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Exp 1 - Introduction to Raspberry pi.

Raspberry Pi is a small single board computer. By connecting peripherals like Keyboard,

mouse, display to the Raspberry Pi, it will act as a mini personal computer.

Raspberry Pi is popularly used for real time Image/Video Processing, IoT based
applications and Robotics applications.

Raspberry Pi is slower than laptop or desktop but is still a computer which can provide
all the expected features or abilities, at a low power consumption.

Raspberry Pi Foundation officially provides Debian based Raspbian OS. Also, they
provide NOOBS OS for Raspberry Pi. We can install several Third-Party versions of OS
like Ubuntu, Archlinux, RISC OS, Windows 10 IOT Core, etc.

Raspbian OS is official Operating System available for free to use. This OS is efficiently
optimized to use with Raspberry Pi. Raspbian have GUI which includes tools for
Browsing, Python programming, office, games, etc.

We should use SD card (minimum 8 GB recommended) to store the OS (operating

System).

Raspberry Pi is more than computer as it provides access to the on-chip hardware i.e.
GPIOs for developing an application. By accessing GPIO, we can connect devices like
LED, motors, sensors, etc and can control them too.

It has ARM based Broadcom Processor SoC along with on-chip GPU (Graphics
Processing Unit).

The CPU speed of Raspberry Pi varies from 700 MHz to 1.2 GHz. Also, it has on-board
SDRAM that ranges from 256 MB to 1 GB.

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Raspberry Pi also provides on-chip SPI, I2C, I2S and UART modules.

There are different versions of raspberry pi available as listed below:

1. Raspberry Pi 1 Model A
2. Raspberry Pi 1 Model A+
3. Raspberry Pi 1 Model B
4. Raspberry Pi 1 Model B+
5. Raspberry Pi 2 Model B
6. Raspberry Pi 3 Model B
7. Raspberry Pi Zero

Out of the above versions of Raspberry Pi, more prominently use Raspberry Pi and their
features are as follows:

Features Raspberry Pi Raspberry Pi 2 Raspberry Pi 3 Raspberry Pi

Model B+ zero
Model B Model B

SoC BCM2835 BCM2836 BCM2837 BCM2835

CPU ARM11 Quad Cortex A7 Quad Cortex ARM11

A53

Operating 700 MHz 900 MHz 1.2 GHz 1 GHz

Freq.

RAM 512 MB SDRAM 1 GB SDRAM 1 GB SDRAM 512 MB SDRAM

GPU 250 MHz 250MHz 400 MHz 250MHz

Videocore IV Videocore IV Videocore IV Videocore IV

Storage micro-SD Micro-SD micro-SD micro-SD

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Ethernet Yes Yes Yes No

Wireless WiFi and No yes No

Bluetooth

Raspberry Pi zero and Raspberry Pi are shown below

Raspberry Pi Zero

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Raspberry Pi Board

Raspberry Pi 3 On-chip Hardware

The On-chip hardware of Raspberry Pi 3 (here) is as shown in below figure,

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Raspberry Pi 3 Model B Hardware

Some Hardware Components shown above are mention below:

1. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface): It is used for transmitting

uncompressed video or digital audio data to the Computer Monitor, Digital TV,
etc. Generally, this HDMI port helps to connect Raspberry Pi to the Digital
television.
2. CSI Camera Interface: CSI (Camera Serial Interface) interface provides a
connection in between Broadcom Processor and Pi camera. This interface
provides electrical connections between two devices.
3. DSI Display Interface: DSI (Display Serial Interface) Display Interface is used for
connecting LCD to the Raspberry Pi using 15-pin ribbon cable. DSI provides fast
High-resolution display interface specifically used for sending video data directly
from GPU to the LCD display.

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4. Composite Video and Audio Output: The composite Video and Audio output port
carries video along with audio signal to the Audio/Video systems.
5. Power LED: It is a RED colored LED which is used for Power indication. This LED
will turn ON when Power is connected to the Raspberry Pi. It is connected to 5V
directly and will start blinking whenever the supply voltage drops below 4.63V.
6. ACT PWR: ACT PWR is Green LED which shows the SD card activity.

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Exp 2 - Getting started with Raspberry pi

To get started with Raspberry Pi, we have to store required OS on SD card.

● Now to store OS on SD card we need to install OS on SD card. If you want to

know how to install/store OS on SD card you can refer Installing Operating
System Image on SD card.
● Here, we installed the Raspbian OS on SD card.
● Now, we have an SD card with installed OS and Raspberry Pi Board.
● Initially to use raspberry Pi we need computer monitor or Digital Display.
● We can directly connect Raspberry Pi to the Digital Display using HDMI cable.

HDMI Cable

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● But, if we have a computer monitor (VGA Display), then we need an HDMI to VGA
converter along with a VGA cable for connecting Raspberry Pi with monitors.
HDMI to VGA converter and VGA cable is shown below.

HDMI to VGA Converter

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VGA Cable

Now, connect the Raspberry Pi to the Display/monitor and Power-On Raspberry Pi. We
will get a Black command window asking for Login and Password as shown below

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● Then, use the following login name and password

raspberrypi Login: pi

Password: raspberry

● This is the default user name and password. You can change the password after
the first login.

The above command window can be used to operate Raspberry Pi.

● To get GUI environment on Raspberry Pi, use below command,

startx

And we will get Home Screen of Raspberry Pi as shown below:

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● On display, there is a symbol of raspberry to the top-left corner of display. After

clicking on it, we will get menu as shown below,

● As we can see, the Raspbian OS has installed Python 2 & 3. It also has different
programming IDE like Geany, BlueJ Java IDE, etc. As raspberry pi 3 has On-chip
WiFi, we can connect it to the network and will get access over Internet.
● We can also change password of “Pi” user.
● To change password, click on preferences and then select Raspberry Pi
Configuration which will provide a pop-up window.

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● Then, click on change password option shown below.

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Exp 3 - Accessing raspberry pi on laptop using wifi

Introduction

● Raspberry Pi is a small computer which needs a display to access Raspberry Pi

Home (CLI or GUI). So, we need external display to access Raspberry Pi.
● If we have display/TV then we can connect Raspberry Pi to the display using
HDMI or VGA cable. But, if we don’t have a display, then we can access Raspberry
Pi using Laptop’s Screen. This can be done by using Raspberry Pi Wi-Fi.
● To access Raspberry Pi, we need to connect Raspberry Pi to a wifi network after
boot so that we can access it on Laptop using wi-fi network.
● When Raspberry Pi is connected to the wifi network, we can access it on Laptop
by finding its IP address. This method is suitable when we don’t have display for
logging into Raspberry Pi.

