PARTS OF BAHAN AJAR

SPEECH
Dr. Faidah Yusuf, S.S., M.Pd
 CONTENTS

PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................ 1

1. PARTS OF SPEECH ................................................................................................................. 3

2. PRONOUNS ............................................................................................................................. 7

3. ADJECTIVE................................................................................................................................... 22

4. NOUN.............................................................................................................................. 32

5. VERB ............................................................................................................................................. 43

6. ADVERB........................................................................................................................................ 56

7. CONJUNCTION ..................................................................................................................... 63

8. PREPOSITION............................................................................................................................... 71

9. INTERJECTION ............................................................................................................................ 92

APPENDIXES........................................................................................................................................ 97

BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................ 122

BIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 123

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 PREFACE
Praise the presence of Allah SWT for the abundant blessings of His
grace, therefore the book of Parts of Speech for Department English
and Literature has been completed. This textbook is a teaching
material in the teaching and learning process of English for beginners
in English.

We are aware that there are still many shortcomings in this book,
therefore constructive criticism and suggestions for the
improvement of this book are expected, and hopefully this book can
be of benefit for students who want to learn English in particular and
for all parties from all walks of life who need it.

Faidah Yusuf

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 1. PARTS OF SPEECH
INTRODUCTION
Before we discuss about Parts of Speech, so, why did we
make this lesson? That is, students or anyone who wants to learn
English, this can be a textbook or module that can be used when
learning English. because there are various kinds of examples or
definitions that write down how students can practice themselves in
learning English.
Developing confident language skills is arguably the most
important outcome of our teaching procedure. The term ‗language
principles‘ refers to a body of core essentials for understanding and
manipulating one‘s language, and indeed, learning a foreign one
(Dykes, 2007).

This is a very important lesson for us, especially basic for

beginner. In the lesson, eight basic components then need to be
studied because every time we learn English these 8 components
will be in our every word we speak, write, read and listen to.
Therefore we all learn English by paying attention to the part of
speech (Redman, 2011) . this book was written as a self-study book,
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but readers may also find it useful as additional course material in
cases where further work on parts of speech is necessary.

MATERIALS
The parts of speech are classifications or types of words in
English. The part-of-speech in this discussion is abbreviated as (PoS)
so that it is easy to remember. PoS or Part of Speech in English is very
important because each type has its own function in forming phrases
(series of words) and sentences. In Indonesian, part of speech is called
a word class, which is a classification of words to show the task and
function of each word in a sentence.

P PRONOUN (Kata Ganti)

A ADJECTIVE (Kata Sifat)

N NOUN (Kata Benda)

C CONJUNCTION (Kata Sambung)

A ADVERB (Kata Keterangan)

V VERB (Kata Kerja)

I INTERJECTION (kata Seru)

P PREPOSITION (kata Depan)

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 The table above explains the importance or makes it easier for
students to memorize the types of parts of speech.
Every word in English has a certain type or part of speech.
Furthermore, each type of word has a specific place in the sentence.
Learning parts of speech (PoS) is important because the quality of
understanding and mastery of this material can make it easier for
English learners. We can see this from the following points:
1) Recognizes each type of word or word class in English
For example, the word beauty means that beauty is a noun,
it can also be beautiful, which means that beautify is a verb,
beautiful is an adjective and beautifully is an adverb. The other
example, creation is a noun, create is a verb, creative is an
adjective, and creativity is an adverb. for more details, see the
table below.

NOUN VERB ADJECTIVE ADVERB

Beauty beautify beautiful beautifully

Creation create Creative creatively

Decision decide Decisive decisively

2) Putting the word in the sentence correctly means putting the

word according to the part of speech.
Example: Reading gives me happy. means reading, give
me happiness. The subject in this sentence is Reading. Reading
is a Gerund, a form of Verb which becomes a subject when it is
included in the Gerund category then the word changes to Noun.

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3) Understand the two main sentence forms in English, namely
verbal and nominal sentences
Example: usually some people say ―He forgot something or
he is forgetful and will never say she is forget about it. because if
you know forget is Verb, then it is verbal.
4) Understand and master the English tenses.
In English, there are various kinds of tense mastery
comprehensively covering four main types of tenses, namely
present past future and past future, second is tense for active and
passive sentences, and third is tense for verbal and nominal
sentences. Everything is in the form of positive negative
interrogative tenses mastery not only but begins with
understanding PoS material. Therefore, understanding PoS or Parts
of Speech will facilitate comprehension of tenses comprehensively.

EXCERCISE
1. what is definition about parts of speech?
2. mention 8 parts of speech.
3. why we should study parts of speech?

CONCLUSION
It is hoped that initial material can provide understanding to
students, what part of speech can be, and what types of material
will be studied in this Parts of Speech. It can enrich knowledge
through various sources, both material in this book and material
from other references.

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 2. PRONOUNS

INTRODUCTION
The first thing we will discuss is pronouns. These pronouns are one of
the most important elements in a sentence. in the sentence, use a
pronoun so that there is no repetition of the names mentioned in the
sentence. Most of students already know the pronoun names. The
pronoun itself is a pronoun, so in this pronoun it is often used in an
English sentence, but there are some who are confused, there are still
those who can't use the pronoun correctly so it is necessary to explain
it in more detail so that there is no confusion to early learners.

MATERIALS
In this material, the definition of Pronouns and Types of Pronouns
will be discussed, and there will be exercises - question exercises at
the end of the material discussion to practice the material that has
been taught.

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WHAT IS A PRONOUN?
A pronoun is a word which is used in place of a proper noun or a
common noun. Pronouns can be used in place of nouns to avoid
monotonous repetition (Stobbe, 2008). Generally, a pronoun takes
the place of a particular noun. The pronoun refers to its antecedent.
A pronoun helps us avoid unnecessary repetition in our writing and
speech. In other words, words that can be used instead of a noun are
called pronouns. The word "pronoun" means "for a noun".
Let's understand pronouns with the help of a these example
sentences:

● Look at David. David is a good boy.

● Mike loves to study. Mike is good at

skating. Instead of Mike we can use 'he'.
Now read these sentences again:

● Look at David. He is a good boy.

● He loves to study. He is good at skating.

The word 'he' takes the place of Mike and is called a pronoun.
A pronoun is a word that is used as a substitute for a noun.
Pronouns make up a small subcategory of nouns. The
distinguishing characteristic of pronouns is that they can be
substituted for other nouns. For instance, if you‘re telling a story
about your sister Jubaedah, the story will begin to sound repetitive
if you keep repeating ―Jubaedah‖ over and over again.
Jubaedah has always loved fashion. Jubaedah announced that Jubaedah
wants to go to fashion school.

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You could try to mix it up by sometimes referring to Sarah as ―my
sister,‖ but then it sounds like you‘re referring to two different people.
Jubaedah has always loved fashion. My sister announced that
Jubaedah wants to go to fashion school.
Instead, you can use the pronouns she and her to refer to Jubaedah.
Jubaedah has always loved fashion. She announced that she wants
to go to fashion school.

TYPES OF PRONOUNS

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 1) Personal Pronouns
2) Reflexive Pronouns
3) Emphatic Pronouns
4) Relative Pronouns
5) Interrogative Pronouns
6) Indefinite Pronouns
7) Demonstrative Pronouns
8) Possessive Pronouns
9) Personal Pronouns

Explanation about the types of pronoun:

1. Personal pronouns are used to replace nouns or noun phrases.

Personal pronouns stand for three persons: First Person, Second

Person, Third Person

The personal pronoun of the first person stands for the person(s)
speaking.

(I, we, me, us)

Example Sentences

✓ This car belongs to us.

✓ I won the games.
✓ The matter is between David and me.
✓ We shall stand by the truth.

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Personal pronoun of the second person stands for the person(s) spoken
to.

(You)

Example Sentences

✓ Why are you crying?

✓ Only you are allowed to attend the party.

Personal pronoun of the third person stands for the person(s)

spoken of.

(He, she, it, they, them, him, her)

Example Sentences

✓ I heard him telling them about the movie.

✓ He agreed to look after the baby.
✓ The headmistress likes her a lot.
✓ She asked me to review it by this evening.
✓ They went to the museum.
✓ It is an endangered species now.
✓ They were planning to hide it under the bed.

Personal pronouns for people: I, you, he, she, we, they, me, you,
him, her, us, them

Personal pronouns for things and animals: it, they, them

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2. Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are pronouns where the subject and the object are
the same person(s), i.e. when the action of the verb refers back to the
doer. Reflexive pronouns are formed by using 'self' in the singular and
'selves' in the plural.
Reflexive Pronouns

Myself Suddenly, I found myself in a dark corner.

Himself John reminded himself that he had to try

harder

Themselves They were discussing amongst themselves

Yourself You are old enough to dress yourself.

Itself The dog covered itself with dirt.

Herself She contradicted herself, unknowingly.

Ourselves The only people there were ourselves.

3. Emphatic Pronouns

Emphatic pronouns are pronouns used for highlighting,

stressing or emphasizing the noun or pronoun that comes
before it. An emphatic pronoun can be omitted without
changing the sense of a sentence.

myself I myself a slow walker

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himself Joseph himself went to check the gate

themselves They themselves admitted to their mistakes

Yourself You yourself is responsible for those low grades

itself The book itself tells you all about pronouns

herself Jane herself looks into the nitty-gritty of

running the house

ourselves We ourselves will be completing the assignment

4. Relative Pronouns

Relative pronouns are used to join sentences or clauses, and they

refer back to the nouns going before them.

who This is the lady who helped me

whom This is the person whom we met at the party

which This is the house which belongs to my

great- grandfather

whose There is the man whose horse won the race

that This is the book that my mother wrote

In relative pronouns we use the following pronoun

words: For people: who, whom

For animals and thing: which

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And to show possession: whose, that

5. Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns ask questions. Compound interrogative

pronouns (those ending in 'ever') are used to express surprise,
confusion, irritation, etc.

What What do you mean?

Who Who is there at the door?

Which Which is your book?

Whose Whose is this dress?

Whom Whom were you speaking to?

Whatever Whatever are you doing?

whichever Whichever came first?

Whoever Whoever came to the shop?

whomever Whomever should tom invite?

6. Indefinite Pronouns

An indefinite pronoun refers to an indefinite or general person or

thing. These pronouns refer to people in a vague and general
meaning.

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 all any many

everyone few none

each neither nothing

several some somebody

everything nobody anyone

something someone

Example Sentences
Nobody attended the
meeting. Something is wrong
there.
Everyone was smiling.
He never does favour to others.
Everything was told prior to the
meeting. Many of them were injured.

