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Design Simulation and Implementation of a Digital Pulse Oxygen Saturation

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 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Biomedical and Biological Engineering
Vol:15, No:2, 2021

Design, Simulation, and Implementation of a Digital

Pulse Oxygen Saturation Measurement System Using
the Arduino Microcontroller
Muhibul Haque Bhuyan, Md. Refat Sarder

 abide by all the rules and regulations provided by the

Abstract—If a person can monitor his/her oxygen saturation level physicians.
intermittently then he/she can identify his/her condition early and Engineering and technology have enabled our life-style
thus he/she can seek a doctor’s help. This paper reports the design, very comfortable today. In each professional field, we need
simulation, and implementation of a low-cost pulse oxygen saturation
knowledge of it. The application of knowledge of engineering
measurement device based on a reflective photoplethysmography
and technology in medical science has made the tasks of
Open Science Index, Biomedical and Biological Engineering Vol:15, No:2, 2021 waset.org/Publication/10011828

(PPG) system using an integrated circuit sensor as the fundamental

component of this health status checking device. The measurement of medical professionals very easy. Recent progress of bio-
the physiological parameter is the blood oxygen saturation level sensors has diminished the size and weight as well as power
(SpO2) in the peripheral capillary. This work has been implemented consumption, and hence there is no problem with wearing the
using an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller along with this sensor devices all the time. With the arrival of healthcare wearable
integrated circuit (IC). The system is designed in the Proteus
technology, various types of healthcare wearable monitoring
environment and then simulated to check its performance. After that,
the hardware implementation is performed. We used a clipping type devices are being introduced, and these devices can be used
optical sensor to sense the arterial oxygen saturation level of blood successfully for immediate disease detection by collecting the
signal from the fingertips of an individual and then transformed it physiological data, prevention by providing the necessary
into the digital data in the microcontroller through its programming treatment. Most of these devices can be synchronized with
its instruction. The designed system was tested by measuring the laptops or smartphones where the physiological data can be
SpO2 level for several people of different ages, from 12 to 57 years of
stored and analyzed through any software. This also helps
age. Besides, the same people were tested using a standard machine
purchased from the market. Test results were found very satisfactory health professionals to keep track of their patients regularly
as the average percentage of error was very low, 1.59% only. and on time [4], [5].
Out of several medical data, the oxygen saturation level is
Keywords—Digital pulse oxygen saturation level, oximeter, the most common to understand the patient’s conditions.
measurement, design, simulation, implementation, proteus, Arduino Oxygen saturation sometimes called the “fifth vital sign”
Uno microcontroller. along with the temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, and
breathing or respiratory rate of the human body is a parameter
I. INTRODUCTION that shows how much oxygen is being carried in the blood in

T HE pandemic of the new coronavirus ailment (COVID-

19) started in Wuhan, China in 2019. In the early part of
2020, the COVID-19 disease had been identified in almost
comparison to its full capacity. That is, it is a ratio in the
percentage of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin to the no-oxygen-
carrying hemoglobin in the blood. A person with a good
every country in the world [1]. The World Health physical condition must have oxygen saturation or SpO2 level
Organization (WHO) issued several technical guidelines to of more than 95% [6]. The value of SpO2 level less than 95%
combat the novel coronavirus and also declared it a pandemic indicates that the patient may have any respiratory diseases
[2]. The first coronavirus case was identified in Bangladesh on viz. pneumonia or asthma [7]-[9] or may have other systemic
8 March 2020 and the first death due to the coronavirus was inflammatory or infectious disease [10]. To detect such types
reported on 18 March 2020, 10 days after reporting the first of diseases at an early stage, a pulse oximeter is a useful
COVID-19 definite case [3]. However, the current death rate device, which can distinguish between severe pneumonia and
due to coronavirus infection is much less than those the simple cold or slight infections. Low oxygen saturation can
average death rate of the World. The rate can be minimized if cause serious damage to the internal organs, such as the heart
people become more careful and even after infection they and brain, and needs to be promptly addressed. From these
data, the medical professionals diagnose the problems related
M. H. Bhuyan is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic to the respiration status of the patient. To measure this
Engineering (EEE), Southeast University, 251/1 & 252 Tejgaon Industrial accurately, the pulse oximeter is very popular. Without the
cum Commercial Area, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Email: [email protected] help of this machine, doctors and health professionals are
(corresponding author, phone: 88-01815-657346; e-mail:
[email protected]).
unable to detect the heart-related problems of the human body.
M. R. Sarder is with the Department of Electrical and Electronic However, this detection is very necessary, since the world
Engineering (EEE), Southeast University, 251/1 & 252 Tejgaon Industrial possesses about an aggregate of 17.65 million individuals who
cum Commercial Area, Dhaka, Bangladesh (e-mail:
[email protected]).
are at a high risk of getting attacked by heart diseases [1].

