WORKSHEET 3

TOPIC : PHOTOPERIODISM AND EMBRIOGENESIS

A. BASIC COMPETENCY:
3.1 Menjelaskan pengaruh faktor internal dan faktor eksternal terhadap pertumbuhan dan 
perkembangan makhluk hidup
3.2 Menyusun laporan hasil percobaan tentang pengaruh faktor eksternal terhadap proses
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan tanaman
B. LEARNING OUTCOMES:
1. Students can explain the definition of photoperiodism and embryogenesis
2. Students can explain the process of embryogenesis
 
C. THEORY
Photoperiodism

 
 
 
Embryogenesis
https://youtu.be/dAOWQC-OBv0
https://youtu.be/f2dvh0YNDwM 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
D. ANALYSIS
Make a question from each picture below and answer it with a scientific answer
Picture 1

What is photoperiodism? Explain!

Photoperiodism is the response of plants and animals to the relative lengths of dark and light
periods. In plants, the most remarkable photoperiodic response is the commencement of
flowering. The photoperiodism was observed first in Maryland Mammoth variety of tobacco.

Based on the duration of plants to the light, it is further classified into three categories:
Long day plants- Example: Spinach, hibiscus, etc.
Short day plants- Example: Sugarcane, cotton, etc.
Day-neutral plants- Example: Tomato, rose, etc.

Apart from plant species certain birds and animals also respond during certain times of the year
by showing certain behaviours. A number of biological and behavioural changes are dependent
on the photoperiodism that includes migration, reproduction, and the changing of coats, etc. For
example, the bird nightingale sings more frequently during the breeding seasons.
 
Picture 2
What are the four initial stages of the embryonic development? Explain!

The four initial stages of the embryonic development are the morula stage, the blastula stage, the
gastrula stage and the neurula stage (beginning of organogenesis).

The cell division in the first stage of the embryonic developments is called cleavage, or
segmentation. In this stage several mitoses occur from the zygote forming the new embryo. The
cells that result from the cleavage (the first stage of the embryonic development) are called
blastomeres. In this stage the embryo is called morula (similar to a “morus”, mulberry).

After passing the morula stage in which the embryo is a compact mass of cells, the next stage is
the blastula stage. In the blastula stage the compactness is lost and an internal cavity filled with
fluid appears inside, the blastocele.

The blastula turns into gastrula in a process known as gastrulation. Gastrulation is the process
through which a portion of the blastula wall undergoes invagination inside the blastocele, forming
a tube called archenteron (primitive intestine). The cells of the inner side of the tube form the
endoderm (germ layer) and the cells of the outer side form the ectoderm (another germ layer). It is
the beginning of the tissue differentiation in embryonic development (organogenesis).

Picture 3

What are the three germ layers in humans and what differentiated tissue do they each
form?

1. Endoderm
The endoderm is one of the germ layers formed during embryogenesis.The endoderm consists at
first of flattened cells, which subsequently become columnar. It forms the epithelial lining of the
whole of the digestive tube excepting part of the mouth and pharynx and the terminal part of the
rectum (which are lined by involutions of the ectoderm). It also forms the lining cells of all the
glands which open into the digestive tube, including those of the liver and pancreas; the
epithelium of the auditory tube and tympanic cavity; the trachea, bronchi, and air cells of the
lungs; the urinary bladder and part of the urethra; and the follicle lining of the thyroid gland and
thymus.
 2. Mesoderm
The middle of the three germ layers, or masses of cells (lying between the ectoderm and
endoderm), which appears early in the development of an embryo. In vertebrates it subsequently
gives rise to muscle, connective tissue, cartilage, bone, notochord, blood, bone marrow,
lymphoid tissue, and to the epithelia (surface, or lining, tissues) of blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels, body cavities, kidneys, ureters, gonads (sex organs), genital ducts, adrenal cortex, and
certain other tissues.

3. Ectoderm
The ectoderm is the start of a tissue that covers the body surfaces. It emerges first and forms
from the outermost of the germ layers.The ectoderm forms: the central nervous system, the lens
of the eye, cranial and sensory, the ganglia and nerves, pigment cells, head connective tissues,
the epidermis, hair, and mammary glands.