An indefinite pronoun can stand for singular, plural or at times for

both. The following lists some indefinite pronouns terms that are
commonly used.

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Singular

anyone anything anybody

Each everybody everything
either everyone little
much nobody nothing
neither no one one
someone somebody something

Plural

both few several

many others

Singular or Plural

all none most

Example Sentences
✓ Every season one of the racers attempts to break Schumacher's
record. (Singular)
✓ Both have paid homage to their great ancestors. (Plural)
✓ All of the players we count on are out of form. (Plural)
✓ Almost all the money in my bank account has been spent.
(Singular)

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7. Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns point out people or objects. There are four
demonstrative pronouns.

this that

these those

Example Sentences
Those are my neighbour's
dogs. This is my bicycle.
These are cakes and those are
burgers. That is my bag.
In those days, we were young and innocent.
This is a present from my uncle.
Those keen to attend the magic show may come along.
That is the sound of a factory siren.
Are those your classmates?
That is not the best thing to do.
When these words appear before nouns, they become demonstrative
adjectives. For example:
This car is better than that.
These animals are wilder than those.
In above sentences, 'this' and 'these' are demonstrative adjectives,
and 'that' and 'those' are demonstrative adjectives, and 'that' and
'those' are demonstrative pronouns.
8. Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun points towards the owner of something.

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Possessive Pronouns List
hers That school is hers.
ours This is ours
theirs This house is theirs
Mine This dress is mine.
yours This dress is yours
Example Sentences
The blue hat is mine. Yours is on the upper shelf.
My aunt is a Graphic Designer. This computer is hers.
Often the words used as possessive pronouns are slight modifications
of the words used as possessive adjectives. So, we may get confused at
times.
Remember, that there is a major distinction between them. While
possessive pronouns are used in place of nouns, possessive
adjectives modify or describe nouns.

EXERCISES:
a) Use correct personal pronouns. See the words in brackets.
1. is studying. (David)
2. is green. (the cupboard)
3. are on the wall. (the picture)
4. is running. (the cat)
5. are watching TV. (my father and I)
6. are in the garden. (the flowers)
7. is riding his bike. (Tono)

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 8. is from Indonesia. (Makassar)
9. has got a brother. (Lina)
10. have got a computer, Maria?
b) Change the underlined words into a correct object pronoun!
1. The teacher always gives the students homework.
2. I am reading the book to my little sister.
3. The boys are riding their bikes.
4. My father is writing a letter to John.
5. I don‘t know the answer.
6. Sally is going to Anne.
7. Open the window, please.
8. Can you tell the people the way to the airport, please?
9. The books are for Peter.
10. Can you help my sister and me, please?
c) Fill the blanks with who, whom, which or whose !
1. I talked to the girl ….. car had broken down in front of the shop.
2. Mr Richards,….. is a taxi driver, lives on the corner.
3. John is calling the girl ….. I met last night.
4. This is the girl ….. comes from Spain.
5. That‘s Peter, the boy ….. has just arrived at the airport.
6. Thank you very much for your e-mail ….. was very interesting.
7. The man, ….. father is a professor, forgot his umbrella

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 8. The children, ….. Mr. John met in the street, are not from our
school.
9. The car, ….. driver is a young man, is from Ireland.
10. What did you do with the money your mother ….. lent you?
d) Fill the blanks with the correct possessive adjective!
1. Joanie is (John and Nancy) daughter.
2. Is this Jane‘s dog? Yes it is dog.
3. The dog is chasing own tail.
4. Pedro and Isabel are Spanish. family is from Spain.
5. Juan is not at school. father took him to the doctor.
6. Beatriz is married. She showed us ring today.
7. Jose and Maria are dancers. older brother is a singer.
8. Pepe and I have an English class together. teacher is
Ms. Smith.
9. My family has a dog. dog‘s name is Lady.
10. The teacher told me not to bring cell phone to school.
e) Fill the blanks with the correct possessive adjective!
1. Jane has already eaten her dinner , but John saving ….. until later
2. Siska‘s mobile needs to be fixed, but is working.
3. Her computer is a Mac, but….. is a PC.
4. We gave them telephone number, and they gave us ……
5. My pencil is broken. Can I borrow …..?
6. I have a dog. That dog is …..

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 7. She has a cat. That cat is …..
8. We have a car. That car is ….
9. They have a bike. That bike is …..
10. He has a key. That key is …..

CONCLUSION
It is hoped that material can provide understanding to
students, what part of speech can be, specially in Pronoun and what
types of material will be studied in this Pronoun. It can enrich
knowledge through various sources, both material in this book and
material from other references

21
 3. ADJECTIVE

INTRODUCTION
For this part about definition of adjective and types of adjective. This
adjective material is commonly used in English language skills,
however, early students must be introduced to basic knowledge
before moving on to the next section. Adjectives are parts of speech
that are learned in new students.
The objectives in learning adjectives are: students can know the use of
adjectives in sentences, the order of adjectives in sentences, and types
of adjectives. In the discussion of this chapter, materials, exercises and
assignments are discussed.

MATERIALS

What Is an Adjective?
Simply put, an adjective is a word you use to describe a person,
place, or thing. An adjective modifies nouns or pronouns. For
example:
She is beautiful
He is smart
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 Beautiful and smart are adjective. There are a lot of adjective
vocabulary, and need to be memorized so that in English you can
use the adjective properly.
Adjectives are information gatherers. Specifically, they provide further
information about an object's size, shape, age, color, origin or material.
You can see the various adjective categories. Here are some examples
of adjectives in action:
● It's a big table. (size)
● It's a round table. (shape)
● It's an old table. (age)
● It's a brown table. (colour)
● It's an English table. (origin)
● It's a wooden table. (material)
● It's a lovely table. (opinion)
● It's a broken table. (observation)
● It's a coffee table. (purpose)
The adjective example above can be understood easily in
identifying or recognizing the type of adjective.
Next, adjectives serve another important role: they answer
questions like, "Which one?" "How many?" and "What kind?"
You can see how they do this job in the following examples:
● Which cat did you see? It was the grey cat.
● What kind of potatoes did you buy? I bought red potatoes.
● How many cars were in the parking lot? There were few cars.

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 ● What kind of coffee do you like? I like black coffee.
Regarding the example above, it can be seen from the type of
question, so that it can be easily answered using an adjective.

Adjectives Use Certain Suffixes: A suffix is the ending portion of a

word. They often follow familiar patterns. In general, many English
adjectives end with these suffixes:

Suffix Example

-able/-ible adorable, invisible

-al educational, gradual

-an American, urban

-ar cellular, vulgar

-ent silent, violent

-ful tasteful, thoughtful

-ic/-ical magical, scientific

-ine feminine, masculine

-ile fertile, virile

-ive native, talkative

-less homeless, timeless

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 -ous dangerous, enormous

-some handsome, lonesome

Adjectives Use Certain Placement in a Sentence: for instance, some

adjectives end in -y, -ary, or -ate (or any other suffix for that matter).
These words can be nouns, adverbs, verbs, or adjectives. The key to
knowing whether a word is an adjective is to look at where it is and
what it's doing in the sentence.
Adjective could be used Before a Noun
If it comes immediately before a noun, it's likely an adjective.
For example, in "brown glass," "brown" is an adjective describing the
noun "glass."
TYPES OF ADJECTIVES
Remember that adjectives can modify as well as describe other words,
and you‘ll find it much easier to identify different types of adjectives
when you see them.

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 Types of Adjectives

Articles Possessive Demonstrative Coordinate

Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives

Numbers Interrogative Attributive

Indefinite Adjectives
Adjectives Adjectives Adjectives

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1) Articles
There are only three articles, and all of them are adjectives: a,
an, and the. Because they are used to discuss non-specific things and
people, a and an are called indefinite articles. For example:
✓ I‘d like a
✓ Let‘s go on an
Neither one of these sentences names a specific banana or a certain
adventure. Without more clarification, any banana or adventure will
do.
The word the is called the definite article. It‘s the only definite article,
and it is used to indicate very specific people or things:
✓ Please give me a banana. I’d like the one with the green stem.
✓ Let’s go on an adventure. The Grand Canyon mule ride sounds
perfect!
2) Possessive Adjectives
As the name indicates, possessive adjectives are used to indicate
possession. They are:

My Your His Her

Its Our Their

3) Demonstrative Adjectives
Like the article the, demonstrative adjectives are used to
indicate or demonstrate specific people, animals, or things. These,
those, this and that are demonstrative adjectives.

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 ✓ These books belong on that
✓ This movie is my favorite.
✓ Please put those cookies on the blue plate.

4) Coordinate Adjectives
Coordinate adjectives are separated with commas or the word
and, and appear one after another to modify the same noun. The
adjectives in the phrase bright, sunny day and long and dark
night are coordinate adjectives. In phrases with more than two
coordinate adjectives, the word and always appears before the
last one; for example:
The sign had big, bold, and bright letters.
Be careful, because some adjectives that appear in a series are
not coordinate. In the phrase green delivery truck, the words green
and delivery are not separated by a comma because green
modifies the phrase delivery truck. To eliminate confusion when
determining whether a pair or group of adjectives is coordinate,
just insert the word and between them. If and works, then the
adjectives are coordinate and need to be separated with a comma.

5) Numbers Adjectives
When they‘re used in sentences, numbers are almost always
adjectives. You can tell that a number is an adjective when it
answers the question ―How many?‖
✓ The stagecoach was pulled by a team of six
✓ He ate 23 pizza during the contest, and was sick afterwards.

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6) Interrogative Adjectives
There are three interrogative adjectives: which, what,
and whose. Like all other types of adjectives, interrogative
adjectives modify nouns. As you probably know, all three of
these words are used to ask questions.
✓ Which option sounds best to you?
✓ What time should we go?
✓ Whose socks are those?
7) Indefinite Adjectives
Like the articles a and an, indefinite adjectives are used to
discuss non-specific things. You might recognize them, since
they‘re formed from indefinite pronouns. The most common
indefinite adjectives are any, many, no, several, and few.
✓ Do we have any peanut butter?
✓ Grandfather has been retired for many
✓ There are no bananas in the fruit bowl.
✓ I usually read the first few pages of a book before I buy it.
✓ We looked at several cars before deciding on the best
one for our family.

8) Attributive Adjectives
Attributive adjectives talk about specific traits, qualities, or features
– in other words, they are used to discuss attributes. There are
different kinds of attributive adjectives:
Observation adjectives such as real, perfect, best, interesting,
beautiful or cheapest can indicate value or talk about subjective
measures.

