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CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
Q1 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
MODULE 1.1: History of Organic Chemistry
Properties of Organic Compounds
( Weeks 1& 2)
 9
Q1 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
MODULE 1.1: History of Organic Chemistry
Properties of Organic Compounds
( Weeks 1& 2)

Consumer Chemistry – Grade 9 Special Science Elective

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Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module 1.1: History of Organic Chemistry
Properties of Organic Compounds
2nd edition, September 2021

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Consumer Chemistry – Science Elective Junior High School

Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on History of Organic Chemistry &
Properties of Organic Compounds!

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Welcome to the Consumer Chemistry – Special Science Elective Junior High School
Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on History of Organic Chemistry and
Properties of Organic Compounds!

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 What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current
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 CONSUMER CHEMISTRY
QUARTER 1 - ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Module 1.1: History of Organic Chemistry
Properties of Organic Compounds

Why study chemistry? This is a question asked by students for years. For many
students the answer is that it is required for a degree in biology, agriculture , engineering ,
nursing and so forth. But most students want to know why it is required for a degree in these
various fields and why science and, more specifically , chemistry are important to them either
in their chosen field or in their lives as educated and informed citizens.
An understanding of the basic principles of chemistry is important in such areas as
biological systems or materials used in engineering, agriculture, and nursing. But even
beyond that , the food you eat, the clothes you wear , the medicine you take , and most other
aspects of your life are directly affected by the substances that you will study about in this
course.

What I Need to Know

This module will allow you to learn about the history of organic chemistry and the
properties of organic compounds .

So let’s start. Just read and follow the instruction in this module. Good luck and
have fun!

After going through this module you are expected to:

1. trace the history of organic chemistry ; and

2. discuss the properties of organic compounds.

What I Know
Directions: Match column A with Column B. Write the letter of your chosen answer on
your answer sheet.

Column A Column B

1. Science A. a material that allows the flow of charge

in one or more directions
2. Chemistry B. a point wherein a liquid substance to
bubble
3. organic chemistry C. a material that can be readily burned
4. inorganic chemistry D. a substance that can't be dissolved in a
solvent
5. physical chemistry E. chemical bond due to the sharing of
electrons
6. analytical chemistry F. chemical bond due to electron transfer
7. Biochemistry G. a German chemist who challenged this
idea by synthesizing urea from
ammonium cyanate in his laboratory

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 8. consumer chemistry H. a substance that readily dissolves in a
solvent
9. Friedrich Wohler I. the chemistry behind food and choosing
healthy options
10. ionic bonding J. study of chemical substances &
processes that occur in plants, animals,
& microorganisms & the changes they
undergo during development and life
11. covalent bonding K. studies & uses instruments & methods
used to separate , identify, and quantify
matter
12. Insoluble L. branch of chemistry concerned with the
application of the techniques and
theories of physics to the study of
chemical systems
13. Combustible M. chemical compounds without carbon
14. boiling points N branch of chemistry that studies the
structure, properties and reactions of
organic compounds , which containing
carbon in covalent bonding
15. conducts electricity O. branch of science concerned with the
study of matter
P. a systematically organized body of
knowledge.

Lesson History of Organic Chemistry

& Properties of Organic
1 Compounds

What’s in
Give at least 5 branches of chemistry and briefly describe what are being
studied under each branch.

What’s New

Activity 1- PUZZLE.
Directions: Look for words related to organic chemistry and properties of organic compounds
either horizontally, vertically, or diagonally. You are given point per correct
answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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 W I C K V I T A L F O R C E S

O D O E M Y S T I Q U E C D T

H V N I T R O G E N G A C A R

L C S N A R O M A T I C A B U

E E U E B G R A I N S C R C C

R T M A L I P H A T I C B C T

U A E T H Y L A L C O H O L U

I U R E A B C M S O A P N R

D T C U A A B M I G S Y X S E

O I H N I T R O S O L U B L E

S N E E L E R N I F A T S G F

F O M D X O B I V X E B E A E

Q U I N I N E A E W Z A N R C

B D C C D Y E C O V A L E N T

O R G A N I C C H E M T T R Y

What Is It

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon, with the exception of carbon
monoxide, carbon dioxide, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates (bicarbonates), and cyanides
(CN- ). There are many more organic compounds than there are inorganic. There are over 2
million organic compounds and approximately 100,000 inorganic compounds known. The
primary source of organic compounds is oil, although all living materials is composed of living
compounds.

