the UPS was tested by disconnecting the

primary source of power. The UPS successfully continued to

provide the required electrical power for the PLC for a

period of time.

The law of Electromagnetic induction states that when

a conductor is placed in a changing magnetic field (or a

conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field), it

causes the production of a voltage across the conductor.

This process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes

the production of a voltage across the conductor (Galili,

2006).

The aforementioned law serves as the foundation in

creating the uninterruptible power supply. Some of the

 61

vital components of an uninterruptible power supply are the

transformer and relays. These components functioned

through induction.

As stated in the Advanced Micro Control, a

programmable logic controller has the ability to scan

100,000 step programs in one millisecond (Yokogawa, 2001).

Through a programmable logic controller, hundreds to

thousands of inputs and outputs may be interfaced, there is

no reason for errors if the program was inputted properly.

Thus, all the trials that utilized programmable logic

controller were 100 percent functional.

The Level of the Effectiveness of the Conventional and the

PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator

To determine the degree of the effectiveness of the

Conventional and PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator as an instructional media, a pretest and

posttest were administered to 30 students. Fifteen (15)

students composed the control group and the other fifteen

(15) composed the experimental group.

A t-test was done on the means of two groups, the

experimental group used the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic

Light Control Simulator and the control group used the

conventional model.
 62

Table 3 shows the frequency and percentage of the

performance of the students before the use of the

Simulator.

Table 3
Pretest Performance of the Students under Control
Group and Experimental Group
N = 30

Control Group Experimental Group

Scores Description N = 15 N = 15
f % Rank f % Rank
23 – 30 Very Good 0 00.00% 2 13.33% 3
15 – 22 Good 7 46.67%
7 2 5 33.33% 2
07 – 14 Fair 8 53.33% 1 8 53.33% 1
00 – 06 Poor 0 00.00% 0 00.00%
Average Rating 14.23 Fair 15.3 Good

It reveals that 8 out of 15 or 53.33% of the students

pretest performance under control group were described as

“fair”. While only 7 or 46.67% of the respondents were

described as “good”. Likewise, none were described “Very

Good” and “Poor”. The average rating of this group is

14.23 which is described as “Fair”.

Meanwhile, the experimental group got the same results

of the control group, 8 out of 15 or 53.33% of their

performance rated “Fair” and 5 or 33.33% of the respondents

were described “Good”. There were 2 or 13.33% of the

students whose grades were described as “Very Good”.

 63

Similarly, none were described “poor” with the average

rating of 15.3 which was described “Good”.

Noticeably, both groups have relatively similar

performance before the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator was introduced to them. Sweller’s, (2013)

Cognitive Load Theory suggests that effective instructional

material facilities learning by directing cognitive

resources towards activities that are relevant to schema

acquisition. Prior to the introduction of the PLC – Based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator, there was

evidence that both groups have similar performance since

both of the groups have the same knowledge and manipulative

background in the area of electrical technology.

Table 4 shows the performance of the students after

exposing them to the different types of instructional

media. It specifies that 10 or 66.67% of the students of

the posttest performance under the control group were

described “Good”. Whereas, 5 or 33.33% of the student got

the lowest score and were described as “Fair”. The average

ratings of this group are 15.83 and were described as

“Good”.
 64

Table 4
Posttest Results of the Control and Experimental Group

Control Group Experimental Group

Scores Description N = 15 N = 15
f % Rank f % Rank
23 – 30 Very Good 0 00.00% 13 86.67 % 1
15 – 22 Good 10 66.67% 1 2 13.33% 2
07 – 14 Fair 5 33.33% 2 0 00.00%
00 – 06 Poor 0 00.00% 0 00.00%
Average Rating 15.83 Good 25.43 Very Good

On the other hand, there were 13 or 86.67% of the

students of the posttest performance under the experimental

group were described “Very Good” and were ranked first in

the group. 13.33% or 2 of the students were described

“Good” with an average weighted mean of 25.43 with the

description of “Very Good”.

It was found that the experimental group who used the

PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator

obtained higher scores and was shown to be effective for

the improvement of learning competencies of students

through actual and hands-on demonstration.