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 1) Size and shape adjectives talk about measurable, objective
qualities including specific physical properties. Some
examples include small, large, square, round, poor, wealthy,
slow and
2) Age adjectives denote specific ages in numbers, as well as
general ages. Examples are old, young, new, five-year-old,
and
3) Color adjectives are exactly what they sound like – they‘re
adjectives that indicate color. Examples include pink, yellow,
blue, and
4) Origin adjectives indicate the source of the noun, whether
it‘s a person, place, animal or thing. Examples include
American, Canadian, Mexican, French.
5) Material adjectives denote what something is made of.
Some examples include cotton, gold, wool, and
6) Qualifier adjectives are often regarded as part of a noun.
They make nouns more specific; examples include log cabin,
luxury car, and pillow cover.

EXERCISES
Multiple choice adjectives and identify the adjectives in the sentence.
1. My sister‘s body mist is…
a. Soft
b. Smelly
c. Energizing
d. Dramatic
2. Andi Rianto‘s music is …
a. Soft
b. Smelly
c. Energizing

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 d. Dramatic
3. The theatre show is …
a. Soft
b. Smelly
c. Energizing
d. Dramatic
4. Their home is very …
a. Comfortable
b. Large
c. Noisy
d. Fast
5. Our school is…
a. Comfortable
b. Large
c. Noisy
d. Fast

Translated into English and Identified the adjective in the

following sentences.

6. The musician played an expensive violin.

7. My friends invited me to a fancy party.
8. The furry cat made the boy sneeze.
9. The hungry man lived under the bridge.
10. He was afraid to talk to his teacher.
11. The perfume in the room is fragrant.
12. The shiny window caught people‘s attention.
13. The mathematics was very difficult.

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14. I didn‘t want to play on the wet ground.
15. My aunt who lives in England is elderly.

CONCLUSION
It is hoped that material can provide understanding to
students, what part of speech can be, specially in adjective and what
types of material will be studied in this adjective. It can enrich
knowledge through various sources, both material in this book and
material from other references

32
 4. NOUN
INTRODUCTION
learning Noun in English is an important word in a sentence. so that
noun is one part of the parts of speech that is the focus of discussion
in this part.

MATERIALS
What is a Noun?
A noun is a word that represents a person, place, or thing.
Everything we can see or talk about is represented by a word. That
word is called a "noun." You might find it useful to think of a noun
as a "naming word."
Nouns make up the majority of the English language. More nouns
appear every year as people come up with new ideas, media, and
technologies. However, a noun‘s basic function never changes. It is a
person, place, or thing, and it may be proper, common, possessive,
abstract, or collective.
Often a noun is a name for something we can touch (e.g.,
"lion," "cake," "computer"), but sometimes a noun names something
we cannot touch (e.g., "bravery," "mile," "joy").

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Here are some examples of nouns. (Notice that some have capital
letters. The reason for this is explained in the next section on
"Common Nouns and Proper Nouns.")
● Person: soldier, Alan, cousin, lawyer
● Place: house, London, factory, shelter
● Thing. This includes:
● Objects: table, London Bridge, chisel, nitrogen, month,
inch, cooking
● Animals: aardvark, rat, shark, Mickey
● Ideas: confusion, kindness, faith, Theory of Relativity,
joy
Most nouns can be pluralized, which usually involves adding "s" to
the end (e.g., aardvark > aardvarks).

Noun examples in the following sentences are in bold for easy

identification.
1. The boy and girl were holding hands as they crossed
the bridge on the way to town.
2. I love watching my cat play with the pink yarn.
3. It is raining! Everyone, grab your umbrella and rain hat and
watch out for the puddles!

THE FUNCTION OF NOUNS

Nouns as Subjects, Objects, and Complements

A noun can function as a subject, an object, or a complement within

34
a sentence.

SUBJEC OBJECT COMPLEMENT

For example:

Role Example

subject Oranges contain Vitamin C.

object oranges.

complement oranges.

There is more on the function of nouns in the "noun phrase" section

below.

Attributive Nouns

A noun can also be used as an adjective to modify another noun.

For example:
● oxygen tank
● diamond ring
● car door
In these examples, the examples "oxygen," "diamond," and "car" are
functioning like adjectives. When nouns are used like this, they're
called "attributive nouns.

35
TYPES OF NOUNS
common nouns

proper nouns

singular nouns

plural nouns

concrete nouns
Types of nouns
abstract nouns

collective nouns

compound nouns

countable nouns

10.uncountable

nouns

1) Common Nouns

Common nouns are nonspecific. They refer to a broad class of people,

places, or things (like the generic coffee), so they‘re not capitalized.

Common nouns: house, cat, girl, foot, country

Some nouns can be either proper or common depending on the

context. For example, a canyon is common, while the Grand Canyon
is
36
proper because it‘s the name of a specific place.

2) Proper Nouns

Proper nouns help distinguish a specific person, place, or thing. These

words should be capitalized. They are often made from the names of
cities, countries, or regions to describe where something comes from,
but they can also be formed from the names of religions, brands, or
even individuals (Peter, 2016). Some examples are brand names
like Starbucks and personal names like Jenny.
Proper nouns: Spain, Fido, Sony

One way you can treat a common noun as a proper noun is by

using personification. Personification is giving human attributes to
nonhuman objects or ideas. An example of this is in the poem
―Because I could not stop for Death‖ by Emily Dickinson: ―Because
I could not stop for Death — / He kindly stopped for me.‖ Here, the
poet talks about death as if this concept is a person.

singular nouns

Nouns can either be singular or plural. Singular means they refer to

just one thing.

Singular nouns: house, cat, girl, foot, country

3) Plural Nouns

A plural noun refers to more than one of something. Many singular

37
nouns just need an S added at the end to make them plural
(e.g., bee becomes bees). For some nouns that already end with an S,
you may need to add -es to the end to make their plural forms
(e.g., classes and buses).

a) Regular plural nouns: houses, cats, girls, countries

Not all nouns follow this pattern. Those that become plural in
other ways are called irregular.

Some examples are person and people, life and lives, mouse and
mice, and tooth and teeth.

b) Irregular plural nouns:

person and people

life and lives
mouse and mice
tooth and teeth.

4) Concrete Nouns

A concrete noun is something that can be perceived through one of the

five senses. A cat is something you can see, hear, touch, and smell, so
it is a concrete noun.

Concrete nouns: table, apple, rabbit, ear

38
5) Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns are intangible ideas. They‘re not things people can
see, smell, hear, or touch. Common examples include emotions,
social concepts, political theories, and character traits. Here is one
example: anger is an emotion that can inspire change.

Abstract nouns: love, creativity, democracy

6) Collective Nouns

A collective noun describes a group of things, and it may be

singular or plural, depending on how it‘s used. A singular collective
noun refers to a group that functions as one unit or performs the
same action at the same time. For example: The team plays in the
main gym.

7) Singular collective nouns: crowd, flock, committee, a hundred

dollars
8) compound nouns

A compound noun combines two words in one. Many of them are

connected by a hyphen.

Compound nouns: dry-cleaning, toothpaste, haircut, output

9) countable nouns

A countable noun is the name of separate objects, people , etc. which

we can count (Svoboda & Kucera, 2003). When you have three

39
books or ten pennies, you are describing a noun that is countable.

Countable nouns: table, apple, rabbit, ear

10) uncountable nouns

An uncountable noun (also known as a mass noun) is one that

cannot be counted. For example, gases cannot be counted. You
can‘t say you have one air or three air. So air is an uncountable
noun and will always be singular.

Uncountable nouns: salt, seafood, luggage, advice

EXCERSISE

Underlined and identified the noun and give the names of the
noun in each sentence below:

1. My brother reads magazine every

day. Brother: Person, proper noun
Magazine: things, concrete noun
2. She goes to school by car. She drives alone.

3. Tuni has a cat and dog at his house.

40
4. We are studying at the Rina‘s house for English test tomorrow.

5. My sister met her ex-boyfriend in her dream last night.

6. I will visit many great places in the world this year.

7. Borobudur Temple is very beautiful.

8. Gina works at post office.

9. I was excited when I saw the Dolphin. It looked so nice and cute.

10. She wants me to accompany her to buy new shoes.

41
CONCLUSION
It is hoped that material can provide understanding to students,
what part of speech can be, specially in Noun and what types of
material will be studied in this Noun. It can enrich knowledge through
various sources, both material in this book and material from other
references

42
 5. VERB
INTRODUCTION
The English has a lot to learn. As is well known, in the basics
of learning English for beginners, you have to learn about tenses,
grammar, reading, listening, and so on which can support you in
mastering English. One type of vocabulary that you should know is
verbs.
Verbs are a class of words that express an action, existence,
experience, or other dynamic sense. Later, you will be exposed to
English verbs, which of course you have to understand correctly so
that you don't get mistaken. So, it is clear right, how important it is to
master verbs in English?
In learning English, this English vocabulary is often referred
to as a verb. English verbs come in many types and forms. This
refers to the tense used in conversation

MATERIALS
What is Verb?

43
A verb is a word or a combination of words that indicates action or a
state of being or condition. A verb is the part of a sentence that tells us
what the subject performs. Verbs are the hearts of English sentences.
Examples:
o Jacob walks in the morning. (A usual action)
o Mike is going to school. (A condition of action)
o Albert does not like to walk. (A negative action)
o Anna is a good girl. (A state of being)
Verbs are related to a lot of other factors like the subject, person, number,
tense, mood, voice, etc. There are six basic forms of verbs. These forms
are as follows:
o Base form: Children play in the field.
o Infinitive: Tell them not to play
o Past tense: They played football yesterday.
o Past participle: I have eaten a burger.
o Present participle: I saw them playing with him today.
o Gerund: Swimming is the best exercise.

44
TYPES OF VERBS

Finite Verbs

Non-finite Verbs

Types of 3. Action Verbs

Verbs
4. Linking Verb

5. Auxiliary Verbs

6. Modal Verbs

1. Finite Verbs:
Finite verbs are the actual verbs which are called the roots
of sentences. It is a form of a verb that is performed by or refers to
a subject and uses one of the twelve forms of tense and changes
according to the number/person of the subject.
Example:
✔ Alex went to school. (Subject – Alex – performed the
action in the past. This information is evident only by the
verb
‗went‘.)
✔ Robert plays hockey.
✔ He is playing for Australia.

