09-Aug-21

CE 1102
FUNDAMENTALS OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING

Dr. Nadeeka S. Miguntanna,

Senior Lecturer,
Department of Civil Engineering, Kothelawala
Defence University,
[email protected]
1

Your Lecturer:

I am a Civil Engineer/Senior Lecturer/Researcher

1
 09-Aug-21

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS

Bachelor of Science in Engineering- Specialization: Civil Engineering, Department of Civil

Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.

M.Sc. (Full Time Research)-Specialization: Environmental Engineering, School of Urban

Development, Faculty of Built and Environmental Engineering, Queensland University of
Technology (QUT), Australia.

Doctor of Philosophy - Specialization: Hydraulics Engineering, School of Civil, Mining and

Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Wollongong (UOW), Australia.

RECENT ACHIEVEMENTS (Selected)

 Vice-Chancellors Award for Outstanding Contribution to Teaching and Learning (OCTAL) 2020.

 Awarded Fellow Membership of Wollongong Academy for Tertiary Teaching & Learning Excellence
(WATTLE) in recognition of contributions to the student learning experience, through teaching and
learning practices 2020.

 Australian Postgraduate Awards, University of Wollongong, Australia (2015-2019).

3

2
 09-Aug-21

Speaking is easy;
Listening is difficult
Speaking is a skill;
Listening is attitude

Please work happily

without sleeping!

CE 1102 - Fundamentals of Civil Engineering

 Scope of Civil Engineering

 Fluid mechanics, Hydrostatics
 Hydrodynamics Week 1-6
 Flow classification

 Introduction to structural engineering

 Building construction & materials
 Highway Engineering
6

3
 09-Aug-21

RESOURCES
 Module Descriptor- Available in LMS

 Lesson Plan- Available in LMS

 Suggested list of further readings-Available in LMS

 Each week Lecture notes- Will be uploaded to LMS before the each
week lecture

 Lecture recordings for each week- Will be uploaded to LMS after

the each week lecture

 Any other specific learning materials will be uploaded to the LMS in

each week 7

Content
• Introduction to Civil Engineering

• Specializations of Civil Engineering

– Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation Engineering;

– Structural Engineering;
– Transportation Engineering;
– Surveying;
– Architecture & Town Planning;
– Building Materials;
– Construction Technology;
– Environmental Engineering;
– Geotechnical Engineering;
– Remote Sensing & GIS.
8

4
 09-Aug-21

Engineering

• Ingenious means ‘Clever person’ in Latin

• Engineer cleverly uses the available natural resources for the
benefit of mankind.
• Provides comfort to mankind and makes life comfortable.
• Application of scientific and mathematical knowledge and
rational thinking to improve living standards

Civil Engineering
• Oldest branch of engineering, next to Military engineering.
• A professional engineering discipline that deals with the analysis, design,
construction and maintenance of infrastructural facilities such as buildings,
bridges, dams, roads etc.
• Constructions are against nature.
• Application of physical, mathematical and scientific principles for the
convenience of civilization.
• Began b/w 4000 BC and 2000 BC (during Ancient Egypt, Mesapotamia,
Indus Valley Civilizations).
• John Smeaton was the first self proclaimed Civil Engineer who built
Eddystone Light House in 1771.

10

5
 09-Aug-21

Civil Engineering is Everywhere

Civil Engineering is a
composite of many specific
disciplines that include
structural engineering, water
engineering, waste material
management and engineering,
foundation engineering etc.
among many.

11

Building Big!!!!

Buildings & Structures: Cities

Infrastructure: Transportation

Culture: Art: Architecture

The Future: Without Limit!

12

6
 09-Aug-21

DISCIPLINES OF CIVIL ENGINERING

Structural Hydraulics,
Engineering Water Resource &
Irrigation Engineering

Building
Surveying
Materials

Civil Engineering Transportation

Construction
Engineering
Technology

Environmental Geotechnical
Engineering Engineering

Architecture &
Remote Sensing & GIS
Town Planning

Wonders of Civil Engineering

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn0pZlLlv-4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJaRjI7K-Lw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XmtKwDE_5lk

14

7
 09-Aug-21

Structural Engineering

Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, Petronas twin tower, Malasia

CA, USA
Burj, Dubai

• Structure is the assemblage of two or more basic elements

such as beam, slab, column, truss, frame, shells etc.
• Deals with the requirements considering design for limit
states of collapse and serviceability.
15

Structural Engineering
Involves determination of support reactions,
member forces and moments, deflection and
deformations.