Picture 4

How’s transformation from egg into chick? Explain!

When the egg is laid, some embryonic development has occurred and usually stops until proper
cell environmental conditions are established for incubation to resume. At first, all the cells are
alike, but as the embryo develops, cell differences are observed. Some cells may become vital
organs; others become a wing or leg.

Soon after incubation begins, a pointed thickened layer of cells becomes visible in the caudal or
tail end of the embryo. This pointed area is the primitive streak, and is the longitudinal axis of the
embryo. From the primitive streak, the head and backbone of the embryo develop. A precursor of
the digestive tract forms; blood islands appear and will develop later into the vascular or blood
system; and the eye begins.
On the second day of incubation, the blood islands begin linking and form a vascular system,
while the heart is being formed elsewhere. By the 44th hour of incubation, the heart and vascular
systems join, and the heart begins beating. Two distinct circulatory systems are established, an
embryonic system for the embryo and a vitelline system extending into the egg.

At the end of the third day of incubation, the beak begins developing and limb buds for the wings
and legs are seen. Torsion and flexion continue through the fourth day. The chick's entire body
turns 90o and lies down with its left side on the yolk. The head and tail come close together so the
embryo forms a "C" shape. The mouth, tongue, and nasal pits develop as parts of the digestive
and respiratory systems. The heart continues to enlarge even though it has not been enclosed
within the body. It is seen beating if the egg is opened carefully. The other internal organs
continue to develop. By the end of the fourth day of incubation, the embryo has all organs needed
to sustain life after hatching, and most of the embryo's parts can be identified. The chick embryo
cannot, however, be distinguished from that of mammals.

The embryo grows and develops rapidly. By the seventh day, digits appear on the wings and feet,
the heart is completely enclosed in the thoracic cavity, and the embryo looks more like a bird.
After the tenth day of incubation, feathers and feather tracts are visible, and the beak hardens. On
the fourteenth day, the claws are forming and the embryo is moving into position for hatching.
After twenty days, the chick is in the hatching position, the beak has pierced the air cell, and
pulmonary respiration has begun.

After 21 days of incubation, the chick finally begins its escape from the shell. The chick begins
by pushing its beak through the air cell. The allantois, which has served as its lungs, begins to dry
up as the chick uses its own lungs. The chick continues to push its head outward. The sharp horny
structure on the upper beak (egg tooth) and the muscle on the back of the neck help cut the shell.
The chick rests, changes position, and keeps cutting until its head falls free of the opened shell. It
then kicks free of the bottom portion of the shell. The chick is exhausted and rests while the navel
openings heal and its down dries. Gradually, it regains strength and walks. The incubation and
hatching is complete. The horny cap will fall off the beak within days after the chick hatches.

Picture 5
What is metamorphosis and what are the types of metamorphosis? Explain!

Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or

There are two types of metamorphosis, Simple Metamorphosis or Incomplete Metamorphosis and
Complete Metamorphosis.

In simple metamorphosis there are three important stages, they are Egg, Nymph, and Adult. The
nymph in simple metamorphosis or incomplete metamorphosis resembles as an adult but with
underdeveloped wings. In simple metamorphosis some part of exoskeleton remains throughout
the lifetime former stages of the insect are reproductively successful. Example of insects goes
through the process of simple metamorphosis are Cockroaches praying Mantis termites etc.

Complete metamorphosis contains 4 stages, they are Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. In this type of
metamorphosis the egg develops into immature tadpole or larva which gradually undergoes many
drastic changes in appearance before it forms an adult. The egg, Larva, Pupa an adult doesn’t
resemble the adult. In complete metamorphosis the larva stage is very active and eats a lot of
food. And the Pupa its inactive. The exoskeleton in complete metamorphosis is completely
sheded or molted . Example of complete metamorphosis butterflies, frog ,mosquitoes, moths, bees
etc.
 
 
E. CONCLUTION
1. The development and growth of living things is not a miracle without a process. but
through stages or processes that are quite long.
2. In addition to plants, which go through the process of growth and development, humans
and animals as well. Babies are not born suddenly but go through a process called
embryogenesis.
3. The growth and development of living things is influenced by internal factors, such as
enzymes, and external factors, such as light (photoperiodism) and environmental
temperature.