QUIZ 1

 organic compound that contains both an amino and carboxyl groups attached to same
carbon atom: amino acid
 non-polar amino acid: leucine
 not a polar basic amino acid: valine
 amino acids has a three-letter abbreviation of Gln: glutamine
 amino acids has a one letter symbol of W: tryptophan
 protein that contains all of the essential amino acids in the same relative amounts in
which the body needs them: complete dietary protein
 following amino acids is not an essential amino acid required for adults: arginine
 essential amino acid that is missing or present in inadequate amounts in an incomplete
protein: limiting amino acid
 an ion with a positive and negative charges on the same molecule with a net zero
charge: zwitterion
 pH at which an amino acid exists in the form of negatively charged ion: high pH
 only common plant protein that is a complete dietary protein: soy
 limiting amino acid for both beans and peas: methionine
 Cysteine is unique because it is the only standard amino acid that contains: sulfhydryl
group
 Cystine is produced when cysteine residues linked via a covalent: disulfide bond
 chain of covalently-linked amino acids: peptide
 IUPAC name of Ala-Leu-Gly: alanylleucylglycine
 peptide bonds are present in a pentapeptide: four
 two best-known peptide hormones oxytocin and vasopressin are produced by the:
pituitary gland
 antioxidant that protects cellular contents from oxidizing agents such as peroxides and
superoxides: glutathione
 protein in which only amino acid residues are present: simple protein
QUIZ 2

 arrangement in space adopted by the backbone portion of a protein: secondary protein

structure
 protein is the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein: tertiary protein structure
 single protein chain which adopts a shape that resembles a coiled spring: alpha helix
structure
 partial or complete disorganization of a protein’s characteristic three-dimensional
shape: protein denaturation
 protein whose molecules have an elongated shape: fibrous protein
 predominant structural feature of collagen: triple helix structure
 oxygen-storage molecule in muscles: myoglobin
 proteins are central to the functioning of the body’s immune system: defense proteins
 proteins are necessary for all forms of movement: contractile proteins
 example of messenger protein: insulin
 example of a storage protein: ferritin
 transmit signals to coordinate biochemical processes between different cells, tissues,
and organs: messenger proteins
 glycoprotein produced by an organism as a protective response to the invasion of
microorganisms or foreign molecules: immunoglobulins
 conjugated protein that contains lipids in addition to amino acid: lipoprotein
 transport cholesterol synthesized in the liver to cells throughout the body: low density
lipoproteins
QUIZ 3