45
 ✔ He is one of the best players. (Here, the verb ‗is‘
directly refers to the subject itself.)
2. Non-finite Verbs:
Non-finite Verbs are not actual verbs. They do not work as
verbs in the sentence rather they work as nouns, adjectives,
adverbs, etc. Non-finite verbs do not change according to the
number/person of the subject because these verbs, also
called verbals, do not have any direct relation to the subject.
Sometimes they become the subject themselves.
The forms of non-finite verbs are – infinitive, gerund, and
participle (participles become finite verbs when they take auxiliary
verbs.)
Example:
✔ Alex went abroad to play (Infinitives)
✔ Playing cricket is his only job. (Present participle)
✔ I have broken bat. (Past participle)
✔ Walking is a good habit. (Gerund)
3. Action Verbs:
Action verbs indicate what the subject of a sentence
performs. Action verbs can make the listener/reader feel
emotions, see scenes more vividly and accurately.
Action verbs can be transitive or intransitive.

1) Transitive verbs must have a direct object. A transitive verb

demands something/someone to be acted upon.

46
 Example:
✔ I painted the car. (The verb ‗paint‘ demands an object to be
painted)
✔ She is reading the newspaper. (The verb ‗read‘ asks the
question ―what is she reading?‖ – the answer is the
object)
2) Intransitive verbs do not act upon anything. They may be
followed by an adjective, adverb, preposition, or another
part of speech.
Example:
✔ She smiled. (The verb ‗smile‘ cannot have any object since
the action of ‗smiling‘ does not fall upon anything/anyone)
✔ I wake up at 6 AM. (No object is needed for this verb)

Note: {Subject + Intransitive verb} is sufficient to make

a complete sentence but {Subject + Transitive verb} is not
sufficient because transitive verbs demand a direct object.

4. Linking Verb:
A linking verb adds details about the subject of a sentence.
In its simplest form, it connects the subject and the complement —
that is, the words that follow the linking verb. It creates a link
between them instead of showing action.
Often, what is on each side of a linking verb is equivalent;
the complement redefines or restates the subject.
Generally, linking verbs are called ‗be’ verbs which are - am,
is, are, was, were. However, there are some other verbs which can

47
 work as linking verbs. Those verbs are: Act, feel, remain, appear,
become, seem, smell, sound, grow, look, prove, stay, taste, turn.
Some verbs in this list can also be action verbs. To figure
out if they are linking verbs, you should try replacing them with
forms of the be verbs. If the changed sentence makes sense, that
verb is a linking verb.
Example:
✔ She appears ready for the game. (She is ready for the game.)
✔ The food seemed delicious. (The food was delicious.)
✔ You look happy. (You are happy.)

5. Auxiliary Verbs:
Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs. An auxiliary
verb extends the main verb by helping to show time, tense, and
possibility. The auxiliary verbs are – be verbs, have, and do.
They are used in the continuous (progressive) and perfect tenses.
Linking verbs work as main verbs in the sentence, but
auxiliary verbs help main verbs
Do is an auxiliary verb that is used to ask questions, to
express negation, to provide emphasis, and more.
Example:
✔ Alex is going to school.
✔ They are walking in the park.
✔ I have seen a movie.
✔ Do you drink tea?

48
 ✔ Don‘t waste your time.
✔ Please, do submit your assignments.

6. Modal Verbs:
A modal verb is a kind of an auxiliary verb. It assists the
main verb to indicate possibility, potentiality, ability, permission,
expectation, and obligation.
The modal verbs are can, could, must, may, might, ought to,
shall, should, will, would.
Example:
✔ I may want to talk to you again.
✔ They must play their best game to win.
✔ She should call him.
✔ I will go there.

THE RULES FOR USING THE "S" AND "ES"

In English are usually used in the "simple present tense"
sentence pattern. The suffix "s" and "es" in the verb or noun
indicates that the word has changed its function to be plural (plural)
or it can be interpreted as a third person singular like she, he, it
(Singular and Plural). Here's an example of the rules for using
―s‖ and ―es‖ in English.

49
1. The use of the suffix "s" and "es" in the Simple Present Tense
which describes the third person singular function (she, he, it)
which follows a verb (verb)
Contoh kata kerja (verb) + s/es :
• Buy – buys = beli Eat — eats = makan
• Play – plays = main Cut – cuts = potong
• Pray – pays = bayar Cook – cooks = masak
Example of sentences : SHE/HE/IT + VERB + s/es :
• She buys book in the Gramedia Bookstore. (Dia membeli buku di
toko buku Gramedia)
• He eats some apple for lunch. ( Dia makan beberapa apel untuk
makan siang.)
• She plays basketball every Saturday. ( Dia bermain basket setiap
Sabtu.)
• He cuts branch of tree in the garden. (Dia memotong dahan pohon
di taman.)
• It does really work? ( Apakah ini benar – benar bekerja.? )
2. The use of the suffix "es" always follows a verb ending in s, o, ch, sh,
x and z.
Example of verb + es:
• Fix – fixes = perbaiki Finish – finishes = selesaikan
• Kiss – kisses = cium Discuss – discusses = diskusi
• Catch – catches = tangkap Push – pushes = dorong
Example of sentences VERB + es :

50
 • He finishes his task at 7 o‘clock . (Dia menyelesaikan tugasnya tepat
jam 7.)
• She discusses her homework with her friends. ( Dia
mendiskusikan pekerjaan rumahnya dengan teman-temannya. )
• My mother pusses boxes to warehouse. ( Ibuku mendorong kardus
– kardus itu ke gudang.)
• Toni fixes broken wall. ( Toni membenarkan dinding yang retak. )
3. The use of the suffix "es" is used when following a verb ending in the
letter "y" which is preceded by a dead letter. The "y" suffix will
change to the letter "i" when the "es" suffix is added
Examples of verbs ending in the letter "y" become the letter "i" + es:
• Study – studies = belajar Fly – flies = terbang
• Try – tries = mencoba Cry – cries = menangis
• Fry – fries = menggoreng Story – Stories = bercerita
Example sentences with a verb ending in the letter "y" into the letter "i"
+ es:
• She cries because her cat died this morning. (Dia menangis karena
kucingnya mati pagi hari.)
• My mother fries some eggs for breakfast. ( Ibuku menggoreng
beberapa telur untuk sarapan.)
• He has a lot of stories from his traveling. ( Dia memiliki banyak
cerita dari perjalanan liburannya.)
• The planes flies one by one leave the airport. ( Pesawat – pesawat
terbang satu per satu meninggalkan bandara. )

51
4. Unlike verbs, nouns that end in the letter "y" do not need to change to
the letter "i" but always use the "s" ending when they want to be
changed to the plural form.
Examples of nouns ending in the letter "y" + s:
• Boy – boys = anak laki – laki Toy – toys = maninan
• Key – keys = kunci Way – ways = jalan
Example sentences with a noun ending in the letter "y" + s:
• We will go to Australia for seven (Kami akan pergi ke
Australia selama tujuh hari.)
• Toni has a lot of keys in his bag. (Toni memiliki banyak kunci di
dalam tasnya. )
• I get so many toys from my father. (Aku mendapat banyak maninan
dari ayahku)
• My village has a lot of valleys. ( Desaku memiliki banyak lembah.)
5. The use of a noun with the ending letter "o" can only be added
with an "s" if you want to make it the plural form. Usually the
noun used means things that are man-made.
Examples of nouns ending in the letter "o" + s:
• Video – videos = video Radio – radios = radio
• Photo – photos = foto Bamboo – bamboos = bambu
Example sentences using a noun ending in "o" + s:
• Dodi bought videos games last week. (Dodi membeli banyak
permainan video minggu lalu.)
• In there, I can see pianos form around the world. (Disana aku bisa
melihat banyak piano dari seluruh dunia. )

52
 • We took photos when traveling last year. ( Kami mengambil
banyak foto saat berjalan-jalan tahun lalu.
• So many radios type in this electronic shop. (Begitu banyak tipe
radio di toko elektrocik ini.)
6. The use of "s" and "es" in nouns that end in the letter "f" or "fe"
which will change to "v" in the plural form is also common in
English.
Examples of nouns ending in the letter "fe" or "f" change to "v" + ES/S:
• Life – Lives = hidup Wife – wives = istri
• Calf – calves = betis Wolf – wolves = serigala
Example of the sentences using a noun ending in "fe" or "f" becomes
"v" + ES/S:
• The wives wait their husbands in the cafetaria. ( Para istri
menunggu suami mereka di kantin. )
• How many wolves in this zoo? ( Berapa banyak serigala di
kebun binatang ini?)

EXERCISES
Underlined and analyzed the Verb in the following short story
below.

Little Red Riding Hood

by Leanne Guenther

53
Once upon a time, there was a little girl who lived in a village near
the forest. Whenever she went out, the little girl wore a red riding
cloak, so everyone in the village called her Little Red Riding Hood.
One morning, Little Red Riding Hood asked her mother if she
could go to visit her grandmother as it had been awhile since they'd
seen each other.
"That's a good idea," her mother said. So they packed a nice basket
for Little Red Riding Hood to take to her grandmother.
When the basket was ready, the little girl put on her red cloak and
kissed her mother goodbye. "Remember, go straight to Grandma's
house," her mother cautioned. "Don't dawdle along the way and
please don't talk to strangers! The woods are dangerous."
"Don't worry, mommy," said Little Red Riding Hood, "I'll be careful.
―But when Little Red Riding Hood noticed some lovely flowers in
the woods, she forgot her promise to her mother. She picked a few,
watched the butterflies flit about for a while, listened to the frogs
croaking and then picked a few more.
Little Red Riding Hood was enjoying the warm summer day so
much, that she didn't notice a dark shadow approaching out of the
forest behind her...
Suddenly, the wolf appeared beside her.
"What are you doing out here, little girl?" the wolf asked in a voice
as friendly as he could muster. "I'm on my way to see my Grandma
who lives through the forest, near the brook," Little Red Riding
Hood replied.
Then she realized how late she was and quickly excused herself,
rushing down the path to her Grandma's house. The wolf, in the
meantime, took a shortcut...

54
The wolf, a little out of breath from running, arrived at Grandma's
and knocked lightly at the door. "Oh thank goodness dear! Come in,
come in! I was worried sick that something had happened to you in
the forest," said Grandma thinking that the knock was her
granddaughter.

Published By LearnGrammar.Net

CONCLUSION
It is hoped that material can provide understanding to
students, what part of speech can be, specially in Verb and what
types of material will be studied in this Verb. It can enrich
knowledge through various sources, both material in this book and
material from other references

55
 6.ADVERB
INTRODUCTION
What do you know about adverbs? In simple terms, adverbs are used
to explain or provide additional information about the verb, adjective,
or even the adverb itself. Usually adverbs end in -ly to describe the
verb or adjective that comes before it. Can you imagine what an
adverb is? For more details, let's check below and what you need to
know about adverbs.