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Vol:15, No:2, 2021

In light of the above contexts, enormous endeavors have headset jack audio interface and verifies the system via a
been applied to facilitate the best healthcare services at an simulator for auto authentication of the sensor interface
affordable expense during the last few decades. With the rapid smartphones. The results of both oxygen saturation level and
advancements in engineering and technological fields, it has heartbeat rate matched remarkably based on simulation and
become feasible to design and develop more efficient, reliable, experiments by the designed oximeter over a wide range of
and affordable biomedical machines and equipment with new optical spectrum on various types of the 4th and 5th generations
additional but important features. This has also made these of the iPod Touch and iPhone devices. However, these
biomedical machines more user friendly. The prime objective iPhones or iPods are expensive devices and are not used by the
of this work is to propose an automated and low-cost oxygen mass people of a middle-income country like Bangladesh [12].
saturation measurement system to help and support the doctors Another research article intended to design an oximeter to
to monitor their patients' conditions. However, this machine is monitor human health parameters like oxygen saturation level
not still so cheap to the people of under-developed or in real-time. The authors tried to use the best method to
developing countries. Moreover, doctors and medical staff are achieve a good accuracy of their results for both heart rate and
not physically available to all required places throughout the SPO2 considering the reliability. They tested copious MCU-
country due to the pandemic situation. Therefore, it would be based ARM cortex 32-bit and different sensors and methods
supportive if it is possible to design and then implement a and then compared it with the results taken from the literature.
system for the peoples of these countries to monitor their However, they did not explain why this method is reliable and
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oxygen saturation at an affordable cost from remote places. how reliable it is [13].
Biomedical engineers are trying to find a way to address these A solar-powered pulse oximeter is proposed in research
problems and find a suitable solution to the same. This will work to utilize solar energy for the device to increase the
certainly decrease their on-site visiting time. Moreover, the lifespan of the device, make it eco-friendly and cost-effective.
Arduino microcontroller is very cheap and readily available in Additionally, the device was interfaced with the Internet of
the market and requires fewer efforts for its programming to Things (IoT) technology to monitor and alert the data of the
automate the system. Also, these are used in various blood oxygen saturation level from any remote place and also
biomedical and other similar applications due to the to update the monitoring device in real-time. Hence, the doctor
compactness, portability, less power consumption, enhanced can keep track of and monitor the patient’s condition. The
battery life, high operating speed, etc. [7]-[10]. This Arduino device was designed with the MAX30102 model by using the
microcontroller with analog interfacing circuits, sensors, Eagle software [14]. However, this paper did not show any
electrodes, amplifiers, samplers, and filters can acquire the cost analysis. Due to the enhanced features, its cost must be
very weak signal from the chest and send it to the higher.
microcontroller's output port in an appropriate format. Then a Some other researchers evaluated the use of red and
set of programming instructions inside the microcontroller can infrared-reflective PPG to extract the pulse oximetry and
determine the heart rate of the patients being monitored. respiration data at eight anatomical locations of the human
Therefore, our objectives of this work are to- body at rest and during walking. They inferred that if the heart
i. Design a low-cost SpO2 measurement system rate and SpO2 data are measured at the lowest possible
ii. Use the microcontroller for faster signal processing and location of the human body’s skin, then the most accurate
several other computation tasks results may be obtained subject to the condition that there is an
iii. Simulate the system in the Proteus environment insignificant movement of the contact between the sensor and
iv. Analyze the oxygen saturation data the skin. They aimed to find an optimum anatomical location
on the human body from where a reflective PPG sensor would
II. LITERATURE REVIEW detect and record accurately the three most important
In the literature, several types of digital pulse measuring physiological parameters, such as heart rate, SpO2, and
devices were found. Most of the designs were based on respiration, at rest and during walking. Their sensor took
microcontroller. One such paper by Laghrouche et al. claimed roughly 1 cm2 of the body area [15].
the design of a low-cost microcontroller and medical sensor To measure the two important physiological parameters like
node based device for concurrent measurement of the arterial blood oxygen saturation and pulse measurement, two other
blood’s oxygen saturation level and heart rate that can be used researchers used a near-infrared portable tissue oximeter with
by the general people at home easily and safely. Though they a detection module based on STM32 microprocessor to obtain
claimed it is a low-cost device but the cost analysis and cost the oxygen saturation (SpO2) level from the human body non-
comparison are not shown. Measurement data were not invasively. Continuous-wave spectrometers provided the
compared with that of the standard device. It was also claimed semi-quantitative changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated
that the device is small-sized and lightweight, has the hemoglobin in small blood vessels like arterioles, capillaries,
capability of wireless signal transmission, standardized signal and venules. After obtaining the values, the portable device
processing, and data processing. However, this is not shown in can send the data to the smartphones of the coaches or doctors
detail in their paper [11]. who are at remote places via GPRS/WiFi/Zigbee networks.
Another paper described the implementation of an oxygen The values can be displayed as per the need of the users. The
meter that connects an oximeter to the smartphone through the signal produced due to the blood oxygen saturation data