How to Connect Raspberry Pi to the wifi without using display?

After downloading Raspbian on SD card, open SD card in laptop and then open directory
given below:

sudo nano /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf

Add following details in the opened file,

ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant Group=netdev
update_config=1
country=US
network {
ssid=”Enter your SSID”
psk=”Enter your password”
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
}

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Then, save above file using Ctrl+X.

Now, open following directory and add highlighted line shown in below image,

sudo nano /etc/network/interfaces

Save the above file.

SSH remotet login

Now, we have to login to Raspberry Pi using SSH.

Also for remote login into raspberry using SSH, we need to enable SSH on Raspberry Pi.

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To enable SSH, just add a file named ssh with no extension onto the boot partition of SD

card. We don’t need to write anything in ssh file.

Now, eject the SD card and insert it into Raspberry Pi Board and power-on Raspberry Pi.

Raspberry Pi will now connect to WiFi network automatically after booting. Now, we can
find the IP address of Raspberry Pi using Advance IP scanner. Advance IP scanner
scans the network and provides list of connected device. In that we will get IP address
of Raspberry Pi. to know about how to use Advance IP scanner, you can refer Access
Raspberry Pi Home Screen on Laptop Display using LAN

After getting IP address of Raspberry Pi, use Putty (SSH) for logging into the raspberry
Pi given in below demo,

Now, we can access Raspberry Pi CLI (Command Line Interface). If we have to access
Raspberry Pi GUI then we can access it using VNC viewer. Before using VNC viewer, we
need to enable it using command.

VNC (Virtual Network Computing) ViewerEnabling

To access Raspberry Pi’s Graphical user interface, we can use VNC viewer which allows
us to control the Raspberry Pi home remotely using Mobile, Laptop, etc. With VNC
server, we can see Raspberry Pi home on our computer or mobile.

To enable VNC viewer on Raspberry Pi use CLI (command line interface) and following
few steps given below,

sudo raspi-config

Now, select Interfacing option for enabling VNC.

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Then enable VNC as shown in below image,

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Now, reboot raspberry pi to apply changes.

Connecting to Raspberry Pi with VNC Viewer

Now, we can connect to Raspberry Pi using VNC Server. For login to Raspberry Pi using
VNC, Download and Install VNC viewer application on laptop.

After installing VNC viewer application, the application window will appear as shown
below,

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Now, select File option and in that select new connection as shown below,

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Then, following window will pop-up

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Enter IP of your Raspberry Pi which was found by Advance IP scanner and provide any
name as shown below,

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Then a small window will pop-up which is shown below,

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And select continue.

Then, add login details as shown below,

Now, we successfully logged into the Raspberry Pi.

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We can see the CLI (Command Line Interface) of raspberry Pi. To access Raspberry Pi
in GUI mode, enter following command

startx

and we will get the GUI home screen of Raspberry Pi as shown below.

Now, we can access Raspberry Pi home screen on Laptop’s display.

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Exp 4 - How to use Wiring Pi library on Raspberry Pi

WiringPi is a library written in C used to access GPIO pins on Raspberry for BCM2835
(Broadcom Processor) SoC (System on Chip). There are various libraries are available to
access GPIO in C like bcm 2835, sysfs, pigpio, etc. Here, we are using WiringPi library for
Raspberry Pi GPIO access.

To use wiringPi, first we should install it on Raspberry Pi. This installation can be done in
two ways which is as follows,

WiringPi Library Installation Way 1

This way of installing WiringPi library will use git.

Follow the following steps to install it on Raspberry Pi,

● Make sure our Raspbian is updated. So, first check for any update and upgrade
on Raspberry Pi.

sudo apt-get update

sudo apt-get upgrade

● Now, we can use git to download WiringPi library. For that we should install git on
Raspberry Pi if already not installed.

sudo apt-get install git-core

● To get WiringPi use git as follows,

git clone git://git.drogon.net/wiringPi

● Now, create directory for WiringPi and build it. Also, fetch the updated version
from git.

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cd wiringPi
git pull origin
./build

Installation of WiringPi library is done.

WiringPi Library Installation Way 2

We can install WiringPi library in other way also. To install WiringPi library on Raspberry
Pi, first we should download it. We can download WiringPi Library here.

On above link, there are more files to download. Just download file which is at the top, is
the latest updated file. By clicking on snapshot, we can download it.

Now follow the steps(commands) given below to install the above downloaded library,

cd
tar xfz downloaded_filename.tar.gz
cd downloaded_filename
./build

Now, we can check/test the installation of WiringPi library as follows,

gpio -v

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The above screenshot tells that the WiringPi library is installed successfully.

Now, we can access GPIO using WiringPi library. But, the pin numbering used in Wiring
Pi library is different than GPIO numbering (BCM) and Physical numbering(BOARD).

To get information about pin numbering on our respective Raspberry Pi version, we can
use following command:

gpio readall

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The above screenshot shows pin numbering as per WiringPi, BCM (GPIO numbering)
and Physical numbering(Board).

Use WiringPi library

Here, we will access GPIO on Raspberry Pi using WiringPi library to blink LED.

Interfacing Diagram

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LED Blinking Using wiringPi on Raspberry Pi

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Raspberry Pi LED Blinking using C (wiringPi)

● Let’s write a C program to access GPIO using WiringPi library. To write a C

program, create new file by right clicking and select empty file. Write a program
and save that file with .c extension.
● In this program, we will blink LED connected to Raspberry Pi.

Program

#include <wiringPi.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int LED = 26; /* GPIO26 as per wiringPi, GPIO12 as per BCM, pin
no.32 */
int main(){
wiringPiSetup(); /* initialize wiringPi setup */
pinMode(LED,OUTPUT); /* set GPIO as output */

while (1){
digitalWrite(LED,HIGH); /* write high on GPIO */
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(LED, LOW); /* write low on GPIO */
delay(1000);
}
}

How to Compile and Execute C Program using command terminal

Now, we should compile above C program with wiringPi library which is given as
follows.

gcc -o led_blink led_blink.c -l wiringPi

The above command will create an executable file of name led_blink. Then, use
following command to execute above program.