 proteins that act as a catalyst for biochemical reactions: enzymes

 protein part of a conjugated enzyme: apoenzyme
 Coenzymes are derived from: dietary vitamins
 statements about cofactors is incorrect: coenzyme is an alternate name for all
cofactors
 enzyme catalyzes an oxidation-reduction reaction: oxidoreductase
 enzyme catalyzes the addition of the components of water to a double bond: hydratase
 intermediate reaction species that is formed when a substrate binds to the active site of
an enzyme: enzyme substrate complex
 specificity in which the enzyme will catalyze a particular reaction for only one substrate:
absolute specificity
 Linkage-specific enzymes will act on a particular type of: chemical bond
 measure of the rate at which an enzyme converts substrate to products in a biochemical
reaction: enzyme activity
 statements concerning the lock-and-key model for enzyme activity is incorrect:
substrate in contact with enzyme will change the shape of the active site
 pH at which an enzyme exhibits maximum activity: optimum pH
 biochemical reaction that involves the substrate urea and the liver enzyme urease,
decreasing the pH by one unit from its optimum value will the rate of enzyme activity:
decrease
 microorganism that thrives in extreme environments in which humans and most other
forms of life could not survive: extremophile
 decreases enzyme activity by binding to a site on an enzyme other than the active site:
noncompetitive enzyme inhibitor
 process in which enzyme activity is altered by covalently modifying the structure of the
enzyme: covalent modification
 organic compound, essential in small amounts for the proper functioning of the human
body, that must be obtained from dietary sources because the body cannot synthesized
it: vitamins
 fat-soluble vitamins except: vitamin C
 co-substrate in the formation of structural protein collagen: vitamin C
 Vitamin A is derived from: B-carotene
 referred to as the Sunshine Vitamin: vitamin D
 controls the correct ratio of Calcium and Phosphorus for bone mineralization: vitamin D
 most active biological active form of Vitamin E: alpha-tocopherol
 active in the formation of proteins involved in regulating blood clotting: vitamin K
 Vitamin B2 is also known as: riboflavin
QUIZ 4
 Any given nucleotide in a nucleic acid contains: one sugar, one heterocyclic base and
one phosphate
 nucleotide polymer in which each of the monomers contains ribose, a phosphate group,
and one of the heterocyclic bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, or uracil: RNA
 pairs of bases in a nucleic acid structure that can hydrogen-bond to each other:
complementary bases
 5’ A-T-G-C-C-T-G-A-A-G 3’: 3’ T-A-C-G-G-A-C-T-T-C 5’
 enzyme checks the correct base pairing and catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester
linkages: DNA polymerase
 carries instructions for protein synthesis from DNA: mRNA
 delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis: tRNA
 facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to mRNA: snRNA
 process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules: transcription
 segment of a DNA strand that contains the base sequence for the production of a
specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule: gene
 governs the unwinding process during transcription: RNA polymerase
 catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides one by one to form mRNA molecule: RNA
polymerase
 process of excision of introns and joining of exons: splicing
 gene segment that codes for genetic information: exon
 splicing process is driven by: snRNA
 third component of a nucleotide that is derived from phosphoric acid: phosphate
 polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides: nucleic acid
 heterocyclic base is found only in RNA: uracil
 heterocyclic base is found only in DNA: thymine
 sequence of bases on one polynucleotide is complementary to the other polynucleotide:
DNA sequence
 QUIZ 5
 genetic code is a listing that gives relationships between codons and: amino acids
 statements concerning codons is incorrect: they are short segments of a gene
 following is not a stop codon: UAU
 functions as initiation codon: AUG
 incorrect about the tRNA: loop opposite to the open end of tRNA is the site for a
sequence of three bases called codon
 process in which mRNA codons are deciphered to synthesize a protein molecule:
translation
 serves as the site for protein synthesis: ribosome
 gives the protein the final form it needs to be fully functional: post-translational
processing
 incorrect about mutation: errors in genetic information is passed on during
translation
 polypeptide continues to grow via translocation until all necessary amino acids are in
place and bonded to each other: termination
 substance or agent that causes a change in the structure of a gene: mutagen
 tiny disease causing agents with outer protein envelope and inner nucleic acid core:
viruses
 not a procedure used in the Recombinant DNA Production using a Bacterial Plasmid:
gene-plasmid oxidation
 cellular contents are fractionated to obtain plasmids: isolation of plasmid fraction
 cells that have descended from a single cell and have identical DNA: clone
 method for rapidly producing multiple copies of a DNA nucleotide sequence: PCR
 study of biochemical techniques that allow the transfer of a “foreign” gene to a host
organism and produce the protein associated with the added gene: genetic
engineering
 three-nucleotide sequence on a tRNA molecule that is complementary to a codon on an
mRNA molecule: anticodon
  assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids: genetic code
 important types of mutagens except: biological agents

QUIZ 6

 statements about metabolism is correct: metabolism is the sum total of all the
biochemical reactions that take place in a living organism.
 metabolic reaction in which large biochemical molecules are broken down to smaller
ones: catabolism
 synthesis of a protein from amino acids is an example of: anabolic process
 hydrolysis of a polysaccharide to monosaccharides is an example of: catabolic process
 where the DNA replication and RNA synthesis takes place in a Eukaryotic cell: nucleus
 contains hydrolytic enzymes needed for cell rebuilding, repair and degradation:
lysosome
 generates most of the energy needed for cell: mitochondria
 statements is incorrect about the high-energy phosphate compounds: hydrolysis of
high energy compounds give less energy than normal compounds
 third stage in the biochemical energy production: citric acid cycle
 end product of this stage is acetyl CoA: acetyl group formation
 correct about the Citric Acid Cycle: acetyl group is oxidized to produce carbon dioxide
and energy
 series of biochemical reactions in which the acetyl portion of acetyl CoA is oxidized to
carbon dioxide and the reduced coenzymes FADH2 and NADH are produced: citric acid
cycle
 regulation of the Citric Acid Cycle, when the ATP supply is high, ATP _______ citrate
synthase: inhibits
 facilitates the passage of electrons trapped in FADH2 and NADH during the Citric Acid
Cycle: electron transport chain
 series of biochemical reactions in which intermediate carriers aid the transfer of
electrons and hydrogen ions from NADH and FADH2: electron transport chain
 ultimate receiver of electrons in the Electron Transport Chain: oxygen
 enzymes and electron carriers needed for the ETC are located along: inner
mitochondrial membrane
 NADH from Citric Acid Cycle is the source of electrons for this complex: complex 1
 Several iron-sulfur proteins and cytochromes are electron carriers in this complex:
complex 3
 process by which ATP is synthesized from ADP and Pi using the energy released in the
electron transport chain: oxidative phosphorylation
 pairs of biochemical reactions that occur concurrently in which energy released by one
reaction is used in the other reaction: coupled reactions
 Complexes I, III and IV of ETC chain have a second function in which they serve as:
proton pumps
 coupling of ATP synthesis with the reactions of the ETC is related to the movement of
______ across the inner mitochondrial membrane: protons
 How many molecules of ATP are produced for each acetyl CoA catabolized in a Citric
Acid Cycle: 10
 For each mole of NADH oxidized in the ETC, _____ moles of ATP are formed: 2.5