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Vol:15, No:2, 2021

fluctuation is sensed by the detection module and is sent to the oxygen sensor, a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) unit, and a DC
STM32 microprocessor to processes it by the expert decision- power supply unit. We would like to design the circuit in
making system to deliver accurate data to the coaches and Proteus and then implement the whole system and measure the
doctors. Their test results and measured data were found very pulse oxygen saturation level. MAX30100 Arduino library
accurate and stable [16]. function is used to convert the Analog to Digital Converter
Digital Signal Processing (DSP) based power electronics (ADC) value to get the oxygen saturation level in percentage.
systems are being designed and implemented [17]. Now, this The MAX30100 is an IC for pulse oximetry. It can monitor
technique was found to be applied in detecting important the heart-rate and pulse level. It comprises two LEDs and a
physiological information, like ECG signals to observe it in photodetector, and it blends the optimized optics and low-
the monitor to assist the physicians or cardiologists [18]. noise analog signal processing techniques to sense the signals
Besides, the DSP hardware-based system has been designed related to the pulse oxygen saturation level and heart-rate of
and implemented with memory, display system, and analog the human body. The MAX30100 IC can be operated from 1.8
interfacing circuit [19]. This type of system with DSP can V and 3.3 V power supplies; however, the maximum power
operate as stand-alone and to update the data in real-time supplies are 2 V and 5 V respectively for these two voltage
according to the onboard pre-program algorithm for ECG levels while it draws a current of 0.6 mA and 1.2 mA
analysis [20]. So, this processor can also be extended for respectively at both SpO2 and heart rate modes. Also, its
designing the pulse oximeter machine. But in several research power can be lowered using software with insignificant
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articles, it has been found that the microcontroller-based backup current, allowing the power supply to continue linked
circuit can reduce the overall system costs in the case of to the circuit always [26].
several biomedical applications [21]-[25]. The DC power supply unit of 5 V supplies the required
current to the microcontroller, pulse oximetry sensor, and the
III. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION LCD unit that has 2 lines each having 16 characters. The
complete system linking the major units of the proposed
A. Block Diagram of the System
design is evident from the block diagram of Fig. 1.
The system contains an Arduino microcontroller, a pulse