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sudo ./led_blink

After executing above command LED will starts blinking.

Compile and Execute C Program using IDE

In Raspbian OS, there is an installed Geany Programmer’s Editor. We can use this editor
as an IDE for developing programs and execute them.

Now, open Geany Proagrammer’s Editor which is shown as follows,

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After opening it, create new file and write program in it. To create new file, click on file
and select new option which is shown as follows,

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● Write a program in editor and save it with .c extension

● Before compiling and executing a program with WiringPi library in Geany
Programmer’s Editor, we should add few lines in build settings. To add these
lines, click on Build and select Set Build Commands which is shown as follows,

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● Modify C and Execute commands section for compiling and executing program
using WiringPi Library shown as follows,

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Click on OK.

Now, we can build C program and execute it with WiringPi library.

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Exp 5 - Interface LED with raspberry pi

GPIO (General Purpose Input Output) pins can be used as input or output and allows
raspberry pi to connect with general purpose I/O devices.

● Raspberry pi 3 model B took out 26 GPIO pins on board.

● Raspberry pi can control many external I/O devices using these GPIO’s.
● These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world.
● We can program these pins according to our needs to interact with external
devices. For example, if we want to read the state of a physical switch, we can
configure any of the available GPIO pins as input and read the switch status to
make decisions. We can also configure any GPIO pin as an output to control LED
ON/OFF.
● Raspberry Pi can connect to the Internet using on-board Wi-Fi or Wi-Fi USB
adapter. Once the Raspberry Pi is connected to the Internet then we can control
devices, which are connected to the Raspberry Pi, remotely.

GPIO Pins of Raspberry Pi 3 are shown in below figure:

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Raspberry Pi 3 Model B GPIO Pins

Some of the GPIO pins are multiplexed with alternate functions like I2C, SPI, UART etc.

We can use any of the GPIO pins for our application.

Pin Numbering

We should define GPIO pin which we want to use as an output or input. But Raspberry Pi
has two ways of defining pin number which are as follows:

● GPIO Numbering
● Physical Numbering

In GPIO Numbering, pin number refers to number on Broadcom SoC (System on Chip).
So, we should always consider the pin mapping for using GPIO pin.

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While in Physical Numbering, pin number refers to the pin of 40-pin P1 header on
Raspberry Pi Board. The above physical numbering is simple as we can count pin
numbers on P1 header and assign it as GPIO.

But, still we should consider the pin configuration diagram shown above to know which
are GPIO pins and which are VCC and GND.

In this tutorial, we are going to light an LED. In addition to your Raspberry Pi running
Raspbian, what you will need is:
● A Breadboard
● An LED
● A 330 ohm resistor
● Two Male-Female jumper wires

The Breadboard

The breadboard is a way of connecting electronic components to each other without

having to solder them together. They are often used to test a circuit design before
creating a Printed Circuit Board (PCB).

The holes on the breadboard are connected in a pattern.

With the breadboard in the CamJam EduKit, the top row of holes are all connected
together – marked with red dots. And so are the second row of holes – marked with
blue dots. The same goes for the two rows of holes at the bottom of the breadboard.

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In the middle, the columns of wires are connected together with a break in the middle.
So, for example, all the green holes marked are connected together, but they are not
connected to the yellow holes, nor the purple ones. Therefore, any wire you poke into the
green holes will be connected to other wires poked into the other green holes.

The LED

When you pick up the LED, you will notice that one leg is longer than the other. The
longer leg (known as the ‘anode’), is always connected to the positive supply of the
circuit. The shorter leg (known as the ‘cathode’) is connected to the negative side of the
power supply, known as ‘ground’.LED stands for Light Emitting Diode, and glows when
electricity is passed through it.

LEDs will only work if power is supplied the correct way round (i.e. if the ‘polarity’ is
correct). You will not break the LEDs if you connect them the wrong way round – they
will just not light. If you find that they do not light in your circuit, it may be because they
have been connected the wrong way round.

The Resistor

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You must ALWAYS use resistors to connect LEDs up to the GPIO pins of the Raspberry
Pi. The Raspberry Pi can only supply a small current (about 60mA). The LEDs will want
to draw more, and if allowed to they will burn out the Raspberry Pi. Therefore putting the
resistors in the circuit will ensure that only this small current will flow and the Raspberry
Pi will not be damaged.

Resistors are a way of limiting the amount of electricity going through a circuit;
specifically, they limit the amount of ‘current’ that is allowed to flow. The measure of
resistance is called the Ohm (Ω), and the larger the resistance, the more it limits the
current. The value of a resistor is marked with coloured bands along the length of the
resistor body.

You will be using a 330Ω resistor. You can identify the 330Ω resistors by the colour
bands along the body. The colour coding will depend on how many bands are on the
resistors supplied:

● If there are four colour bands, they will be Orange, Orange, Brown, and then
Gold.
● If there are five bands, then the colours will be Orange, Orange, Black, Black,
Brown.

It does not matter which way round you connect the resistors. Current flows in both
ways through them.

Jumper Wires

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Jumper wires are used on breadboards to ‘jump’ from one connection to another. The
ones you will be using in this circuit have different connectors on each end. The end
with the ‘pin’ will go into the Breadboard. The end with the piece of plastic with a hole in
it will go onto the Raspberry Pi’s GPIO pins.

The Raspberry Pi's GPIO Pins

GPIO stands for General Purpose Input Output. It is a way the Raspberry Pi can control
and monitor the outside world by being connected to electronic circuits. The Raspberry
Pi is able to control LEDs, turning them on or off, or motors, or many other things. It is
also able to detect whether a switch has been pressed, or temperature, or light. In the
CamJam EduKit you will learn to control LEDs and a buzzer, and detect when a button
has been pressed. The diagram below left shows the pin layout for a Raspberry Pi
Models A and B (Rev 2 - the original Rev 1 Pi is slightly different), looking at the
Raspberry Pi with the pins in the top right corner. The new 40 pin Raspberry Pi’s shares
exactly the same layout of pins for the top 13 rows of GPIO pins.

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Building the Circuit

The circuit consists of a power supply (the Raspberry Pi), an LED that lights when the
power is applied, and a resistor to limit the current that can flow through the circuit.

