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Workshop On Exact Equations

This document provides information on exact differential equations and their solution methods. It defines first order ordinary differential equations and discusses differentials of functions of two variables. It also defines partial derivatives and gives examples. The document states that an equation is exact if the partial derivatives of M(x,y) and N(x,y) are equal. If exact, the solution involves finding an integral of M(x,y) and solving for an arbitrary function h(y). A worked example demonstrates this process. Practice problems are given to test for exactness.

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Lawson Sango
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92 views

Workshop On Exact Equations

This document provides information on exact differential equations and their solution methods. It defines first order ordinary differential equations and discusses differentials of functions of two variables. It also defines partial derivatives and gives examples. The document states that an equation is exact if the partial derivatives of M(x,y) and N(x,y) are equal. If exact, the solution involves finding an integral of M(x,y) and solving for an arbitrary function h(y). A worked example demonstrates this process. Practice problems are given to test for exactness.

Uploaded by

Lawson Sango
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Solution of Exact

Equations
Contents
• First order ordinary differential equation
• Differential of a function of two variables
• Short Notes on Partial Derivatives
• Exact Equations
• Criterion for Exactness
• Examples
• Method of Solution
• Worked Example
• Practice Problems
• Solutions to practice problems
First Order Ordinary differential
equations
• A differential equation having a first derivative as the highest
derivative is a first order differential equation.
• If the derivative is a simple derivative, as opposed to a partial
derivative, then the equation is referred to as ordinary.
Differential of a function of two
variables
If given a function 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)
Then its differential is defined as the following:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑧 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
The symbol 𝜕 represents the partial derivative of the function.

This tells us that if we know the differential of a function, we can


get back the original function under certain conditions.
In a special case when 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑐 then we have:
𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Short note on Partial
derivatives
For a function of two variables, a partial derivative with respect
to a particular variable means differentiating the function with
that variable while assuming the other variable to be fixed.
Ex: if 𝑓 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑓 1
then = 1 + 𝑦 cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 3
𝜕𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑓
and = sin 𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑙𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑦
Exact Equation
If given a differential equation of the form 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Where M(x,y) and N(x,y) are functions of x and y, it is possible to
solve the equation by separation of variables.
However, another method can be used is by examining exactness.
The whole idea is that if we know M and N are differentials of f,
then it is possible to reconstruct the original function f.
Criterion for Exactness
This method can only be used if the differential given is exact.
Specifically,
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
If the above condition is satisfied, then we can use the method.
Remember, the function M(x,y) is the one that multiplies dx and
the function N(x,y) is the one that multiplies dy.
Look at some of the examples on the next slide
Examples
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Here,
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Then, we have = 2𝑥 and = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Therefore, this particular equation is exact.
Another Example
𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Here, 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑦 − 𝑦 cos 𝑥𝑦 ; 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 −
𝑥 cos 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦
𝜕𝑀 2𝑦 𝜕𝑁
Therefore, = 2𝑒 − cos 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦 sin 𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
As we see, this equation is also exact.
Method of Solution
The basic idea behind the obtaining the solution is very simple
really. It’s also logical.
• If given a differential, we first test for exactness. If it is exact,
𝜕𝑓
we know that since = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 then 𝑓 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 +
𝜕𝑥
ℎ(𝑦)
• Since integration yields a constant of integration, the most
general constant would be a function of y, since on
differentiating it with x, we get 0.
Contd.
• Since we know that the reconstructed function must satisfy the
𝜕𝑓 𝜕
condition = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) then 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ℎ 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
• From this, we will be able to solve the above expression for h’(y).
• Integrating that, we get h(y) and our solution is complete.
• The complete and most general solution is then
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + ℎ 𝑦 = 𝑐
Worked Example
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 2 −sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
Given =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦(1−𝑥 2 )
As we can see, this would be extremely difficult to solve using
separation of variables. However, let’s try and use exactness to solve
the equation. Rearranging it, we get
𝑥𝑦 2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Testing for exactness,
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 2𝑥𝑦 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus, we know the equation is exact, so we proceed with our method.
Contd.
Now, we know that integrating M(x,y) with respect to x will give us the
original function back.
𝑥2𝑦2 cos 2𝑥
Thus, (𝑥𝑦 2 − sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + + ℎ(𝑦)
2 4
Furthermore,
𝜕 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 cos 2𝑥
+ + ℎ(𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + ℎ′(𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 2 4
And this should be equal to N(x,y).
Contd.
Then we have,
𝑥 2 𝑦 + ℎ′ 𝑦 = −𝑦(1 − 𝑥 2 )
Simplifying this, we get ℎ′ 𝑦 = −𝑦
Notice that if the equation was not exact to begin with, then h’(y) will not be a
function of y alone in the step above.
Solving for h(y), we have
𝑦2
ℎ 𝑦 =−
2
Hence, the complete solution is
𝑥 2 𝑦 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑦 2
+ − =c
2 4 2
Where ‘c’ is an arbitrary constant.
Practice Problems
Determine Whether these equations are exact or not. If they
are, solve them.
𝑑𝑦
1. 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 6𝑥 2
2. (𝑥 2 −𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
3. 5𝑦 − 2𝑥 𝑦 ′ − 2𝑦 = 0
Answers to Practice Problems
1. 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑥 3 = 𝑐
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
2. Not Exact. ( = −2𝑦 ≠ 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 = )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
3. Not Exact ( =5≠0= )
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
References
• A first Course in Differential Equations 9th Ed., Dennis Zill.
• Fundamentals of Differential Equations 3rd Ed, Nagle & Saff
• Differential and Integral Calculus Vol 2, N. Piskunov
Good Luck!

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