Fig. 1 Block diagram of the digital oxygen saturation level measurement system

At first, the pulse oximetry sensor unit senses the signals the pulse oximetry data into and outside of the microcontroller
relevant to the oxygen saturation level of the human body respectively [25]. Arduino microcontroller is used to interpret
from the fingertips which is positioned flanked by the two and process the signal obtained at its input port from the
sensors, such as an optical transmitter (comprising two LEDs- sensor and then calculates the oxygen saturation level in
one is red and another is an infra-red LED) and an optical percentage (%) using the developed assembly language
detector (only one photodiode that can detect both the red and program supplied to it using the personal computer. Then it
infra-red spectrum of light). By controlling the pulse widths of sends the measured SpO2 level to the LCD unit to demonstrate
the LEDs and sample rate per second, SpO2 data are the measured value in an applicable layout as encoded in the
interpreted based on the ambient temperature data. microcontroller’s program. Since the sensor IC, MAX30100 is
Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller is employed here to have not available in Proteus, so, an equivalent hardware circuit is
low power consumption, higher efficiency, in-built ADC designed and used in the circuit of Fig. 2 [27].
facility, and USART mode communication capability. In-built The voltage regulator IC, LM7805 is used to design a
ADC can convert the Pulse Amplitude Modulated signal into a power supply unit of 5V along with 2 diodes, 2 capacitors, and
digital format. The USART mode communication can a step-down center-tap transformer. It takes supply from the
facilitate the serial data transmission to transmit and receive AC power line voltage of 220 V at 50 Hz and then rectifies it

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to the pulsating DC signal, which is then leveled to a pure 5 V calculating the appropriate values of them, the complete
DC by using two capacitors of 1 F and 470 F at the input circuit has been drawn and simulated in Proteus by applying
and output terminals respectively. The capacitors eradicate the required signals. It is observed that the display unit can
harmonics and other noise interferences to the system [28]. show the SpO2 level in % as demonstrated in Fig. 2.
After selecting the components of each sub-block and
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Fig. 2 Complete circuit diagram of the designed digital oxygen saturation level measurement system in Proteus

The final design of the circuit was implemented on a

Printed Circuit Board (PCB), which is designed in a Proteus
environment from which we got the view of the PCB as shown
in Fig. 3. It shows the component placements in the Proteus
environment in 3-D. The backside of the PCB is shown in Fig.
4 in which the tri-layer wiring connections are demonstrated.

Fig. 4 Backside view of the PCB showing the tri-layer component

connections of the designed circuit in Proteus
B. Software Program Design
For the Arduino Uno microcontroller to operate properly,
we need to develop an assembly language program according
to our logic development. There are two types of assembly
Fig. 3 View of the PCB showing the component placements from the
language programming- the device and the application levels.
designed circuit in Proteus The first one can drive the hardware of the system and the
second one can calculate the pulse oxygen saturation level in

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percentage and then displays it as per the appropriate format at designated display unit (here it is LCD screen), the software
the selected display device. has been developed properly. The tasks of this software are to
It may be mentioned here that to program a microcontroller, process the data to display it in the appropriate format in
an integrated software development platform is needed. The percentage. The output ports are properly initialized to send
flow chart of the developed assembly language program is the data to the LCD screen’s input ports connected to the
depicted in Fig. 5. This program reads the pulse oxygen sensor output ports of the microcontroller as shown in Figs. 1 and 2.
signal from its output terminal which is connected to the serial Whenever the output port gets the available data at any instant
input pin of the microcontroller by scanning its serial port of time, the LCD screen displays the oxygen saturation value
continuously. The clock signals of the sensor and Arduino are in percentage immediately.
also connected to synchronize the data between the two units.
Thus the digital data are transferred to the microcontroller’s IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
memory, from where it is processed inside the microcontroller To obtain the experimental data of pulse oxygen saturation
according to the instruction sets of the assembly program, rate, the complete system developed in the Proteus was
convert into the appropriate format in percentage, and finally implemented using the various hardware components. The
is sent to the output port of the microcontroller to display the implemented system in a breadboard is shown in Fig. 6. The
measured pulse oxygen saturation level data in the text format required power supply is 5 V (DC). This output is obtained at
on the LCD screen of the system. the LCD unit of the system.
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Start

Scan and read data

from the pulse sensor

Convert the analog data to the

ADC values

N Conversion
completed?

Sampling and
digitizing the data

N Conversion
completed?