However, it was evident that learning took place in

both groups although they were subjected to different

instructional learning media.

According to the theory, “Learning by Doing”

productivity is achieved through practice, self-perfection

 65

and minor innovation (Thompson, 2010). Based on the

results shown in table 4, the experimental group who used

actual and hands-on demonstration gained a rate of 25.43

which is significant compared to 15.83 of the control

group. Thus, using instructional model is vital in the

learning process of the students seeing that it can

increase the ability and skills of the students rather than

verbal discussion alone.

Table 5 illustrates the differences between the

performances of the two groups. The first row presents the

difference of pretest results of the control group and the

experimental group. The computed t-value of -0.43 was not

within the absolute tabular value of ± 2.145 at 0.05 level

of significance, therefore the null hypothesis was

accepted.

There was no significant difference between the scores

of the students on both groups. The result shows that the

student’s average rating on both groups was closely equal

on the topics tested because students are not expected to

know the answers of the pretest questions; however only

their previous knowledge was the basis for them to predict

rational answers.
 66

Table 5

Difference between the Performance of the students under

Control and Experimental Group
N = 30

t t
computed tabular
Difference value value Description Interpretation
at 0.05 level of
significance, df
14
Pretest of both Accept Null
Control and -0.43 ±2.145 Insignificant Hypothesis
Experimental Group
Pretest and
Posttest of -8.33 ±2.145 Significant Reject Null
Control Group Hypothesis
Pretest and
Posttest of -10.39 ±2.145 Significant Reject Null
Experimental Group Hypothesis
Posttest of both
Control and Reject Null
Experimental Group -5.39 ±2.145 Significant Hypothesis

The second row shows the pretest and posttest

performance of the students under the control group. The

computed t-value was -8.33, which was above than the

absolute tabular value of ± 2.145 at 0.05 level of

significance.

Students have increased knowledge and understanding,

thereby indicating that there was a significant difference

in the performance after exposing the learners to various

methods of instruction. Therefore the null hypothesis was

rejected.
 67

Furthermore, according to the theory of Higher Level

Instructional Design, to support this ever-increasing need

to be able solve problems and think critically in order to

function well in society, we need to focus more on

instructional simulators in our classrooms – whether they

are in schools, conference rooms, or delivered digitally to

home computers (Overbaugh, 2005).

The third row shows the pretest and posttest

performance of the students under the experimental group.

The computed t-value was -10.39, which is above than the

absolute tabular value of ± 2.145 at 0.05 level of

significance. As a result, the null hypothesis was

rejected. This implies that learning was enhanced when the

PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator was

used as an instructional media.

The fourth row presents the posttest difference of

both the control and experimental group. The computed t-

value was -5.39, an absolute tabular value of ± 2.145 at

0.05 level of significance. It denotes that there is a

significant difference in the performance of the students

between the posttest of the two groups thus the null

hypothesis was rejected.

 68

Indicators reveal that the experimental group

performed better than the control group although learning

was also evident in the control group. The use of the PLC-

based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator as an

instructional media proves that it has greatly enhanced the

students’ retention of knowledge and facilitates effective

learning acquisition in electrical technology.

In relation to the Simulator-Based Theory, simulation

is a technique for practice and learning that can be

applied to many different discipline and types of trainees.

It is a technique to amplify real experiences with guided

ones that evoke or replicate substantial aspects of the

real world in a fully interactive fashion (Jha, 2001).

The statement above proves that teachers can boost the

learning of the students by letting them experience the

real world of work through simulators. Moreover, the

improvement can be shown evidently through the data

collected by having the students to undergo tests.

Table 6 shows the summary of acceptability levels of

the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator

as an Instructional Media in terms of its performance,

convenience, safety, and cost.