Deals with planning of positions/layout of

different elements and design (determination
of size, shape and material) of component
such that safety and serviceability
requirements are not sacrificed, yet economy
is considered.

Repair, rehabilitation and maintenance is

part of structural engineering.

Dams, Bridges, Stadiums, Auditoriums,

Multi-storeyed buildings are analysed &
designed
16

8
 09-Aug-21

Hydraulics, Water Resource & Irrigation

Engineering
Water management involves the use of
hydrologic and hydraulic principles to design:
Drainage systems,
Detention/retention ponds,
Navigational waterways, and
Flood control levees, dams, and lakes.

More pictures

17

Building Materials Technology

This deals with materials used for construction. Brick, tiles, soil,
cement, stone, sand, steel, aggregates, glass, wood, plastics etc.
include construction materials. Some are natural and many are man
made.
This deals with the proper use of desired material economically
and safely.
The mechanical properties of these materials shall be sufficient to
avoid failure and excessive deformation and provide durability.
The chemical properties shall be to maintain considering the
environmental sustainability.

18

9
 09-Aug-21

Surveying

• Activity involved in collection

of topographic features of a
location for future
construction.
• Feasibility survey, alternate
and most suitable method is
evolved
• Helps in environmental
impact assessment

19

Surveying
Objectives of Surveying

• Execution of survey to collect

topographic data
• Calculation and analysis of data, plotting
survey data to create design maps
• Provision of line, grade and other layout
works

Total Station 20

10
 09-Aug-21

Construction Technology
& Management
• Deals with planning, scheduling and
execution of construction activity
related to a project.
• Comprises of men, material, time and
money management.
• Emphasis will be on new construction
practice, use of appropriate and local
technology, safety of men and
material, utilization of marginal
materials etc.

21

Construction Technology
& Management

• Construction managers:
– Review contracts,
– Order materials,
– Hire and schedule sub-
contractors.
• The job of a construction
manager is to:
– Provide quality control and
insure project is completed
on time and.
– Within budget.

22

11
 09-Aug-21

Transportation Engineering
Application of scientific approach
(planning, design, operation and
management) of transportation systems
such as roads, railway, sea/river & air
transports.
It involves planning, design,
construction/operation and
maintenance of transportation facility.
In air strip runways, roads and railway,
the study includes the design of
pavement system.
Maintenance and up gradation of
docks, harbors, airports, railway system
based on requirements, population
growth is a part of this discipline.
23

Transportation Engineering

› Application of scientific approach (planning,

design, operation and management) of
transportation systems such as roads, railway,
sea/river & air transports.
› It involves planning, design,
construction/operation and maintenance of
transportation facility.
› In air strip runways, roads and railway, the study
includes the design of pavement system.
› Maintenance and upgradation of docks, harbors,
airports, railway system based on requirements,
population growth is a part of this discipline.

12
 09-Aug-21

Deals with Transportation system

Planning And high way material design

Environmental Engineering
Environment is the available nature around us. It includes the life
support system such as water, air and land/Soil.
Environmental engineering deals with the technology to save nature
from human and natural abuse and pollution.
The study involves balanced compromise between environment and
safety.

It deals with,
Technique of water collection, purification and supply
Waste water collection, treatment and disposal
Control of all types of pollution
26

13
 09-Aug-21

Environmental Engineering

Environmentalist
Vs
Environmental
Engineer
27

Geotechnical Engineering
All structures are founded on ground.
Forces from structure are safely
transferred to soil. Essential to
understand ground behavior and
interaction between soil and structure.