Y Fig. 6 Implemented digital oxygen saturation level measurement

system on a breadboard
Processing of data in the
Arduino Uno R3
microprocessor Data are measured using both the designed digital oxygen
meter and also using a pulse oxygen saturation level
measurement device purchased from the market. Two such
Processing N measured values for the same person at the same time are
completed?
shown in Figs. 7 and 8 respectively.
Y Wait for
15 s for
Display new data
Plot

N Switch pressed Y
Stop
for new data?
Fig. 7 Measured data by the digital oxygen saturation meter

Fig. 5 Flow chart of the microcontroller program of the designed The pulse oxygen saturation level is measured for 16 people
digital oxygen measuring device of different ages by using our designed oximeter and a
standard oximeter purchased from the market at the same
To display the pulse oxygen saturation level at the time. The data are presented in Table I for different aged

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International Journal of Biomedical and Biological Engineering
Vol:15, No:2, 2021

persons. The percentages of error between the data measured simple and low-cost pulse oxygen saturation level measuring
by the two oximeters are calculated using (1): device using a microcontroller and a sensor. The system is
portable and no medical personnel is required to measure the
Percentage of error,  100% (1) oxygen level of a patient. The patient can easily measure and
monitor his oxygen level and sends the data for taking advice
where DDO indicates the data measured by the designed or treatment from any remote places without going to the
digital oximeter in percentage and DPO indicates the data doctors or physicians.
measured by the purchased pulse oximeter in percentage. TABLE II
COST ANALYSIS
Unit Price Total Price
Sl # Name Quantity
(US$) (US$)
1 MAX30100 Finger Oximeter 2 7.60 15.20
Heart Rate Module
Model # SEN-130100
2 Arduino Mega R3 2560 with 1 7.60 7.60
Cable Cost
Model # 0ARD2560
3 16×2 LCD Display 1 1.87 1.87
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4 ESP8266 NodeMcu Lua Wi-Fi 1 4.68 4.68

Board V3.0
5 PCB Board 1 2.90 2.90
Fig. 8 Measured data by the purchased oxygen saturation meter 6 Drilling Bits 5 0.12 0.60
7 40×1 Female Headers 3 0.12 0.36
From Table I, we see that the people for whom data were 8 40×1 2.54 mm Male Header Pin 3 0.07 0.21
9 9 V, 2 A Power Adapter 1 1.40 1.40
taken aged between 12 and 57 and their age average is 27.69
10 Cable - 1.75 1.75
years. The percentage of errors varies from 0% to 4.1% (only
Total Price (US$) 36.57
one person). However, the average percentage of error is very
less, only 1.59%.
In the future, we can implement it using an LED-based
TABLE I screen to reduce the power consumption and cost, replace the
EXPERIMENTAL DATA power supply with a rechargeable battery, and develop an API
Measured SpO2 Level for the smartphone for real-time analysis of the data.
(in %)
Sl # Patient
Age
By the By the Percentage On the whole, our main goal to provide a simple, portable,
(Years)
Designed Purchased of Error and cost-effective solution for the pulse oxygen saturation
Machine Machine (in %) level measurement for the peoples of low- and middle-income
1 Person1 25 97 97 0.0% countries like Bangladesh has been attained.
2 Person2 35 98 96 2.1%
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32-Bit ARM Based Microcontroller,” Proceedings of 176th the IIER Currently, he is working as the Professor and
International Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 18-19 July 2018. Chairman of the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of
[14] S. Deivasigamani, G. Narmadha, M. Ramasamy, H. Prasad and P. Nair, Southeast University, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Previously, he worked at
“Design of Smart Pulse Oximeter using Atmega 328 Microcontroller,” the Green University of Bangladesh, Dhaka as a Professor and Chairman of
International Journal on Emerging Technologies, vol. 11, no. 3, ISSN: p- the EEE Department; Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh as
Open Science Index, Biomedical and Biological Engineering Vol:15, No:2, 2021 waset.org/Publication/10011828