You will be using one of the ‘ground’ (GND) pins to act like the ‘negative’ or 0 volt ends of
a battery. The ‘positive’ end of the battery will be provided by a GPIO pin. Here we will be

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using pin 18. When they are ‘taken high’, which means it outputs 3.3 volts, the LED will
light. Now take a look at the circuit diagram below.

You should turn your Raspberry Pi off for the next bit, just in case you accidentally short
something out.

● Use one of the jumper wires to connect a ground pin to the rail, marked with
blue, on the breadboard. The female end goes on the Raspberry Pi's pin, and
the male end goes into a hole on the breadboard.

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● Then connect the resistor from the same row on the breadboard to a column
on the breadboard, as shown above.
● Next, push the LEDs legs into the breadboard, with the long leg (with the kink)
on the right.
● Lastly, complete the circuit by connecting pin 18 to the right hand leg of the
LED. This is shown here with the orange wire.

The Code

You are now ready to write some code to switch the LED on. Turn on your Raspberry Pi
and open the terminal window.

Create a new text file “LED.py” by typing the following:

nano LED.py

Type in the following code:

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

GPIO.setwarnings(False)

GPIO.setup(18,GPIO.OUT)

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print "LED on"

GPIO.output(18,GPIO.HIGH)

time.sleep(1)

print "LED off"

GPIO.output(18,GPIO.LOW)

Once you have typed all the code and checked it, save and exit the text editor with “Ctrl +
x” then “y” then “enter”.

Running the Code

To run this code type:

sudo python LED.py

You will see the LED turn on for a second and then turn off.

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Exp 6 - Interface LED and SWITCH with Raspberry Pi

Interfacing Diagram

Control LED using Raspberry Pi

Example

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Now, let’s control the LED using a switch connected to the Raspberry Pi. Here, we are
using Python and C (WiringPi) for LED ON-OFF control.

Control LED using Python

Now, let’s turn ON and OFF an LED using Python on Raspberry Pi. Switch is used to
control the LED ON-OFF.

Python Program

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO #import RPi.GPIO module

LED = 32 #pin no. as per BOARD, GPIO18 as per BCM

Switch_input = 29 #pin no. as per BOARD, GPIO27 as per BCM
GPIO.setwarnings(False) #disable warnings
GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) #set pin numbering format
GPIO.setup(LED, GPIO.OUT) #set GPIO as output
GPIO.setup(Switch_input, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down=GPIO.PUD_UP)

while True:
if(GPIO.input(Switch_input)):
GPIO.output(LED,GPIO.LOW)
else:
GPIO.output(LED,GPIO.HIGH)

Functions Used:

RPi.GPIO

To use Raspberry Pi GPIO pins in Python, we need to import RPi.GPIO package which
has class to control GPIO. This RPi.GPIO Python package is already installed on
Raspbian OS. So, we don’t need to install it externally. Just, we should include library in
our program to use functions for GPIO access using Python. This is given as follows.

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

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GPIO.setmode (Pin Numbering System)

This function is used to define Pin numbering system i.e. GPIO numbering or Physical
numbering.

In RiPi.GPIO GPIO numbering is identified by BCM whereas Physical numbering is

identified by BOARD

Pin Numbering System = BOARD/BCM

E.g. If we use pin number 40 of P1 header as a GPIO pin which we have to configure as
output then,

In BCM,

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

GPIO.setup(21, GPIO.OUT)

In BOARD,

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD)

GPIO.setup(40, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.setup (channel, direction, initial value, pull up/pull down)

This function is used to set the direction of GPIO pin as an input/output.

channel – GPIO pin number as per numbering system.

direction – set direction of GPIO pin as either Input or Output.

initial value – can provide initial value

pull up/pull down – enable pull up or pull down if required

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Few examples are given as follows,

● GPIO as Output

GPIO.setup(channel, GPIO.OUT)
● GPIO as Input

GPIO.setup(channel, GPIO.IN)

● GPIO as Output with initial value

GPIO.setup(channel, GPIO.OUT, initial=GPIO.HIGH)

● GPIO as Input with Pull up resistor

GPIO.setup(channel, GPIO.IN, pull_up_down = GPIO.PUD_UP)

GPIO.output(channel, state)

This function is used to set the output state of GPIO pin.

channel – GPIO pin number as per numbering system.

state – Output state i.e. HIGH or LOW of GPIO pin

e.g.

GPIO.output(7, GPIO.HIGH)

GPIO.input(channel)

This function is used to read the value of GPIO pin.

e.g.

GPIO.input(9)

Control LED using C (WiringPi)

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We can access Raspberry Pi GPIO using C. Here, we are using WiringPi library for
accessing Raspberry Pi GPIO using C.

Before implementing LED blinking using wiringPi, you can refer How to use WiringPi
library.

Program

#include <wiringPi.h>
#include <stdio.h>
int LED = 26; /* GPIO26 as per wiringPi, GPIO12 as per BCM,
pin no.32 */
int switch_input = 21; /* GPIO21 as per WiringPi, GPIO5 as per
BCM, pin no.29 */
int main(){
wiringPiSetup(); /* initialize wiringPi setup */
pinMode(LED,OUTPUT); /* set GPIO as output */
pullUpDnControl(switch_input, PUD_UP);
while (1){
if(digitalRead(switch_input))
digitalWrite(LED,LOW); /* write LOW on GPIO
*/
else
digitalWrite(LED, HIGH); /* write HIGH on GPIO */

}
}

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Exp 7 - Interfacing DHT11 with Raspberry Pi.

Introduction

DHT11 Sensor

DHT11 sensor measures and provides humidity and temperature values serially over a
single wire.

It can measure relative humidity in percentage (20 to 90% RH) and temperature in
degree Celsius in the range of 0 to 50°C.

It has 4 pins; one of which is used for data communication in serial form.

Pulses of different TON and TOFF are decoded as logic 1 or logic 0 or start pulse or end
of a frame.

For more information about the DHT11 sensor and how to use it, refer the topic DHT11
sensor in the sensors and modules topic.

Interfacing diagram

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DHT11 Interfacing with Raspberry Pi 3

Example

Here, we are going to interface DHT11 sensor with Raspberry Pi 3 and display Humidity
and Temperature on terminal.