Involves
Foundations
Slopes
Retaining Structures
Highway pavement design
Embankments and earth dams
Tunnels, underground structures and deep
cuts
28

14
 09-Aug-21

Geotechnical Engineering
To assess the quality of soil or
rock to carry the structure
Proper knowledge of
geotechnical eng. is necessary
for safety and stability of
structures

29

For a geotechnical engineer

Foundation Soil and sub-structure should resist forces

without failure or excessive deformation
30

15
 09-Aug-21

Remote Sensing & GIS

This is one of the new fields.

The improvement in space technology, availability of GPS
enhanced the scope of geographic information system.

31

Good mapping technique helps to get required information accurately

and quickly to effectively manage and monitor the available resources
for optimal use.
GIS is an high tech equivalent of map. It represents a means to locate
ourselves in relation to world around us. It deals with measurement,
mapping, monitoring and modeling of geographic information around
us.
32

16
 09-Aug-21

Architecture & Town Planning

Giving beauty to buildings is architecture
Enhancing the appearance
Maintaining heritage

Proper planning of towns & cities

Planning the layout
Planning the road
Separating the commercial, residential, academic and industrial areas
Planning green belt
Planning sewage disposal units
Planning water treatment plants and water storage units

33

Roads
A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more
places.

Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow

easy travel

A "road" was simply any pathway fit for riding.

The United States has the largest network of roadways of any single
country in the world with 6,430,366 km (2005).
India has the second largest road system in the world with
3,383,344 km (2002).

People's Republic of China is third with 1,870,661 km of roadway

(2004). 34

17
 09-Aug-21

Components of Road

 Carriageway Wearing Course

 Berm / Kerb
 Drain
 Shoulder Surface Course
 Footpath
 Cycle Track Base Course

Sub Base Course

Natural Subgrade

35

18
09-Aug-21

19
09-Aug-21

20
 09-Aug-21

Bridges
A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river,
body of water, or any other physical obstacle.

A bridge is designed for trains, pedestrian or road traffic, a pipeline or

waterway for water transport or barge traffic.

An aqueduct is a bridge that carries water, resembling a viaduct, which is a

bridge that connects points of equal height.

A road-rail bridge carries both road and rail traffic.

A bridge's structural efficiency may be considered to be the ratio of load

carried to bridge mass, given a specific set of material types.

A bridge's economic efficiency will be site and traffic dependent, the ratio of
savings by having a bridge (instead of, for example, a ferry, or a longer road
route) compared to its cost. 42

21
 09-Aug-21

Namihaya Bridge, Osaka, Japan Meiwa Bridge, Edogawa-Ku, Tokyo

2nd Mameyaki Bridge, Saitama, Japan Tsurumi Tsubasa Bridge Hakucho Bridge 43

Classification of Bridges

Based on Action Based on Material used

 Beam bridges  Concrete Bridge
 Cantilever bridges  Steel Bridge
 Arch bridges  Timber Bridge
 Suspension bridges  Composite Bridge
 Cable-stayed bridges
 Truss bridges

44

22
 09-Aug-21

Classification of Bridges

Based on Material used Based on purpose

 Concrete Bridge Road Bridge

 Steel Bridge Rail Bridge
 Timber Bridge Rail & Road Bridge
 Composite Bridge Pedestrian Bridge
Aqueduct

Based on type of Support

 Simply Supported
Bridges
 Continuous Bridges
 Fixed Bridges
 Cantilever Bridges
45

Components of Bridge

1. Caisson/Raft Foundation
2. Bridge Pier
3. Bearing
4. Deck Slab
5. Roadway
6. Railing
7. Abutment

46

23
 09-Aug-21

The Basic Bridge Types

47

Types of supports

Beam/Girder Bridge

24
 09-Aug-21

Dams

Barrier that stores water at two levels.

The primary purpose of dam is to store water

whenever available in plenty for use during scarcity.