0975-8364, e-2249-3255, pp. 696-700, 2020. an Assistant Professor and Head of ETE Department; Presidency University,
[15] S. K. Longmore, G. Y. Lui, G. Naik, P. P. Breen, B. Jalaludin, and G. D. Dhaka, Bangladesh as an Assistant Professor and American International
Gargiulo, “A Comparison of Reflective Photoplethysmography for University Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka as a Faculty Member since June 1999.
Detection of Heart Rate, Blood Oxygen Saturation, and Respiration Rate He also worked as a Researcher in the Center of Excellence Program of
at Various Anatomical Locations,” Sensors, vol. 19, 2019, article 1874, Hiroshima University, Japan from July 2003 to March 2004. So far, he has
pp. 1-19, www.mdpi.com/journal/sensors, doi:10.3390/s19081874. published over 40 research papers in national and international journals and
[16] Y. Fu, J. Liu, “System design for wearable blood oxygen saturation and presented over 50 research works at national and international conferences.
pulse measurement device,” 6th International Conference on Applied His research interests include MOS device modeling, biomedical engineering,
Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2015) and the Affiliated control system design; outcome-based engineering education, assessment, and
Conferences, Procedia Manufacturing, vol. 3, pp. 1187–1194, 2015, doi: evaluation.
10.1016/j.promfg.2015.07.197. Prof. Bhuyan is a Member of IEEE, USA, Executive Member of
[17] M. H. Bhuyan and K. M. Rahman, “Digital Signal Processor Controlled Bangladesh Electronics and Informatics Society (BEIS), and Fellow of the
PWM Phase Modulator for Two-Phase Induction Motor Drive,” Journal Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB). He is a regular reviewer and
of Electrical Engineering, the Institution of Engineers Bangladesh (IEB- technical/editorial/organizing committee member of several national and
EE), 0379-4318, vol. EE 34, no. I-II, pp. 19-25, Dec. 2007. international journals and conferences. He was the Organizing Chair of the
[18] V. V. Stuchilin, V. A. Rumyantseva and I. S. Svirin, “The Use of Digital IEEE 22nd International Conference on Computer and Information
Signal Processing Algorithms for Electrophysiological Diagnostics of Technology (ICCIT) in Dhaka, Bangladesh during 18-20 December 2019. He
Cardiovascular Diseases,” Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, Vol. is the recipient of the Bangladesh Education Leadership Award (Best
10, no. 1, pp. 119-128, 2017. Professor in Electrical Engineering) in 2017 from the South Asian Partnership
[19] S. T. Prasad and S. Varadarajan, “PC Based Digital Signal Processing of Awards, Mumbai, India.
ECG Signals,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer
and Communication Engineering (IJARCCE), Vol. 2, Issue 12, Md. Refat Sarder was born in Dhaka district,
December 2013. Bangladesh on 12th April. He completed his BSc degree
[20] G. C. Seng, S. Salleh, A. R. Harris, M. N. Jamaluddin and I. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering (EEE) from
Kamarulafizam, “Standalone ECG monitoring system using digital Southeast University (SEU), Tejgaon I/A, Dhaka,
signal processing hardware,” Proc. of IEEE Conference, January 2012. Bangladesh in 2020.
[21] M. H. Bhuyan, M. T. Hasan and H. Iskander, “Low Cost Currently, he is working as a Research Student in the
Microcontroller Based ECG Machine,” International Journal of Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering of
Biomedical and Biological Engineering, vol. 14, no. 7, 2020, e-ISSN: Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. His research
1307-6892, pp. 192-199. interest includes biomedical engineering and system development.
[22] M. K. Russel and M. H. Bhuyan, “Microcontroller Based DC Motor
Speed Control Using PWM Technique,” Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Electrical, Computer and
Telecommunication Engineering (ICECTE), RUET, Rajshahi,
Bangladesh, 1-2 December 2012, pp. 519-522.
[23] M. H. Bhuyan, M. M. Haque, M. A. Rauf and M. M. I. Khan, “Design
and Implementation of a Microcontroller Based Elevator Control
Systems,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Engineering
Research, Innovation and Education (CERIE 2011), SUST, Sylhet,
Bangladesh, 11-13 January 2011, pp. 504-507.
[24] M. S. Ali and M. H. Bhuyan, “Design and Implementation of a Low-
Cost Automated Blood Flow Control Device Through Smart Phone for
Bio-Medical Application,” Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Informatics, Electronics and Vision (ICIEV 2017),
University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan, 1-3 September 2017, pp. 1-5.
[25] M. S. Ali and M. H. Bhuyan, “Design and Implementation of a Low-
Cost Blood Pressure Measuring Device,” Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering
(ICECE), BUET, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 20-22 Dec. 2018, pp. 309-312.
[26] MAX30100: Datasheet of Pulse Oximetry Sensor,
https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/sensors/MAX30100.htm
l, retrieved on 6 December 2020.
[27] M. H. Bhuyan and M. Hasan, “Design and Simulation of Heartbeat

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