MATERIALS
What is Adverb?

An adverb is a part of speech that provides greater description to a

verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence.
Well, first, it's important to understand the words adverbs work
closely with, starting with verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

56
 ● A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being,
i.e. jump, run, swim, ski, fish, talk.
● An adjective is a word that describes or clarifies a noun,
i.e. pretty, happy, silly, and sunny.
● A noun is a person, place or thing - in its simplest definition,
i.e. girl, dog, mom.
Once you see a few examples, it'll be easy to see how adverbs function
in a sentence. To simplify things, they explain the action.
An adverb is a word that modifies (describes) a verb (he sings loudly),
an adjective (very tall), another adverb (ended too quickly), or even a
whole sentence (Fortunately, I had brought an umbrella). Adverbs
often end in -ly, but some (such as fast) look exactly the same as their
adjective counterparts. Here are some examples of adverbs modifying
verbs:
● He runs quickly.
● She walks slowly.
● He's happily chattering over there in the corner.
Adverbs can also modify adjectives or other adverbs. They
provide more information about that other descriptive word. For
example:
● He runs very quickly.
In this sentence, the adverb "very" is describing the adverb "quickly"
("very quickly" can be used as an adverb phrase).
● An incredibly pretty girl sat down next to me.
In this sentence, the adverb "incredibly" is describing the adjective
"pretty."

57
TYPES OF ADVERB

there are five types of adverbs you should familiarize yourself with:
adverbs of degree, frequency, manner, place, and time. With these
categories under your belt, you‘ll be well-positioned to identify several
different parts of a sentence.
Adverbs modify a verb by giving us information about the
following aspects a verb.
1. How did it happened?
2. Where did it happened
3. When did it happened?
4. How often did happened?

Adverbs of Frequency: again, always, never, normally, rarely, seldom,

sometimes, usually

Adverbs of Manner: beautifully, generously, happily, neatly, patiently,

softly, quickly, well

Adverbs of Place: above, below, everywhere, here, in, inside, into,

nowhere, out, outside, there

58
Adverbs of Time: annually, daily, monthly, recently, tomorrow, weekly,
yearly, yesterday

Adverb of degree: extremely, quite, just, hardly, simply, so, very, too,
enough

1. Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency let us know how often the verb occurs.
Therefore they mostly modify verbs. These adverbs tend to appear
right before the main verb in the sentence. Popular adverbs in this
category include: Here they are in action:
● I always read a book before bed.
● Does he normally walk his dog at this time?
● She usually shops at the Korean market in town.

2. Adverbs of Manner
Adverbs of manner tell us how, or in what manner,
something was carried out. They mostly modify verbs and can often
be found at the end of a clause. This category comprises the most
common adverbs — the ones that end in -ly. Here are some
examples of adverbs of manner: And here are some example
sentences:
● He trimmed the white roses neatly.
● I combed my dog‘s fur carefully because it had lots of tangles.
● There‘s no reason why you can‘t discuss the topic with
me calmly.

3. Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place tell us more about where the verb took
place. These tend to pop up after the main verb or direct object of

59
 the sentence. Here are some common adverbs of place: Let‘s take a
look at them in action:
● In Ireland, there are thatched-roof cottages everywhere.
● Clearly, there aren‘t any leprechauns here.
● I was so beguiled, I drove into a ditch.

4. Adverbs of Time
Adverbs of time detail when the verb took place. We usually
see these kinds of adverbs placed at the beginning or end of a
sentence. Adverbs of time include: Here they are at work:
● Lately, you‘ve been rude to everyone around.
● They recently relocated to Santa Fe.
● The morning newspaper arrives daily.

5. Adverbs of Degree
Adverbs of degree tell us more about the intensity of the
verb in the sentence, in other words, they describe how much, or
to what degree. They can be categorized as low degree (e.g.
somewhat), medium degree (e.g. fairly), and high degree (e.g.
extremely). Adverbs of degree can also modify adjectives and
other adverbs and are placed before the word they modify.
Popular adverbs of degree include: Let‘s look at some sample
sentences:
● This short essay is hardly sufficient.
● It‘s simply not enough.
● I‘m so excited to move to Ireland.

60
EXERCISES:

1. The child was playing………... (dangerous / dangerously) near

to the edge of the swimming pool.
2. I was ................. (scarce / scarcely) able to move my arm after the
accident
3. The snow fell ................................. (silent / silently)
4. Have I pronounced your name ………………………… (correct /
correctly)?
5. I am sorry, Madam, the restaurant is ………………… (full / fully)
booked.
6. The election campaign was not conducted very …………. (clean
/ cleanly).
7. You must put matters .......................... (right / rightly) by telling
the truth.
8. We thought the book had been very …………….. (good / well)
researched.
9. In some cities you do not feel .......... (safe / safely) going out alone
at night.
10. The wolrd‘s financial markets are ever more ....................... (close
/ closely) linked.
11. The recruitment process moved so slowly.
a. adverbial of place
b. adverbial of manner
c. adverbial of frequency
d. adverbial of time
12. we met on an airplane from Jakarta to Tokyo.
a. adverbial of frequency
b. adverbial of place
c. adverbial of time
d. adverbial of manner

61
13. She changes her mind every day.
a. adverbial of manner
b. adverbial of frequency
c. adverbial of time
d. adverbial of place

https://www.pinterest.cl/pin/58124651430586918/

62
CONCLUSION
It is hoped that material can provide understanding to
students, what part of speech can be, specially in adverb and what
types of material will be studied in this adverb. It can enrich
knowledge through various sources, both material in this book and
material from other references.

63
 7.CONJUNCTIO
N
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, explains about conjunctions, which are also very
important to learn. Usually beginners in learning English are still
confused in the use of conjunctions. So we will explain the
definition and types of conjunction in materials, and also provide
an exercise to make it easier to understand the conjunction.

MATERIALS
Without conjunctions, you‘d be forced to express every complex idea
in a series of short, simplistic sentences: I like cooking. I like eating. I
don‘t like washing dishes afterward.
Conjunctions are words that link other words, phrases, or clauses
together. Conjunctions are often single words (and, but, because). In
some cases, they can also be phrases (in any case). The two main
types of conjunctions are subordinating and coordinating. There are
also correlative conjunctions.
Conjunctions allow you to form complex, elegant sentences and avoid
the choppiness of multiple short sentences. Make sure that the phrases
joined by conjunctions are parallel (share the same structure).

I work quickly and careful.

I work quickly and carefully.

64
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION

Coordinating Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions

1) Coordinating Conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

2) Correlative Conjunctions: both/and, either/or, neither/nor,
not only/but, whether/or
3) Some Subordinating Conjunctions: after, although, as, as
if, as long as, as much as, as soon as, as though, because,
before, by the time, even if, even though, if, in order that, in
case, in the event that, lest , now that, once, only, only if,
provided that, since, so, supposing, that, than, though, till,
unless, until, when, whenever, where, whereas, wherever,
whether or not, while

65
1. Coordinating Conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions allow you to join words, phrases,
and clauses of equal grammatical rank in a sentence. The most
common coordinating conjunctions are for, and, nor, but, or, yet,
and so; you can remember them by using the mnemonic device
FANBOYS.

I’d like pizza or a salad for lunch. We needed a place to

concentrate, so we packed up our things and went to the library. Jesse
didn’t have much money, but she got by.
Notice the use of the comma when a coordinating
conjunction is joining two independent clauses.

66
 2. Correlative Conjunctions
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions that work together.
Some examples are either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also.

Examples:
She loves both swimming and running.
(Dia suka baik renang maupun lari.)

Either Nisa or her mother is a scientist.

(Entah Nisa atau ibunya adalah
ilmuwan.)

The man is neither handsome nor faithful.

(Pria itu tidak tampan ataupun setia.)

67
 3. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join independent and dependent clauses.

A subordinating conjunction can signal a cause-and-effect

relationship, a contrast, or some other kind of relationship between the
clauses. Common subordinating conjunctions are because, since, as,
although, though, while, and whereas. Sometimes an adverb, such
as until, after, or before can function as a conjunction.
I can stay out until the clock strikes twelve.

Here, the adverb until functions as a coordinating conjunction to

connect two ideas: I can stay out (the independent clause) and the
clock strikes twelve (the dependent clause). The independent clause
could stand alone as a sentence; the dependent clause depends on
the independent clause to make sense.

The subordinating conjunction doesn‘t need to go in the middle of

the sentence. It has to be part of the dependent clause, but the
dependent clause can come before the independent clause.

68
Before he leaves, make sure his room is clean.
If the dependent clause comes first, use a comma before the
independent clause.
I drank a glass of water because I was thirsty. Because I was
thirsty, I drank a glass of water.

EXCERSISES:
1) She has some shoes, ... none of them are comfortable for brisk
walking.
a. and
b. but
c. nor
d.so
2) Ones can't eat their cake ... have it too.
a. and
b. but
c. nor
d. or
3) I want to know how customers decide to buy ... not to buy a
new car.
a. and
b. nor
c. or
d. yet

choose the answer and put in the sentences

69
 nor, or, and, but, , yet
4) I love watching drama ......... action movies.
5) Aji doesn‘t smoke,.......... drink.
6) Mia likes cakes ......... hates cookies.
7) We can eat pizza ......... steak for dinner.
8) He is sick, ..........he is working.

CONCLUSION
It is hoped that material can provide understanding to
students, what part of speech can be, specially in conjunction and
what types of material will be studied in this conjunction. It can
enrich knowledge through various sources, both material in this
book and material from other references

70
 8.PREPOSITION
INTRODUCTION
When writing in English, you must be familiar with prepositions.
Without using it, the sentence you make will become a little messy.
Try, how could you write:

We have lunch 8 in the noon.

Hmm .. Something is missing, huh? So that your sentence will be okay

and not messy like the strange sentence above, we will briefly review
the use of prepositions.

MATERIALS
What is Preposition?

A preposition is one of the nine parts of speech. The

name preposition (pre + position) means "place BEFORE".
A preposition typically comes BEFORE another word—usually a
noun phrase. It tells us about the relationship between the noun
phrase and another part of the sentence. Some very common

71
prepositions are: in, of, on, for, with, at, by. A preposition is a word
used to link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words within a
sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of
a sentence. Prepositions are usually short words, and they are
normally placed directly in front of nouns. In some cases, you‘ll find
prepositions in front of gerund verbs.

There are two very important rules to remember when using

prepositions. Because they are somewhat vague, learning about
prepositions and using them correctly in sentences takes practice.
Because 1:1 translation is often impossible when dealing with
prepositions, even the most advanced English students have some
difficulty at first.