We will be using the DHT Sensor Python library by Adafruit from GitHub. The Adafruit
Python DHT Sensor library is created to read the Humidity and Temperature on
raspberry Pi or Beaglebone Black. It is developed for DHT series sensors like DHT11,
DHT22 or AM2302.

Download Adafruit DHT Sensor library from here.

Extract the library and install it in the same root directory of downloaded library by
executing following command,

sudo python setup.py install

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Once the library and its dependencies has been installed, open the example sketch
named simpletest from the library kept in examples folder.

In this code, raspberry Pi reads Humidity and Temperature from DHT11 sensor and
prints them on terminal. But, it read and display the value only once. So, here we made
change in the program to print value continuously.

Note:

Assign proper sensor type to the sensor variable in this library. Here, we are using
DHT11 sensor.

sensor = Adafruit_DHT.DHT11

If anyone is using sensor DHT22 then we need to assign Adafruit_DHT.DHT22 to the

sensor variable shown above.

Also, comment out Beaglebone pin definition and uncomment pin declaration for
Raspberry Pi.

Then assign pin no. to which DHT sensor’s data pin is connected. Here, data out of
DHT11 sensor is connected to GPIO4. As shown in above interfacing diagram.

Python Program

#!/usr/bin/python

import Adafruit_DHT

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# Sensor should be set to Adafruit_DHT.DHT11,

# Adafruit_DHT.DHT22, or Adafruit_DHT.AM2302.

sensor = Adafruit_DHT.DHT11

# Example using a Beaglebone Black with DHT sensor

# connected to pin P8_11.

#pin = 'P8_11'

# Example using a Raspberry Pi with DHT sensor

# connected to GPIO4.

pin = 4

# Try to grab a sensor reading. Use the read_retry method which will retry up

# to 15 times to get a sensor reading (waiting 2 seconds between each retry).

while True:

humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(sensor, pin)

print('Temp={0:0.1f}*C Humidity={1:0.1f}%'.format(temperature, humidity))

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DHT11 Output

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Exp 8 - Interfacing PIR Motion sensor to Raspberry Pi

Introduction

PIR Motion Detection Sensor

PIR sensor is used for detecting infrared heat radiations. This makes them useful in the
detection of moving living objects that emit infrared heat radiations.

The output (in terms of voltage) of PIR sensor is high when it senses motion; whereas it
is low when there is no motion (stationary object or no object).

PIR sensors are used in many applications like for room light control using human
detection, human motion detection for security purpose at home, etc.

For more information on PIR sensor and how to use it, refer the topic PIR Sensor in the
sensors and modules section.

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Interfacing Diagram

PIR Motion Sensor Interfacing with Raspberry Pi

Example

Let’s interface PIR sensor with Raspberry Pi for motion detection.

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When motion is detected, PIR output goes HIGH which will be read by Raspberry Pi. So,
we will turn on LED when motion is detected by PIR sensor.

Here, LED is connected to GPIO12 (pin no. 32) whereas PIR output is connected to
GPIO5 (pin no. 29). Let’s write a python based program to interface PIR motion sensor
with Raspberry Pi. To know more about how to access GPIO on Raspberry Pi, you can
refer Raspberry GPIO Access.

Python Program

'''

Motion detection using PIR on raspberry Pi

http://www.electronicwings.com

'''

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

PIR_input = 29 #read PIR Output

LED = 32 #LED for signalling motion detected

GPIO.setwarnings(False)

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BOARD) #choose pin no. system

GPIO.setup(PIR_input, GPIO.IN)

GPIO.setup(LED, GPIO.OUT)

GPIO.output(LED, GPIO.LOW)

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while True:

#when motion detected turn on LED

if(GPIO.input(PIR_input)):

GPIO.output(LED, GPIO.HIGH)

else:

GPIO.output(LED, GPIO.LOW)

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Exp 9 - Interface raspberry pi camera module with raspberry pi

Introduction

Pi Camera Module (v1.3)

Pi Camera module is a camera which can be used to take pictures and high definition
video.

Raspberry Pi Board has CSI (Camera Serial Interface) interface to which we can attach
PiCamera module directly.

This Pi Camera module can attach to the Raspberry Pi’s CSI port using 15-pin ribbon
cable.

Features of Pi Camera

Here, we have used Pi camera v1.3. Its features are listed below,

● Resolution – 5 MP

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● HD Video recording – 1080p @30fps, 720p @60fps, 960p @45fps and so

on.
● It Can capture wide, still (motionless) images of resolution 2592x1944 pixels
● CSI Interface enabled.

How to attach Pi Camera to Raspberry Pi?

Connect Pi Camera to CSI interface of Raspberry Pi board as shown below,

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Now, we can use Pi Camera for capturing images and videos using Raspberry Pi.

Before using Pi Camera, we need to enable camera for its working.

How to Enable Camera functionality on Raspberry Pi

For enabling camera in Raspberry Pi, open raspberry pi configuration using following
command,

sudo raspi-config

then select Interfacing options in which select camera option to enable its functionality.

reboot Raspberry Pi.

Now we can access the camera on Raspberry Pi.

Now we can capture images and videos using Pi Camera on Raspberry Pi.

Example

Capture images and save it to the specified directory.

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We can capture images using Python. Here, we will write a Python program to capture
images using Pi Camera on Raspberry Pi.

Here, we have used picamera package(library) which provides different classes for
Raspberry Pi. Out of which we are mainly interested in PiCamera class which is for
camera module.

Python Program for Image Capture

'''
capture images on Raspberry Pi using Pi Camera
http://www.electronicwings.com
'''
import picamera
from time import sleep

#create object for PiCamera class

camera = picamera.PiCamera()
#set resolution
camera.resolution = (1024, 768)
camera.brightness = 60
camera.start_preview()
#add text on image
camera.annotate_text = 'Hi Pi User'
sleep(5)
#store image
camera.capture('image1.jpeg')
camera.stop_preview()

Functions Used

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To use picamera python based library we have to include it in our program as given
below

import picamera

This picamera library has PiCamera class for camera module. So, we have to create
object for PiCamera class.

PiCamera Class

To use Pi Camera in Python on Raspberry Pi, we can use PiCamera class which has
different APIs for camera functionality. We need to create object for PiCamera class.

E.g. Camera = picamera.PiCamera()

The above PiCamera class has different member variables and functions which we can
access by simply inserting a dot (.) in between object name and member name.

E.g. Camera.resolution = (1080, 648)

capture()

It is used to capture images using Pi Camera.