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Table 6

Acceptability Level of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic

Light Control Simulator: An Instructional Media
Acceptability Level WM Desc. Rank
5.1 Performance of the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control
Simulator
As a Device:
1. Replicates the behavior of electronic device and circuits used in
3.86 VH
ladder logic programming for traffic lights
2. Scalable application program that works on different windows
3.78 VH
environment
3. Provides users with the ability to write edit and debug programs
3.74 VH
written using a ladder logic format
4. Compact input and output modules for connections of lights,
3.81 VH
sensors and switches
5. Ladder logic programs can be downloaded and uploaded from computer
3.87 VH
to PLC and vice versa
6. Provides continuous power supply during power interruption 3.82 VH
7. Extends GO (green lights) signal if heavy traffic is detected 3.85 VH
8. Synchronize all traffic light signals between intersections 3.84 VH
9. Shortens STOP (red, don't walk lights) signals for pedestrian when
3.73 VH
vehicle is not detected in the lane
Average 3.81 VH
As Instructional Media:
1. The post test rating of the experimental group shows a very good
3.93 VH
performance with only good performance of the control group
2. Students were able to increase the performance of the experimental
3.87 VH
group from pre test to post test to 10.13%.
3. Provides different perspectives to the teacher's knowledge, and
provide additional activities for students to develop skills in 3.87 VH
ladder logic programming
Average 3.89 VH
Average 3.85 VH 1
5.2 Convenience
1. Ports and terminals for input and output module is readily
3.82 VH
accessible
2. Programming language is user friendly with tutorials 3.69 VH
3. Wireless fidelity (WIFI) capability for internet connectivity 3.61 VH
Average 3.71 VH 3
5.3 Safety
1. Fuse and Circuit Breakers were used as over-current and short
3.89 VH
circuit protection for the equipment
2. Electrical and electronic parts were properly grounded 3.72 VH
3. Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS) is used as fail-safe back-up
3.67 VH
power for the equipment
4. Electrical and electronics components are properly rated according
3.7 VH
to voltage and current
5. Terminal connections and joints have adequate mechanical and
3.78 VH
electrical supports
Average 3.75 VH 2
5.4 Cost
1. The PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator: An
3.67 VH
Instructional Media has a total cost of ₱ 83, 447.00
Average 3.67 VH 4
Average WM 3.75 VH
 70

Using the Weighted Arithmetic Mean test, PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator “as a device”

acquire an average rating of 3.81 and interpreted as “very

high” which is perceived as it can operate to its maximum

level of efficiency devoid of any failure in its operation.

On the other hand, the researcher garnered an average

rating of 3.89, the same with the interpretation as a

device it was interpreted “very high” “as an instructional

media” of the PLC-Based Intelligent Traffic Light Control

Simulator.

The respondents distinguished that it can provide

better understanding and can increase the level of

knowledge through the additional activities given to the

students to perform. Parallel to theory of Simulator-Based

learning that instructional media increases the knowledge

of the students through exposing the students in learning

on practice.

To sum up, the average rating of the PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator as a gadget and

as an instructional media under “performance” had the

highest rank with the average weighted mean of 3.85 and

described as “Very High”. The respondents are convinced

 71

that as an instructional media, it can amplify the learning

of the students.

“Safety” was emphasized as "very high" and obtained an

average weighted mean of 3.75. It implies that the

Instructional Media is properly equipped with short circuit

protection and the materials used were properly selected

and designed to provide safety to users.

Convenience was rated “very high” with an average

weighted mean of 3.71. This means that the PLC-based

Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator is suitable for

instruction and requires less effort to operate as

perceived by the expert respondents.

Cost was described "very high" however it was ranked

the lowest. The PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light

Control Simulator is relatively expensive since the

materials used by the researcher was of guaranteed quality

to ensure and provide better quality performance during

operation.

As stated in the Commercial Industry Conference,

prices of supplies and materials are solely based on their

qualities and the substance used to produce it. (Maxwell,

2005) Thus, the fact that the PLC-based Intelligent Traffic

 72

Light Control Simulator uses quality guaranteed materials

it is expected to be expensive.

The overall weighted mean of the PLC-based Intelligent

Traffic Light Control Simulator is 3.75 and described as

“Very High”. The respondents judiciously believed that the

PLC-based Intelligent Traffic Light Control Simulator is

suitable to be used in the laboratory as an instructional

media in electrical technology.