● The first rule is that to make sentences clear, specific

prepositions are needed. For example, the preposition in means
one thing and the preposition on cannot substitute for it in all
cases. Some prepositions are interchangeable but not always.
The correct preposition means one particular thing and using a
different proposition will give the sentence a very different
meaning. I want to see you in the house now, Bill! means
something very different from I want to see you on the house now,
Bill! In the house means Bill should go through the door, walk
inside, and stand in the hall or living room. On the house means
Bill would need to get a ladder and climb to the roof where he
would be on top of the house.
● The second rule for using prepositions is that prepositions are
generally followed by nouns or pronouns. There was a time
in the past when teachers held strictly to this rule, but it made
for some clunky sentences. I am seeking someone I can depend on
ends with the preposition on, so people who insisted that
sentences

72
 shouldn‘t end with a preposition would be forced to use
convoluted and unnatural phrasing. To avoid ending
that sentence above with a preposition, you‘d have to
say, someone I can depend on is whom I am seeking.

Examples of Prepositions
In the following sentences, examples of prepositions have been
italicized. As you read, consider how using different prepositions or
even different types of prepositions in place of the examples might
change the relationship between the rests of the words in the sentence.

● I prefer to read in the library.

● He climbed up the ladder to get onto the roof.
● Please sign your name on the dotted line after you read the
contract.
● Go down the stairs and through the door.
● He swam across the pool.
● Take your brother with you.

73
TYPES OF PREPOSITIONS

Preposition of Time

Preposition of Place:

Preposition of Directions

Preposition of Agent

Preposition of Instrument

Preposition of Phrase

Secara umum, dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal beberapa

jenis preposition atau kata depan, yaitu:
1. Preposition of time (preposisi terhadap waktu: in, at, on, after,
before, since, during)
2. Preposition of place (preposisi terhadap tempat: in, at, on)
3. Preposition of direction (preposisi terhadap arah: into, to,
through, towards)
4. Preposition of agent (preposisi pengantar: by, with)
5. Preposition of instruments (preposisi terhadap alat: on, by,
with the help of)
6. Prepositional phrases (frasa preposisi atau phrasal
verb: waiting for, knocking at)

74
A. Preposition of Time:

Prepositions used for time of different natures are: "in, on, at" etc.
The following is the explanation.

1. The preposition in
The use of the prepositions followed by :
Duration (durasi, I visited Indonesia in July (Saya
jangka waktu) mengunjungi Indonesia pada
bulan Juli 1998.)

Point of time in the I will be in the Indonesia for

future (menyatakan college in 2021. (Saya akan
suatu periode berada di Indonesia untuk kuliah
waktu di masa pada tahun 2021.)
yang akan datang)

Parts of the In the evening, I would like to

day (menyatakan relax. (Pada malam hari, saya ingin
bagian dalam satu bersantai.)
hari)

Months (menyataka She was born in February (Dia

n bulan) lahir pada bulan February)

Seasons (menyatak I met my spouse in summer when we

an musim) were having a holiday at the
beach
house. (Saya bertemu pasangan

75
 saya pada musim panas ketika
kami sedang liburan di rumah
pantai.)

Years They started their new business in

(menyatakan October (Mereka memulai bisnis
angka tahun) baru mereka pada bulan Oktober
2018.)

Centuries (menyata In 21st century, technology makes our

kan angka abad) life easier. (Di abad ke-21, teknologi
membuat hidup semakin mudah.)

Morning / evening We have breakfast together in the

/ afternoon (pagi / morning. (Kami sarapan bersama
siang / malam) di pagi hari.)

2. The preposition ―at‖

The preposition ―at‖ is used to indicate a specific or precise time:

Time of day (waktu It gets cold at night. (Hari menjadi

dalam suatu hari) dingin saat malam.)

Festive We‘ll go to Indonesia to visit our

seasons (musim grandma at birthday.
perayaan)

76
Points in (Kami akan pergi ke Kanada
time (menunjukkan untuk mengunjungi nenek kami
suatu titik pada saat Natal.)
periode waktu What did you do at the
tertentu)
weekend? (Apa yang telah kamu
lakukan saat akhir pekan?)

Weekend (dalam Br There‘s a meeting at lunch

itish English) time. (Akan ada rapat saat jam
makan siang nanti.)

3. The preposition ―on‖

The use of the prepositions followed by :
Days (hari) Many shops don‘t open
on Sundays. (Banyak toko yang
tidak
buka pada hari Minggu.)
Dates (tanggal) He was born on April,
15th 1992. (Dia lahir pada 15
April
1992.)
Weekend (dalam What will you do on the
American weekend? (Apa yang akan kamu
English) lakukan saat akhir pekan?)

4. Other prepositions

77
After (setelah, I have made an appointment with
sesudah) the lecturer after lunch time. (Saya
telah membuat janji dengan dosen
setelah waktu makan siang.)

Before (sebelum) She‘s always up before dawn. (Dia

selalu terbangun sebelum subuh.)

As of (bentuk lebih The new term and condition for

formal dari from) shipment has been issued as of
Sunday. (Syarat dan ketentuan baru
untuk pengiriman telah diterbitkan
sejak hari Minggu.)

Between The plane will arrive between 8 to

…and (Antara 9 pm. (Pesawatnya akan tiba antara
..dengan …) pukul 8 hingga pukul 9 malam.)

By (sebelum atau You have to submit the paper by

selambar- Wednesday or you will be given a
lambatnya) bad score. (Anda harus
mengumpulkan makalah selambat-
lambatnya Rabu atau Anda akan
mendapat nilai yang buruk.)

During (dalam We waited for the pizza during

78
suatu periode) dinner time. (Kami menunggu
pizzanya selama waktu makan
malam.)

For (durasi, pada Mother drove to pick up my

masa depan atau sister for an hour or so. (Ibu
masa lalu) menyetir untuk menjemput kakakku
sekitar satu jam.)

From (sejak, mulai, The museum is open from 9 to 4,

menunjukkan Monday to Saturday. (Museum itu
waktu sesuatu buka dari jam 9 hingga jam 4, Senin
dimulai, bentuk hingga Sabtu.)
informal dari as of)

Since (menunjukan We‘ve ordered the pad thai since

sesuatu yang 5.30 but it still hasn‘t arrived
dimulai pada masa yet. (Kami memesan pad thai sejak
lalu dan masih jam 5.30 tapi hingga kini belum juga
berlanjut) tiba.)

Till / until They took the bicycle until 5 to see

(hingga, sampai, you there. (Mereka mengendarai
merujuk pada sepeda hingga pukul 5 untuk
waktu yang bertemu denganmu di sana.)
akan datang)
Within (periode The package will be arrived within

79
selambat- this week. (Paketnya akan sampai
lambatnya atau dalam minggu ini.)
sekurang-
kurangnya)

To (menunjukkan I will attend the English class

waktu atau akhir from November to December.
suatu periode (Saya akan menghadiri kelas
waktu) bahasa Inggris dari November
hingga
Desember).

5. No preposition
Next (selanjutnya, berikutnya)
Last (… yang lalu)

Contoh:
✓ The assignment must be submitted next Tuesday before
10. (Tugas itu harus dikumpulkan Selasa depan sebelum
pukul 10.)
✓ The students attended math class at the new classroom last
week. (Para siswa menghadiri kelas matematika di ruang
kelas yang baru minggu lalu.)

80
B. Preposition of Place
1) In (di, di dalam)

―In‖ indicates that something is in or is in a

place. Example:
✔ I live in Bandung. / Aku tinggal di Bandung.
✔ She put her drinks in the refrigerator. / Dia meletakkan
minumannya di kulkas.
✔ My cat sleeps in the box. / Kucingku tidur di kotak.
2) On (di, di atas permukaan)

On is used to indicate a place that is more specific than in, namely

on the floor of a building, on a street, and on the surface of an
object.
Example:
✔ The bakery is on Jalan Beo. / Toko roti itu berada di Jalan Beo.
✔ I put my glasses on the table. / Aku meletakkan kacamataku
di atas meja.
✔ I found a coin on the floor. / Aku menemukan koin di lantai.
3) At (di)

81
At is used for a specific place or location. Usually the place mentioned
is special.
Example:
✔ I left my pen at home. / Aku meninggalkan pulpenku di
rumah.
✔ She is still waiting for the bus at the stop. / Dia masih
menunggu bus di halte.
✔ He met his friend at the bookstore. / Dia bertemu temannya di
toko buku.
4) Under (di bawah)
Under which means under is used when the position of the object is
under something or other object and is covered.
Example:
✔ Tora is hiding under the table. / Tora sedang bersembunyi
di bawah meja.
✔ We can rest for a while under the tree. / Kita bisa beristirahat di
bawah pohon.

5) Below (di bawah)

Below also means below, which means that is under something as

well or its position is lower than an object / other thing. Below can
be used to show measurements.

82
Example:
✔ You need to write a caption below the chart. / Kamu
perlu menulis keterangan di bawah grafik.
✔ Sometimes the temperature in city A during the winter can
be below 0 degrees. / Terkadang suhu di kota A selama
musim dingin bisa di bawah 0 derajat
6) Above (di atas)

Above is the opposite of below. So an object is above or a higher

position.
Example:
✓ We are sitting above the roof and looking at the stars. /
Kita duduk di atas atap dan melihat bintang-bintang.
✓ The paragraph above the picture is the concluding paragraph.
/ Paragraf di atas gambar adalah paragraph kesimpulan.
✓ I think you need to see a doctor. Your body temperature is
above 37 degrees. / Aku rasa kamu perlu ke dokter. Suhu
badanmu di atas 37 derajat.
7) In front of (di depan)

83
In front of it means that an object is in front of another object.
Example:
✔ He parked his car in front of the house. / Dia memarkir
mobilnya di depan rumah.
✔ My mother‘s chair is in front of me. / Kursi ibuku ada di
depanku.
8) Near (di dekat)

Near means near an object or other place or someone.

Example:
✔ The boy near you is my little brother. / Anak laki-laki di
dekatmu adalah adikku.
✔ The house near the river is my grandmother‘s house. /
Rumah dekat sungai itu adalah rumah nenekku.
9) Next to (di sebelah)

Next to means being next to an object or someone.

✔ The mall is next to the hotel. / Mall berada di sebelah hotel.

84
 ✔ The bag next to my luggage is Rena‘s. / Tas di sebelah
koperku adalah milk Rena.