E.g. Camera.capture(“/home/pi/image.jpeg”)

The capture() function has different parameters which we can pass for different
operations like resize, format, use_video_port, etc.

E.g. Camera.capture(“/home/pi/image.jpeg”, resize=(720, 480))

resolution= (width,height)

It sets the resolution of camera at which image captures, video records and preview will
display. The resolution can be specified as (width, height) tuple, as a string formatted

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WIDTHxHEIGHT, or as a string containing commonly recognised display resolution

name e.g. “HD”, “VGA”, “1080p”, etc.

E.g.

Camera.resolution = (720, 480)

Camera.resolution = “720 x 480”

Camera.resolution = “720p”

Camera.resolution = “HD”

Annotate_text = “Text”

It is used to add text on image, video, etc.

E.g. Camera.annotate_text = “Hi Pi User”

start_preview()

It displays the preview overlay of default or specified resolution.

Example Camera.start_preview()

stop_preview()

It is used to close the preview overlay.

E.g. Camera.stop_preview()

Note: There are various APIs of PiCamera class. So, to know more API in detail you can
refer

PiCamera APIs.

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Python Program for Video Recording

'''
Record video on Raspberry Pi using pi Camera
http://www.electronicwings.com
'''
import picamera
from time import sleep

camera = picamera.PiCamera()
camera.resolution = (640, 480)

print()
#start recording using pi camera
camera.start_recording("/home/pi/demo.h264")
#wait for video to record
camera.wait_recording(20)
#stop recording
camera.stop_recording()
camera.close()
print("video recording stopped")

Functions used

We have to create object for PiCamera class. Here, we have create object as camera.

start_recording()

It is used to start video recording and store it.

E.g. Camera.start_recording(‘demo.h264’)

It records a video named demo of h264 format.

wait_recording(timeout)

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Wait on the video encoder for specified timeout seconds.

E.g. Camera.wait_recording(60)

stop_recording()

It is used to stop video recording.

E.g. Camera.stop_recording()

Play Recorded Video

To open video, we can use omxplayer by using following command,

omxplayer video_name

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Exp 9 - IOT controlled LED using Blynk app and raspberry pi

Blynk is an IoT Platform to control Arduino, Raspberry Pi, NodeMCU and other
microcontrollers over the Internet. Blynk app is a digital dashboard where you can build
a graphic interface for any IoT based project by simply dragging and dropping widgets.
Its simple and easy to use this IoT platform to build complex applications. Blynk is not
bounded to some specific board or platform, but it can be used with any microcontroller,
provided that the microcontroller is connected to internet. Raspberry Pi has inbuilt Wi-Fi
and other microcontroller like Arduino can be connected to internet using some Wi-Fi
module like ESP8266 etc.

Components Required

● Raspberry pi
● Blynk App
● LED
● Resistor(250 ohm)
● Jumper Wires
● Breadboard

Circuit Diagram

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The connections of this project is very simple. Just connect LED’s positive pin to
raspberry Pi’s 3rd (GPIO2) pin and negative pin to resistor.

Step 1: Blynk App Setup with Raspberry Pi

To control LED with Blynk app, first download and install the Blynk app from Google or
Apple app store. After installing, if you don’t have an account already then create a new
account by entering your Email and password.

1. After sign up click on ‘New Project’ to start your project.

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2. Now give your project a name in name slot. Blynk works with hundreds of hardware
models and connection types so choose your device from options. I am here using
Raspberry Pi 3B, so I am proceeding with Raspberry PI 3 B, you can choose different
board. Then after choosing your board choose your connection type whether it is Wi-Fi
or Ethernet or USB connection. After these steps click on ‘Create’ button to create your
project.

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3. Now after this you’ll see a blank new project. To add Widgets to the project click on
Add button (Plus sign button)

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4. Now after this click on ‘Button’ to add a button in your project.

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5. Now in button settings give a name to your button. After this in ‘OUTPUT’ choose your
pin where you connected your Led’s positive pin. Then give names to your On/Off labels.

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Step 2: Raspberry Pi Blynk App Setup to Control LED

First open the terminal window and update your Pi using:

sudo apt-get update

After updating your pi install GIT using:

sudo apt-get install git-core

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Now to install Wiring Pi using this command:

git clone git://git.drogon.net/wiringPi

After installing Wiring Pi,download Blynk library:

git clone https://github.com/blynkkk/blynk-library.git 6

cd blynk-library/linux

make clean all target=raspberry

After doing all these steps now put your ‘Auth Token’ in terminal using this command:

sudo ./blynk --token= YourAuthToken

After doing all these steps now your Raspberry pi is connected with your Blynk project.

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Step 3: Run Blynk App for Controlling LED

To run the project click on ‘play button’ on upper right corner. Then Press the button on
Blynk app and watch the LED.

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Exp 10 - IOT controlled LED using Cayenne app and raspberry pi

IoT is one of the most hyped technologies at the moment. A number of IoT platforms
like Adafruit IO, Blynk, Particle, IFTTT, Artik, Firebase, Thingspeak and etc. are now
available and Cayenne is one of them. But Cayenne is a good choice for a number of
reasons liks:

● To setup Cayenne is faster and easy, as it connects with Pi within few minutes.
● In Cayenne, we can add sensors, motors, actuators, GPIO boards, and more to
control them remotely.
● Cayenne have customizable dashboards with drag-and-drop widgets for different
connected devices.
● We can create triggers and threshold alerts for devices, events, and actions.
● Easy to automate the process for one or multiple devices.

Cayenne platform consists of four key components:

1. The first component is the Cayenne agent software that runs on the RaspberryPi,
and responsible for communicating with the server.
2. The second component is the Cayenne cloud that processes and stores user and
sensor data from the device.
3. The third component is the online dashboard that provides a graphical
environment for working with your IoT project, as well as monitoring and
managing the device.
4. And finally the fourth component is the Cayenne app for Android and IOS is used
to set up and manage Cayenne on the Rasp Pi.

In this project, we are going to set up Raspberry Pi for Cayenne. Below is all the
components that will be needed for setting up myDevices Cayenne for Raspberry Pi.

Components Required

Hardware

● Raspberry Pi

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Software

● Cayenne Software

Cayenne Setup with Raspberry Pi

Start with creating an account on myDevices Cayenne. Scroll down and click on ‘TRY IT’
to sign up for a free account.

