CONTINUITY OF A FUNCTION

A function f(x) is continuous at a number a if and only if the three (3)

statements hold true:
1.) f(a) exist
2.) lim x→a f ( x ) exist
3.) lim x→a f ( x ) = f (a) exist

Note: If one fails, therefore, f(x) is discontinuous at the point a.

Examples: Test for continuity and sketch the following:

1.) Given:

 x 2, if x≤2

f (x) = 
8 − 2 x, if x>2


Solution:

Test for continuity at x = 2:

a.) f(2) = 22 = 4
2
b.) lim x→2 f ( x ) = 2 = 4
c.) lim x→2 f ( x ) = f ( 2) = 4
 2.) Given:

 1
x + 5, if x ≠ −5

f (x) = 
 0, if x = −5


Solution:

a.) f(-5) = 0

b.) lim f ( x ) = +∞ lim x → −5− f ( x ) = −∞

x → − 5+
c.) lim x→−5 f ( x ) ≠ f ( −5)

therefore, f(x) is discontinuous at x = - 5

For vertical asymptote: x = - 5

For horizontal asymptote :
lim x → +∞ f ( x ) = 0 lim x → −∞ f ( x ) = 0

1
y-intercept: set: x = 0 , y =
5
DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
DEFINITION:

The derivative of a function ( y = f(x) ) with respect to x is the limit of the

∆y
ratio as ∆x approaches zero.
∆x
In symbol:
 ∆y   f ( x + ∆x ) − f ( x ) 
lim ∆x →0   = lim ∆x→0  
 ∆x   ∆x 

if this limit exists.

NOTATIONS FOR FIRST DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION

a.) If y = f( x )
 ∆y  dy
lim ∆x →0   , , f ' ( x ), y'
 ∆x  dx
b.) If x = f( y )
 ∆x  dx
lim ∆y →0   , , f ' ( y ), x'
 ∆y  dy
c.) If r = f( t )
 ∆r  dr
lim∆t→0   , , f ' (t ), r '
 ∆t  dt

DEFINITION:

Differentiation
- is the process of obtaining the derivative of a given function.

TWO ( 2 ) METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATING A GIVEN FUNCTION

a.) Four - Step Rule (or Delta Process, or Increment Method)

b.) By the use of the differentiation formula

I.) DERIVATIVE OF ALGEBRAIC FUNCTIONS

1.) FOUR STEP RULE
Given: y = f ( x )
Steps:
a.) For every x, change x by ( x + ∆x ) .
For every y, change y by ( y + ∆y ) .
b.) Solve for ∆y .
c.) Divide both side of the equation by ∆x .
 ∆y 
d.) Evaluate the lim ∆x →0  
 ∆x 
Examples: Find the derivative of the following by FOUR STEP RULE.
1.) y = 2
Solution:
y=2

a.) y + ∆y = 2
b.) ∆y = 2 − y = 2 − 2 = 0
∆y = 0
∆y
c.) =0
∆x

 ∆y 
d.) lim ∆x →0  =0
 ∆x 

 ∆y 
therefore, lim ∆x →0  =0
 ∆x 

the derivative of y = 2, is:

 ∆y 
lim ∆x →0   = 0
 ∆x 
dy
=0
dx
y '= 0
f ' (x) = 0
2
2.) y = 2 x
Solution:
y = 2x 2
2
a.) y + ∆y = 2( x + ∆x )
2
b.) ∆y = 2( x + ∆x ) − y
∆y = 2( x 2 + 2x∆x + ∆x 2 ) − 2x 2
∆y = 2x 2 + 4x∆x + 2∆x 2 − 2x 2
∆y = 4x∆x + 2∆x 2
∆y 4x∆x ∆x 2
c.) =+ +2
∆x ∆x ∆x
∆y
= 4x + 2∆x
∆x
 ∆y 
d.) lim ∆x →0   = 4x
 ∆x 

 ∆y 
therefore: the derivative of y = 2x2 is lim∆x→0   = 4x
 ∆x 
 2
3.) y = ( 2 x + 1)
Solution:
y = (2x + 1) 2
2
a.) y + ∆y = ( 2( x + ∆x ) + 1)

2 2
b.) y + ∆y = ( 2( x + ∆x ) + 1) = ( 4( x + ∆x ) + 4( x + ∆x )(1) + 1)
y + ∆y = ( 4( x 2 + 2x∆x + ∆x 2 ) + 4( x + ∆x )(1) + 1)
y + ∆y = ( 4x 2 + 8x∆x + 4∆x 2 + 4x + 4∆x + 1)
∆y = ( 4x 2 + 8x∆x + 4∆x 2 + 4x + 4∆x + 1) − y
∆y = ( 4x 2 + 8x∆x + 4∆x 2 + 4x + 4∆x + 1) − ( 2x + 1) 2
∆y = ( 4x 2 + 8x∆x + 4∆x 2 + 4x + 4∆x + 1) − ( 4x 2 + 4x + 1)
∆y = 4x 2 + 8x∆x + 4∆x 2 + 4x + 4∆x + 1 − 4x 2 − 4x − 1
∆y = 8x∆x + 4∆x 2 + 4∆x

∆y 8x∆x + 4∆x 2 + 4∆x

c.) =
∆x ∆x
∆y 8x∆x 4∆x 2 4∆x
= + +
∆x ∆x ∆x ∆x
∆y
= 8 x + 4 ∆x + 4
∆x
 ∆y 
d.) lim ∆x →0   = 8x + 4
 ∆x 