10) Beside (di samping)

Beside is almost the same as next to which means next to or beside.
Example:
✔ I always be beside you. / Aku akan selalu ada di sampingmu.
✔ The restaurant beside the bakery is very popular. / Restoran
di samping toko roti sangat populer.
11) Behind (di belakang)

Behind means the position of an object behind another place, object, or

person. Example:
✔ We have to stand behind the lines. / Kita harus berdiri di
belakang garis.
✔ My sister hid behind the car. / Adikku bersembunyi di
belakang mobil.

85
12) Between (di antara)

Between means between two or more objects, places, or people.

Example:
✔ She stood between two trees. / Dia berdiri di antara dua pohon.
✔ There is a big luggage between us. / Ada koper besar di
antara kita.
13) Among (di antara)
Among means between, but it means between many objects, places, or
people. Example:
✔ His house is among those buildings. / Rumahnya ada di
antara gedung-gedung itu.
✔ There is a singer among us. / Ada seorang penyanyi di
antara kita.
✔ My sister looks tall among her classmates. / Adikku
terlihat tinggi di antara teman-teman sekelasnya
14) Inside (di dalam)
Inside means being inside a closed object.
✔ Nancy was very surprised to see her best friend hiding inside
a big box. / Nancy sangat terkejut melihat sahabatnya
bersembunyi di dalam kotak besar.

86
 ✔ The bird sleeps inside the cage. / Burung itu tidur di
dalam sangkar.
✔ I felt like I was inside a cave. / Aku merasa seperti berada
di dalam gua.
C. Preposition of Direction

D. preposition of agent
is used for a thing which is the cause of another thing in the
sentence. Different prepositions are used by different devices,
instruments or machines.

Examples of some prepositions of Agent:

87
-The Odyssey was written by Homer.
-That man opened the door with the key.
-You can‘t play soccer without a ball.

E. Preposition of Instrument
Preposition of instrument or device is used when
describing certain technologies, machines, or devices.
These prepositions are by, with, and on.

F. Prepositional phrase
Prepositional phrase is a combination of a preposition
(preposition) and its object (called a prepositional object) which
can be a noun (phrase), pronoun, or gerund.

On the table I put the book on the table.

In the waiting He is still sitting in the
room. waiting room.
About the dragon Tell me the story about
slayer the dragon slayer.
Beside the red The car beside the red one is the
one one I want to buy.

Example of Common Errors with Prepositions

Learn common errors in the use of prepositions in English with

preposition examples, by using (I: incorrect and C: Correct). So,
you can analyze which one is correct by seeing the incorrect
preposition.

88
I: Sophia invests her money on the stock market.
C: Sophia invests her money in the stock market.

I: He is a student of Oxford University.

C: He is a student at Oxford University

I: I saw that news on the newspapers.

C: I saw that news in the newspapers.

I: Open page 45 of your books.

C: Open your books to page 45.

I: The cat is sleeping in the sofa.

C: The cat is sleeping on the sofa.

I: My birthday is on October.
C: My birthday is in
October.

I: John has been absent from Friday?

C: John has been absent since Friday ?

I: Sophia‘s married with a doctor.

C: Sophia‘s married to a doctor.

I: Divide it between the children in class.

C: Divide it among the children in class.

I: It has been snowing from Monday.

C: It has been snowing since
Monday.

89
I: The key of happiness is having dreams.
C: The key to happiness is having dreams.

I: What do you see when looking the mirror?

C: What do you see when looking in the mirror?

I: She met with old friends on her

holiday. C: She met old friends on her
holiday.

I: He insisted to carry his own bag.

C: He insisted on carrying his own bag.

I: Lunch consisted from sandwiches and

fruit. C: Lunch consisted of sandwiches and
fruit.

I: It depends from you.

C: It depends on you.

There are five multiple choices below, so please choose the correct one.
1. I put my cellular phone on Television.
a. In
b. At
c. On
d. The
2. The accident happened Pahlawan Street.
a. In
b. At
c. On
d. The
3. Deni goes to school bicycle.

90
 a. On
b. The
c. By
d. In
4. The house is covered some trees.
a. On
b. The
c. By
d. In
5. I study English 06.00 pm.
a. In
b. On
c. At
d. the

Example of the Sentences: please translate in in bahasa, and then

underlined prepositional phrase.

Don‘t fell off your bike

Bogor is not far off Bogor

My sister lived just off the mini market

Real Madrid got the victory over

Juventus The clock is over the cupboard

The road goes over the hills

The car went over the cliff Mobil

91
We spoke over the mobile phone

The next story continues over the page

CONCLUSION

It is hoped that material can provide understanding to

students, what part of speech can be, specially in preposition and
what types of material will be studied in this preposition. It can
enrich knowledge through various sources, both material in this
book and material from other references

92
 9.INTERJECTION
INTRODUCTION
an interjection is considered the oldest word in language life because
the initial form is often used. to communicate humans.
In contrast to other word forms, interjection always stands alone as a
complete series of words. and usually after the interjection will be
followed by another sentence to explain the interjection.

MATERIALS
Interjections, like "wow" and "ouch," are solely designed to convey
emotion in an abrupt and exclamatory way. They express meaning or
feeling in a word or two. Interjections can come in the form of a single
word, a phrase, or even a short clause. Aside from that, they are
usually (but not always) placed at the beginning of a sentence. The
importance of interjections lies in the fact that they can convey
feelings that may sometimes be neglected in the sentence.

93
TYPES OF INTERJECTIONS

Adjectives that are used as interjections.

Examples:
✔ Nice! You got a Monster Kill in your first game!
✔ Sweet! I got a new shoes for my birthday!
✔ Good! Now we can move on to the next lesson.
The italicized words in the sample sentences above are just some of the
adjectives that can be used as interjections.

Nouns or noun phrases that are used as interjections.

Examples:
✔ Congratulations, you won the match.
✔ Hello! How are you?
✔ Holy cow! I forgot my keys!
The italicized parts of the sentences above are just some of the nouns
that can be used as interjections.

Short clauses that are used as interjections.

Example:
▪ Ugh! I‘m never doing that again!
▪ Whew! That was really close!
▪ Uh-oh! Dude, I think we‘re in serious trouble.

94
Other Examples of Interjections

Duh Oh Oops Ha

Yikes Whoa Geez Yum

Oy Eh Wow Yo

Yippee Alas Dear Oh

Uh-huh Phew Cool Indeed

CONCLUSION
It is hoped that material can provide understanding to
students, what part of speech can be, specially in Interjection and
what types of material will be studied in this Interjection. It can
enrich knowledge through various sources, both material in this
book and material from other references

95
EXERCISES OF PARTS OF SPEECH
Identified each word in the following sentences:
1. While Jeane hurriedly ate some big bananas, we wondered
whether she could finish eating them.
While = conjunction
Jeane = noun
hurriedly = verb
ate = verb
some = quantifier
big = adjective
bananas = noun
we = pronoun
wondered = verb
whether = conjunction
she = pronoun
could = auxiliary
finish = verb
eating = noun
them = pronoun

2. They had lunch at a restaurant where they met for the first time.
3. My sister wasn‘t weak to lift her heavy backpack.
4. I tried to help my father paint the wall.
5. Your coffee is already cold.

96
APPENDIXES
Preposition

From Dari, Mulai, Sejak

In Di dalam

Into Ke dalam

Like Seperti, Sama seperti, ingin, Menyukai

Of Dari, Pada, Kurang (jam)

Ke bawah, Masih jauh,

Off
Berdekatan Dengan

On Di atas, di, pada

Over Atas, Di atas,

Past Lewat, lalu, masa lalu

Since Sejak, semenjak

Through Melalui, Sepanjang

Toward Terhadap

Underneath Di bawah

Until Hingga, Sampai

97
Up Di atas, Ke atas,

Upon Di, pada, Di atas

With Dengan, Bersama, serta, Pada

Within Dalam, Sampai

Without Tanpa, dengan tidak

Inside Di dalam

Near Dekat

Out of Keluar

Under Dibawah

Next to Disamping, Disebelah

Contoh
Arti
Preposition

About Di sekitar, Tentang,

Above Di atas, Di tempat yang lebih tinggi

According to Menurut, Berdasarkan

Membentang, Dari satu sisi ke sisi

Across
lainnya.