Built across rivers

Excess water is released to river and useful water is

transferred through canals

49

Components of Dam

 Body of Dam
 Foundation
 Top road
 Gates and lifting devices
 Spill way or Sluice
 Canal
 Reservoir
 Main river course
 Stilling Basin
 Drainage gallery

50

25
 09-Aug-21

Components & Forces in Dams

51

Plan of Dam

52

26
 09-Aug-21

FUNCTIONS OF DAMS
Function Example

Hydroelectric power is a major source of electricity in the world. many countries

Power
have rivers with adequate water flow, that can be dammed for power generation
generation
purposes.

Dams are often used to control and stabilize water flow, for agricultural purposes
Stabilize water
and irrigation. They can help to stabilize or restore the water levels of inland lakes
flow / irrigation
and seas. They store water for drinking and other direct human needs.

Flood prevention Dams are created for flood control.

Land Dams (often called dykes or levees) are used to prevent ingress of water to an area
reclamation that would otherwise be submerged, allowing its reclamation for human use.

Water diversion Dams are used for the purpose of diversion.

Classification of Dams

 Based on Size
 Based on function
 Based on material used

54

27
 09-Aug-21

Classification based on Size Classification based on Purpose

Small Dam (<10 m high) Hydro-electric dam

Medium size Dam (10 – 25 m high) Irrigation dam
Water supply dam for city for the
Large Dam (>25 m high) purposes of drinking water, recreation,
Major Dam (>150 m high) navigation thro canals, industrial use.
Flood Control
Habitat dam for fishes & wild life
Effluent containing dams from industry,
mine, factory etc.
Multi-purpose dam

55

Classification based on
Classification based on action
Material of construction

Masonry Dam Gravity Dam

Concrete Dam Arch Dam
Timber Dam Saddle Dam
Steel Dam Check Dam
Earth Dam Diversion Dam
Rock fill Dam Overflow Dam
Composite Dam Cofferdam

56

28
 09-Aug-21

Gravity Dam Timber Dam

San Luis Dam near Los Bonos, Steel Dam

California – an Embankment Dam

Coffer dam

Power generation Plant

Hoover Arch Dam Spillway

58

29
 09-Aug-21

Timber Dam

Steel Dam

Rockfill Dam

Arch Dam

Solid Gravity Dam

30
 09-Aug-21

Combined Earth & Rockfill Dam

Earth Dam

Infrastructure
•Infrastructure is the framework of supporting system consisting of
roads, airports, bridges, buildings, parks and other amenities for the
comfort of mankind.

•Economically, infrastructure are the structural elements that allow

for production of goods and services without themselves being part
of the production process, e.g. roads allow the transport of raw
materials and finished products.

•The word is a combination of "infra" and "structure". The term came

to prominence in the United States in the 1980s following the
publication of America in Ruins (Choate and Walter, 1981), which
initiated discussion of the nation’s "infrastructure crisis" caused by
inadequate investment and poor maintenance of public works.

31
 09-Aug-21

Impact of infrastructural development of a country

› Increase in food production
› Protection from drought, food shortage, flood
› Healthy and comfortable housing facility
› Safe domestic and industrial water supply
› Safe and scientific waste disposal
› Improvement in communication and transportation
› Generation of electricity from, nuclear,, thermal, solar or wind energy
› Improved, wealth, prosperity, standard of living
› Overall growth of a nation

Impact of infrastructural facility on socio-economic

growth of a nation
› Large scale budget allocation for infrastructure leads to agricultural and industrial
developments.

› Provide employment, eradicates poverty and enhances per capita income.

› Urban growth only can lead to population drift from rural sectors leading to
explosion in population in cities and inadequate development of villages and
improper care for agricultural sector.

› Use of infrastructural facility only by upper class leads to imbalance.

32
 09-Aug-21

Role of Civil engineers in Infrastructural

development

› Construction of roads, railway, ports, harbors and airports

› Construction of dams and proper utilization of water
resources.

› Construction of Housing, commercial and industrial

complexes
› Maintenance of facility
› Rebuilding, Rehabilitation, Retrofitting and Repair

Port city Development

33
09-Aug-21

34
 09-Aug-21

Mixture of Technological growth &

raw rural strength, blend of western
& traditional culture

– George Lorimer

70

35
 09-Aug-21

71

THANK YOU !!!!!

72

36