 ∆y 
therefore: the derivative of y = (2x+1)2 is lim ∆x →0   = 8x + 4
 ∆x 

 ∆y  dy
also, lim ∆x →0  = = y ' = f ' ( x ) == 8x + 4
 ∆x  dx

2.) BY DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

d(C)
a.) =0 where: C = is any constant.
dx
d
b.)
dx
( )
Cx n = nCx n −1 Power of x Formula

d du
c.)
dx
( )
Cun = nCun −1
dx
where: u = f(x) composite function

Chain Rule
General Power Formula
Examples: Differentiate the following: (by using differentiation formulas)

1.) y = 20

Solution:
y = 20

y′ = 0

2.) y = 2x2

Solution:
y = 2x2
y ′ = ( 2)(2)x ( 2 −1)

y′ = 4x

2
3.) y = 3x + 4 x + 7

Solution:
y = 3x 2 + 4x + 7
y ′ = ( 2)(3)x 2 −1 + (1)(4)x (1−1) + 0
y′ = 6x + 4x 0

y′ = 6x + 4

2 2
4.) y = (3x + 4 x + 7 )

Solution:
y = (3x 2 + 4x + 7)2
dy
= 2(3x 2 + 4x + 7)(( 2)(3)x 2 −1 + (1)( 4)x (1−1) + 0)
dx
dy
= 2(3x 2 + 4x + 7)( 6x + 4x 0 + 0)
dx

dy
= 2(3x 2 + 4x + 7)(6x + 4)
dx
2 5
5.) y = (3x − 7 )
Solution:
y = (3x 2 − 7)5
y ′ = (5)(3x 2 − 7)( 5 −1) ((2)(3)x ( 2 −1) − 0)
y ′ = (5)(3x 2 − 7)4 (6x )

y ′ = (30x )(3x 2 − 7)4

 2 6
6.) y = 7( 4 x − 8)

Solution:
y = 7( 4x 2 − 8)6
 ∆y 
lim ∆x → 0   = (6)(7)(4x 2 − 8)( 6 −1) ((2)(4)x ( 2 −1) − 0)
 ∆x 
 ∆y 
lim ∆x → 0   = 42( 4x 2 − 8)5 (8x )
 ∆x 

 ∆y 
lim ∆x → 0   = (336x )(4x 2 − 8)5
 ∆x 

3 2 6
7.) y = 5( 4 x − 8x + 7 x + 12)

Solution:
y = 5( 4x 3 − 8x 2 + 7 x + 12)6
f ′( x ) = (6)(5)(4x 3 − 8x 2 + 7 x + 12)( 6 −1) ((3)(4)x ( 3 −1) − ( 2)(8)x ( 2 −1) + 7 x (1−1) + 0)
f ′( x ) = 30( 4 x 3 − 8x 2 + 7 x + 12)5 (12x 2 − 16x + 7 x 0 )

f ′( x ) = 30( 4x 3 − 8x 2 + 7 x + 12)5 (12x 2 − 16x + 7)

DERIVATIVE OF A SUM, A PRODUCT, A QUOTIENT

Let: u = f(x) and v = g(x) where: u & v = are composite functions

d.) Formula for the SUM

d
(u + v ) = du + dv
dx dx dx
e.) PRODUCT Formula

d
(uv ) = u dv + v du
dx dx dx
f.) QUOTIENT Formula

du dv
v −u
d u dx dx
 = 2
dx  v  v
 Examples: Differentiate. (by using differentiation formulas)

d
1.) ( 4 x 3 + 5x 9 )
dx
Solution:

d
( 4 x 3 + 5x 9 )
dx

let:
u = 4x3 v = 5x9
du dv
= 12x 2 = 45x 8
dx dx

d
( 4x 3 + 5x 9 ) = 12x 2 + 45x 8
dx

d
2.)
dx
(
(3x 2 + 4)(5x 4 − 6x + 7) )
Solution:

d
dx
(
(3x 2 + 4)(5x 4 − 6x + 7) )
let:
d
(uv ) = u dv + v du
dx dx dx

u = 3x 2 + 4 v = 5x 4 − 6 x + 7
du dv
= 6x = 20x 3 − 6
dx dx

d
dx
( )
(3x 2 + 4)(5x 4 − 6x + 7) = (3x 2 + 4)( 20 x 3 − 6) + (5x 4 − 6x + 7)(6x )
d
dx
( )
(3x 2 + 4)(5x 4 − 6x + 7) = (3x 2 + 4)( 20 x 3 − 6) + (5x 4 − 6x + 7)(6x )
d
dx
( )
(3x 2 + 4)(5x 4 − 6x + 7) = (60x 5 + 80x 3 − 18x 2 − 24) + (30x 5 − 36x 2 + 42x )

d
dx
( )
(3x 2 + 4)(5x 4 − 6 x + 7 ) = 60 x 5 + 80x 3 − 18x 2 − 24 + 30x 5 − 36 x 2 + 42x

d
dx
( )
(3x 2 + 4)(5x 4 − 6 x + 7 ) = 90x 5 + 80x 3 − 54x 2 + 42 x − 24
 d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5 
3.)  
dx  4x 

Solution:
d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5 
 
dx  4x 


Let:
du dv
v −u
d u dx dx
 = 2
dx  v  v

u = 9 x 2 − 3x + 5 v = 4x
du dv
= 18 x − 3 =4
dx dx

d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5  ( 4 x )(18x − 3) − (9 x 2 − 3x + 5)(4)
 =
dx  4x 
 ( 4x) 2

d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5  (72 x 2 − 12x ) − (36x 2 − 12x + 20)

 =
dx  4x 
 16x 2

d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5  72x 2 − 12x − 36x 2 + 12x − 20

 =
dx  4x 
 16x 2
d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5  72x 2 − 12x − 36x 2 + 12x − 20
 =
dx  4x 
 16x 2
d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5  36x 2 − 20
 =
dx  4x 
 16 x 2

d  9 x 2 − 3x + 5  9 x 2 − 5
 =
dx  4x 
 4x 2