98
After Setelah, di belakang

Against Melawan, berlawanan, berhadapan

Along Sepanjang

Amid Di tengah-tengah, Kalangan

Among Di antara

Around Keliling, Sekitar

At Pada, Di, Berada dalam keadaan

Before Sebelum, Di depan

Behind Di belakang

Below Di bawah

Beside Di samping, Disebelah

Between Di antara

Beyond Melebihi, Melewati

By Oleh, Dari, Dengan

Concerning Tentang, Mengenai, Berkenaan dengan

Down Ke arah bawah

99
During Selama, pada waktu

For Untuk, Selama, Terhadap

Except Kecuali

No Adverb Meaning

1 Above Di Atas

2 Acceptable Dapat Diterima

3 Accurate Akurat

4 Active Aktif

5 Actual Sebenarnya

6 Additional Tambahan

7 Ago Silam, Yang Lalu

8 All Seluruh

9 Alone Sendiri

10 Amused Geli

11 Another Lain

12 Any Apa Saja

100
13 Available Tersedia

14 Aware Sadar

15 Beautiful Cantik

16 Behind Di Belakang

17 Below Di Bawah

18 Beside Di Samping

19 Best Terbaik

20 Better Lebih Baik

21 Between Di Antara

22 Big Besar

23 Bitter Pahit

24 Black Hitam

25 Blind Buta

26 Blissful Penuh Kebahagiaan

27 Blue Biru

28 Bold Tebal

29 Boring Membosankan

30 Both Keduanya

31 Brave Berani

101
32 Bright Terang

33 Broad Lebar

34 Burdensome Berat

35 Capable Mampu

36 Careful Berhati-hati

37 Cheap Murah

38 Chemical Kimiawi

39 Chocolate Cokelat

40 Classic Klasik

41 Clean Bersih

42 Closed Tertutup

43 Cold Dingin

44 Colorless Tanpa Warna

45 Comfortable Nyaman

46 Commercial Komersil

47 Compassionate Iba, Terharu

48 Competitive Kompetitif

49 Complete Komplit

50 Complex Kompleks

102
51 Consistent Konsisten

52 Content Puas

53 Cool Keren

54 Correct Benar

55 Costly Mahal

56 Creative Kreatif

57 Crisp Garing

58 Critical Kritis

59 Cruel Kejam

60 Cultural Kultural

61 Current Saat Ini

62 Cute Imut

63 Dangerous Berbahaya

64 Dark Gelap

65 Dazzling Yang Memesona

66 Decisive Menentukan

67 Defenseless Tanpa Perlawanan

68 Deficient Kurang

69 Delayed Tertunda

103
70 Delicious Enak

71 Delightful Menyenangkan

72 Dependable Dapat Diandalkan

73 Dependent Bergantung

74 Detailed Mendetail

75 Different Berbeda

76 Difficult Sulit

77 Digital Digital

78 Diligent Rajin

79 Direct Langsung

80 Dirty Kotor

81 Disguised Disamarkan

82 Disgusting Menjijikan

83 Dishonest Tidak Jujur

84 Disloyal Tidak Setia

85 Distant Jauh

86 Distinct Berbeda

87 Distorted Menyimpang

88 Dizzy Pusing

104
89 Double Dua Kali Lipat

90 Dramatic Dramatis

91 Due Karena

92 Each Setiap

93 Easy Mudah

94 Easy-going Santai

95 Edible Dapat Dimakan

Berhubungan
96 Educational
dengan Pendidikan

97 Effective Efektif

98 Efficient Efisien

99 Elastic Elastis

100 Electrical Elektrik

101 Elegant Elegan

102 Embarrassed Memalukan

103 Emotional Emosional

104 Empty Kosong

105 Energetic Berenergi

106 Enormous Besar Sekali

105
107 Enough Cukup

108 Entire Keseluruhan

Berhubungan
109 Environmental
dengan Lingkungan

110 Equal Sama

111 Essential Penting

112 Euphoric Euforia

113 Even Genap

114 Everlasting Abadi, Kekal

115 Excellent Istimewa

116 Excited Gembira

117 Exotic Eksotis

118 Expensive Mahal

119 Experienced Berpengalaman

120 Fabulous Menakjubkan

121 Faithful Setia

122 Fake Palsu

123 Familiar Tidak Asing

124 Famous Terkenal

106
125 Fantastic Fantastis

126 Far Jauh

127 Fast Cepat

128 Fat Gendut

Yang
129 Favorable
Menguntungka
n
130 Favorite Kesukaan

131 Fearful Penuh Ketakutan

132 Fearless Tak Kenal Takut

133 Filthy Kotor

134 Finally Akhirnya

135 Flat Datar

136 Flawless Sempurna

137 Flustered Bingung

138 Focused Fokus

139 Foolish Bodoh

140 Forceful Kuat, Bertenaga

141 Foreign Asing

142 Formal Formal

107
143 Free Gratis

144 Frequent Sering

145 Fresh Segar

146 Full Penuh, Kenyang

147 General Umum

148 Giant Raksasa

149 Glad Senang

150 Glamorous Glamor

151 Global Global

152 Gloomy Suram, Muram

153 Glorious Mulia

154 Golden Emas

155 Good Baik

156 Grateful Bersyukur

157 Grave Berat, Parah, Suram

158 Greedy Rakus

159 Green Hijau

160 Grey Abu-abu

161 Gross Menjijikan

108
162 Handsome Ganteng, Tampan

163 Happy Senang, Bahagia

164 Hard Sulit, Susah

165 Harmful Berbahaya

166 Harmonious Harmonis

167 Heavenly Surgawi

168 Heavy Berat

169 Helpful Bermanfaat

170 Helpless Tidak Bermanfaat

171 Hidden Tersembunyi

172 Hideous Mengerikan

173 High Tinggi

174 Historical Historis

175 Hopeful Penuh Harapan

176 Horrible Mengerikan

177 Hot Panas

178 Huge Besar

179 Human Kemanusiaan

180 Humiliating Menghinakan

109
181 Hungry Lapar

182 Hurtful Menyakitkan

183 Immediately Segera

184 Important Penting

185 Impossible Tidak Mungkin

186 In Front Of Di Depan

187 Independent Mandiri

188 Indirect Tidak Langsung

189 Intelligent Cerdas, Pandai

190 International Internasional

191 Jaunty Pandai Bergaul

192 Jealous Iri Hati, Cemburu

193 Jittery Gelisah, Gugup

194 Judicious Bijaksana

195 Jumbo Luar Biasa Besarnya

196 Junior Muda

197 Juvenile Remaja

198 Kaleidoscopic Kaleidoskopik

199 Kind Baik

110
 Penyayang, Murah
200 Kindly
Hati

201 Known Dikenal

202 Kosher Halal (dalam Yahudi)

203 Large Besar

204 Left Kiri

205 Legal Sah Secara Hukum

206 Limited Terbatas

207 Linear Linier

208 Little Kecil

209 Lively Hidup

210 Local Lokal

211 Lonely Kesepian

212 Long Panjang

213 Loose Kendur, Longgar

214 Lovable Mudah Dicintai

215 Low Rendah

216 Lucky Beruntung

217 Luminous Bercahaya

111
218 Luxurious Mewah

219 Many Banyak

220 Medical Medis

221 Middle Di Tengah

222 More Lebih

223 Most Paling

224 Much Banyak

225 National Nasional

226 Natural Alami

227 Necessary Penting

228 Negative Negatif

229 Next Selanjutnya

230 Nice Baik

231 Normal Normal

232 Numerous Sangat Banyak

233 Odd Aneh, Ganjil

234 Official Resmi

235 Old Tua

236 Open Terbuka

112
237 Orange Oranye

238 Original Asli

239 Overall Keseluruhan

240 Passive Pasif

241 Perfect Sempurna

242 Personal Pribadi

243 Physical Fisik

244 Political Politis

245 Poor Miskin

246 Popular Populer

247 Positive Positif

248 Possible Mungkin

249 Powerful Kuat, Bertenaga

250 Practical Praktis

251 Present Saat Ini

252 Pretty Cantik

253 Previous Sebelumnya

254 Primary Primer

255 Private Swasta, Pribadi

113
256 Proper Tepat, Layak

257 Public Publik

258 Purple Ungu

259 Quick Cepat

260 Rare Jarang

261 Ready Siap

262 Real Nyata

263 Recent Baru Terjadi

264 Red Merah

265 Regular Reguler

266 Relevant Relevan

267 Rich Kaya

268 Right Benar

269 Sad Sedih

270 Safe Aman

271 Same Sama

272 Secondary Sekunder

273 Separate Terpisah

274 Seriously Dengan Serius

114
275 Several Beberapa

276 Severe Parah

277 Short Pendek

278 Significant Signifikan

279 Similar Mirip

280 Single Tunggal

281 Slow Lambat

282 Small Kecil

283 Soft Lembut

284 Some Beberapa

285 Special Spesial

286 Specific Spesifik

287 Still Tenang

288 Straight Lurus

289 Strong Kuat, Bertenaga

290 Successful Sukses

291 Sufficient Cukup

292 Suitable Cocok

293 Sure Yakin

115
294 Tall Tinggi

295 Techincal Teknis

296 Tender Lembut

297 Terrific Hebat

298 Thin Kurus

299 Thoughtful Bijaksana

300 Tiny Kecil

301 Today Hari Ini

302 Tomorrow Esok

303 Traditional Tradisional

304 Typical Tipikal

305 Ugly Jelek, Buruk

Tidak Dapat
306 Unbelieveable
Dipercaya

307 Unique Unik

308 Unreal Tidak Nyata

309 Unusual Tidak Biasa

310 Useful Berguna

311 Valid Sah, Benar

116
312 Valuable Bernilai

313 Various Berbagai

314 Violet Lembayung

Visual, Secara Kasat

315 Visual
Mata

316 Warm Hangat

317 Weak Lemah

318 White Putih

319 Whole Keseluruhan

320 Wide Lebar

321 Willing Ingin

322 Wonderful Menakjubkan

323 Worthy Layak

324 Wrong Salah

325 Yellow Kuning

326 Yesterday Kemarin

327 Young Muda

328 Yummy Enak

329 And dan

117
330 But tapi

331 Or atau

332 Nor maupun

333 For untuk

334 Yet namun

335 So jadi

Subordinating Conjunctions

336 After setelah

337 Although meskipun

338 As sebagai

349 as if seolah-olah

340 as long as selama

341 as much as sebanyak

342 as soon as segera setelah

343 as though seolah-olah

345 because karena

346 before sebelum

347 even bahkan

348 even if meskipun

118
349 even though meskipun

350 if jika

351 if only seandainya

352 if when jika saat

353 if then jika kemudian

354 inasmuch sebab

355 in order that agar

356 just as seperti

357 Lest jangan sampai

358 Now sekarang

359 now since sekarang sejak

360 now that sekarang

361 now when sekarang ketika

362 once sekali

363 provided that asalkan

364 rather than daripada

365 since sejak

366 so that sehingga

367 supposing seandainya

119
368 than daripada

369 that bahwa

370 though meskipun

371 unless kecuali jika

372 until sampai

373 when ketika

374 whenever kapan saja

375 where dimana

376 whereas sedangkan

377 wherever di manapun

378 whether apakah

379 which yang (benda)

380 while sementara

381 who siapa

382 whoever siapapun

383 why mengapa

Correlative Conjunctions

384 both / and

385 not only / but also

120
386 either / or

387 neither / nor

388 whether / or

389 as / as

390 such / that

391 scarcely / when

392 as many / as

393 no sooner / than

394 rather / than

121
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Dykes, B. (2007). Grammar for everyone: practical tools for learning and
teaching grammar. Acer Press.
Peter, H. (2016). Complete English Grammar Rules: Examples,
Exceptions, Exercises & Everything You Need to Master
Proper Grammar. In Farlex International.
Redman, S. (2011). English {Vocabulary} in {Use}: {Pre}-{Intermediate}
and {Intermediate} with {Answers}. Cambrdge University Press.
Stobbe, G. (2008). HBR Guide to Just Enough English Grammar. The
McGraw-Hill Companies.
Svoboda, A., & Kucera, K. (2003). English Parts of Speech. English.

Intenet
Android:
https://bit.ly/3g85pkA iOS:
https://apple.co/3hXWJ0L
https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-
rules/preposition/
https://www.sederet.com/tutorial/contoh-
penggunaan- preposition-of-time/
https://www.tipsbelajarbahasainggris.com/contoh-
kata- keterangan-dalam-bahasa-inggris/

122
 BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Faidah Yusuf, S.S., M.Pd, born in

Mangadu, Takalar district, South Sulawesi,
August 5, 1983. The author is interested in
education, language and literature. We all know
that English is an international language,
Therefore,, anyone can learn it. In this book,
she presents basic English teaching materials
that produce parts of speech, so that it
becomes a very suitable book and is
recommended as teaching or learning material for anyone. This
work provides a lot of knowledge for students to know basic
English, so they can know and learn about English earlier.

123