After sign up, it will redirect you to a new window, where you have to choose a device to
connect with the Cayenne platform. Choose Raspberry Pi.

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In the next window, you will get two options to connect the Pi with your account.

The first option is to connect pi using Cayenne smartphone app and second is using
Raspberry Pi Terminal.

Case 1

To connect it with a smartphone, download Cayenne app from play store and log in.

Now to add a device by clicking on ‘Add Device’ and in next window click on Raspberry
Pi.

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Now it will search for the available device (make sure that your pi is turned on and
connected to WiFi ).

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Now click on the connected device, it will take you to the dashboard.

Case 2

To connect using your Pi terminal just run these commands on terminal:

wget https://cayenne.mydevices.com/dl/rpi_udkat8fjaw.sh

sudo bash rpi_udkat8fjaw.sh –v

It will connect the Raspberry Pi with the Cayenne platform.

Now click on the device it will take you to the dashboard.

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Controlling LED from Cayenne Dashboard

Now we will control led from Cayenne dashboard. Connect the LED as shown in below
circuit diagram:

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Now go to GPIO menu as shown in below image:

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Now go to GPIO 17 pin and click on input, and change it to output. Then to change led
state click on ‘LOW’ button, it will change to ‘HIGH’. Now your LED is on.

Adding Button on Cayenne Dashboard

You can also add a button to control your LED.

For this click on ‘Add new’ and then click on ‘Device/Widget’.

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After this click on ‘Actuators’ and then light.

Now click on ‘Light Switch’ and fill the details as shown in below image. Then click on
Add Widget.

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It will redirect you to dashboard. Now you will see a button is added to your dashboard
to control the LED.

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Exp 11 - IOT based motion detection using IFTTT and raspberry pi

IFTTT (If This Then That) is a free IoT service that allows you to send a trigger from one
device/thing, and allow that trigger to make something happen elsewhere.

Confusing? Perhaps, but a quick example should help show the simplicity of it:

Our recipe ('applet') could be: "If I send an email with the subject 'turn on', then switch on
my smart lightbulb".

The 'THIS' is the email and the 'THAT' is lighting the WiFi lightbulb. Simple right?

IFTTT Services

The exciting thing about IFTTT is the sheer number of services you can use as either
triggers (THIS) or actions (THAT). There are hundreds to make use of including Google
Drive, Pushbullet and Android Wear. There are even niche services which can link to your
smart washing machine, Dominos Pizza, BMW and Tesco shopping!

Now imagine if we could combine the power of IFTTT with the Raspberry Pi?

Considering the flexibility of Python, the power of the GPIO, and the huge range of
sensors, components and inputs we can attach to it - the possibilities are truly endless!

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IFTTT Webhooks

Well, this IS possible thanks to the IFTTT Webhooks service, which was specifically
designed for makers.

Webhooks can send and receive triggers via HTML POST and GET requests, which can
be easily added to your code using the 'requests' python library.

A GET request pulls data from a source/server, and a POST request does the opposite -
it sends (or updates) data to a server.

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IFTTT Motion Alert Project

To explain how to use IFTTT, we're going to show you a real project in action using a
Raspberry Pi Zero W and one of our affordable PIR sensors (also included in our EduKit
Sensors Kit ).

Our IFTTT project will use the Webhooks service as the trigger, which will be used in
conjunction with the Pushbullet service to send a pop-up notification to our smartphone
when that even occurs.

This project will detect when someone enters a room - catching anyone snooping where
they shouldn't be when we're out of the house! This could be used in an office that the
kids aren't allowed in, watching for your little sister borrowing your things, or even as a
super simple DIY Raspberry Pi burglar alarm!

We can even use the IFTTT mobile app to turn the triggers on/off, so that you don't get
constant notifications when you're at home.

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Step 1: Assumptions

For this project example, we're going assume the following:

● You have a basic understanding of the Raspberry Pi

● You have your PIR sensor set up and working as per the CamJam EduKit 2
worksheet instructions (PIR middle signal pin on GPIO 17 (BCM).

Step 2: Account Setup

Before we go anywhere near our Raspberry Pi we need to set up our IFTTT and
Pushbullet accounts.

IFTTT

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Go to the IFTTT website (https://ifttt.com) and select 'sign up' in the top-right corner:

It's a straightforward sign-up process like any other - we chose to sign in with our
Google account to remove the need to remember yet another password.

It'll show a screen asking you to pick 3 services to start off with - ignore that and just
click the 'X' in the top-right corner.

You'll then be taken to the homepage - that's it, IFTTT account created!

Pushbullet

Pushbullet is a simple sign-up process again, but as we want smartphone alerts we

need to also install the mobile application.

We'll start with the account sign-up. Go to the Pushbullet website

(https://www.pushbullet.com/) and select to sign up with either Google or Facebook.

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You'll then be taken through some recommended setup steps. You'll want to add the
mobile app for Pushbullet as this is how we receive notifications on our phone.

Select the 'Set up your phone' option, then select either the Android or iPhone. This will
take you to the respective app store page where you can download the Pushbullet app.

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Be sure to open the mobile app and log in with the same method (Google/Facebook)
that you used on the desktop site.

The other Pushbullet setup options can be ignored for now. Your Pushbullet account is
now created!

Step 3: Activate Webhooks and Pushbullet services

Open IFTTT in a browser, select your username in the top-right corner, then select
'Services'.

You should see a small selection of services - these are the default services that all
users start with. At the bottom of the page, select 'all services'.

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When the next page appears, type 'Webhooks' into the filter box, which will single out the
webhooks service:

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Select the Webhooks icon, then click 'connect' on the next screen to enable that
channel.

There's nothing to sign in to for this one, as it's simply activating a way to request and
push data to IFTTT.

The page will refresh and you'll notice a 'Documentation' button appear on the right.
Select that to find your unique 'key' (take a note of it):

Go back to the IFTTT homepage and repeat the steps to add a service, however this
time filter for 'Pushbullet'. As before, you'll see a button to connect IFTTT to the
Pushbullet service.

Assuming you're still signed in to Pushbullet, you should see the following page where it
asks you to approve the request for IFTTT to connect to your Pushbullet account:

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Once you've approved access, we're ready to start.

Step 4: Create an IFTTT Applet

An Applet is our recipe that links services together - linking a 'THIS' trigger with a 'THAT'
action.

For this project, the PIR sensor will trigger the Raspberry Pi to send a HTML POST
request to the IFTTT webhooks service, and will trigger Pushbullet to send a note when
that happens. That will then pop up on your phone as you have the Pushbullet
application installed.

From the IFTTT home page, select the 'My Applets' link at the top of the page. You'll see
the screen below, along with any default applets that IFTTT sets up for new users.
Select the 'New Applet' button on the right side of the screen.

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An easy to use interface will load on your screen. Select the blue 'THIS' link.

Now search for 'Webhooks' and then select the Webhooks icon.

There's only one trigger option for Webhooks, which is 'Receive a web request'. Select
that option:

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Now we need to add some specifics to this trigger. The next screen will ask for an event
name. This is something we add to the Python HTML request later on when we write the
script on the Raspberry Pi.

We'll call this event 'motion_detected' then click 'create trigger':

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You'll see the Webhooks icon has now taken the place of the 'THIS' text. We now have to
set the 'THAT' action - click on the blue 'THAT' text:

Using the filter again, type in 'Pushbullet' then select the Pushbullet icon when it
appears. We want Pushbullet to send us a note (a notification) when this applet triggers,
so select the first 'Push a note option'.

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We can set this up how we like, including 'ingredients' which are pieces of data which
we can set our Raspberry Pi to send through with our Webhooks request.

We'll keep this one simple and just push some text with the date/time of when motion
was detected, as follows:

Select 'Create action' to move to the final screen.

Here we see a summary of our applet and confirm that we want to complete it. Select
the 'Finish' button:

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That's it - our applet is waiting for us to trigger it from our Raspberry Pi, so let's move to
that part now.

Step 5: Raspberry Pi Setup

Step 1: Update Raspbian

As always, we recommend starting with a fresh copy of Raspbian and updating it by

running the following commands in a terminal window, both followed by enter:

sudo apt-get update

then

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sudo apt-get upgrade

Step 2: Install pip

Pip is a package manager for Python. You will likely already have pip installed on your
Raspberry Pi, but let's check anyway just in case.

Type the following command, followed by enter:

sudo apt-get install python3-pip

Step 3: Install Requests

Requests is the module which allows us to send the HTML POST request to IFTTT.

Install requests by typing the following command, followed by enter:

sudo pip3 install requests

Step 4: Install RPi.GPIO

If you're using Raspbian Lite, you may also need to install RPi.GPIO. Type the following
command followed by enter:

sudo apt-get install python-rpi.gpio python3-rpi.gpio

Step 6: Python script

As we're using the PIR sensor from the CamJam EduKit Sensors kit, the Python script
is based mostly on the CamJam code for that sensor. We tweaked the layout/style it a
little, and then added just two lines of code to send the POST request to IFTTT:

● We added line 6 to import the requests module. We have to import requests to

allow us to use it, just like any other module.
● We added line 46, which is the URL and key needed to trigger the IFTTT recipe.
○ You'll need to change the part that says YOUR_KEY to your IFTTT key

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○ You'll need to change the part that says YOUR_EVENT_NAME to

whatever event name you want to use with Webhooks (remember, we
used 'motion_detected' in the example)

It really is as simple as adding just two lines of code!

The Code

Here's the full Python script. Below the code you'll see how to easily download this
directly to your Raspberry Pi:

#! /usr/bin/python

# Imports

import RPi.GPIO as GPIO

import time

import requests

# Set the GPIO naming convention

GPIO.setmode(GPIO.BCM)

# Turn off GPIO warnings

GPIO.setwarnings(False)

# Set a variable to hold the GPIO Pin identity

pinpir = 17

# Set GPIO pin as input

GPIO.setup(pinpir, GPIO.IN)

# Variables to hold the current and last states

currentstate = 0

previousstate = 0

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try:

print("Waiting for PIR to settle ...")

# Loop until PIR output is 0

while GPIO.input(pinpir) == 1:

currentstate = 0

print(" Ready")

# Loop until users quits with CTRL-C

while True:

# Read PIR state

currentstate = GPIO.input(pinpir)

# If the PIR is triggered

if currentstate == 1 and previousstate == 0:

print("Motion detected!")

# Your IFTTT URL with event name, key and json parameters (values)

r=
requests.post('https://maker.ifttt.com/trigger/YOUR_EVENT_NAME/with/key/YOUR_KE
Y_HERE', params={"value1":"none","value2":"none","value3":"none"})

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# Record new previous state

previousstate = 1

#Wait 120 seconds before looping again

print("Waiting 120 seconds")

time.sleep(120)

# If the PIR has returned to ready state

elif currentstate == 0 and previousstate == 1:

print("Ready")

previousstate = 0

# Wait for 10 milliseconds

time.sleep(0.01)

except KeyboardInterrupt:

print(" Quit")

# Reset GPIO settings

GPIO.cleanup()

Downloading the script

The easiest way to download the Python script to your Raspberry Pi is with a simple
'wget' command, which tells your Raspberry Pi to download the script.

First, in a terminal window, make a new directory by typing the command below
followed by enter:

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mkdir IFTTT

Then enter that directory by using the following command, again followed by enter:

cd IFTTT

Finally, download the script to that directory by using the following command, followed
by enter:

wget https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0176/3274/files/iftttpir.py

Then check it worked by using the command below followed by enter:

ls

Your directory should look like the image below:

Pro Tip!

Did you notice at the end of line 46 there is a 'params' line of code after the URL?

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params={"value1":"none","value2":"none","value3":"none"})

We're not using them in this example, however they can be used to send up to 3 values
to IFTTT in your POST request, which can be any string that your script can create.

Here's where you add them in IFTTT, when you're creating your applet:

Consider the uses of these values when combined with other sensors such as
temperature, ultrasonic or humidity (or one of the many other sensors available)!

Step 7: Run the script

To run your code, first make sure you're in the IFTTT directory, then run the code with
this command, followed by enter:

sudo python3 iftttpir.py

Step 8: The Result

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With your code running, you will start receiving notifications from Pushbullet every time
someone moves in front of your PIR sensor!

Here's what it looks like on our smartphone:

The script includes a 120-second delay after motion is detected, just to make sure you
don't keep receiving notifications every second when there's someone in the room. You
can change that setting to fit your project's needs (line 53).

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