All life depends on water and on the compounds of carbon. Water furnishes the fluids
of life, and carbon, in covalent combination with other carbon atoms and with atoms of
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and phosphorus as well, provides the molecules of life.
Carbon compounds occur in all living things. No life exists without them.

History of Organic Chemistry

The chemistry of carbon compounds is organic chemistry, a term bequeathed to us by

the earliest chemists. Until about 150 years ago, at the dawn of modern chemistry, organic
matter - substances obtained from things that are alive or were once alive, served as the only
source of these compounds. Ethyl alcohol, for example, an organic compound whose
intoxicating effects have been known from antiquity, has long been known obtained from the
fermentation of grains, which gives it the alternative name grain alcohol. Soap, another
organic substance, has been made for centuries from fats (also organic ) rendered from the
bodies of slaughtered animals. Organic dyes and drugs of all sorts have been extracted for
centuries from great varieties of plants. The red orange dye henna, used since antiquity for
coloring hair and leather, comes from the lawsonia shrub; quinine, the first effective
treatment for malaria, was originally isolated from the bark of South American trees. If you

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have lived as late as the first third of the 19th century and you had wanted one of this
compounds , or any other compound of carbon, you would have had to isolate it from organic
matter. There were simply no other sources.

The "organic" mystique was so powerful in those years that it engendered a belief in a
" vital force" , which was supposedly possessed by all living things and was thought to be
uniquely capable of producing the carbon compounds they contain.. Urea illustrates the idea
nicely. It is through urea, with its molecular formula CH4N2O , that almost all mammals
excrete the unused nitrogen of proteins in foods. Urea makes up 2 to 5 % of human urine.
first isolated in 1773 , urea was considered "organic" in the sense that urea ( so it was
believed ) could be generated only through the action of the mysterious vital force that exists
only within living bodies, and not at all in the sterile glassware of the chemist's laboratory .
Substances like the urea that come from living things were supposedly different in a very
mysterious sense from those obtained from nonliving sources - water, for example - which
were called "inorganic"

In 1828 the German chemist Friedrich Wohler changed all this. His preparation of
urea from ammonia (NH3 ) and cyanic acid ( HNCO ), carried out in the ordinary apparatus
of his chemical laboratory, proved that the idea of a "vital force" was irrelevant to the
development of chemistry. The urea of Wohler's laboratory was shown to be identical in every
way with the urea formed in the bodies of mammals. Indeed, since the time of Wohler's word
no difference has ever been demonstrated between the structure, properties, or behavior of a
pure substance isolated from living or once living thing and that very same pure substance
prepared in a chemist's laboratory.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Fig. 1 .Organic Structure Fig. 2. Friedrich Wohler

By now the term organic has lost its mysterious aura and has become simply the
category of the compounds of carbon. The meaning of inorganic has changed too. Today, with
only a very few exceptions, inorganic compounds are those that do not contain carbon and
inorganic chemistry is the chemistry of these compounds. Ironically Wohler, the chemist who
changed the meaning of "organic" with his brilliant synthesis of urea, was himself an
inorganic chemist. It was Wohler who first isolated the elements aluminum, boron, and
silicon.

Today, "organic" is once again acquiring meanings that suggest the operation of
mysterious vital forces, as in "organic" foods, "organic " gardening, and "organic " vitamins .
Chemically, however, Wohler's work and the ideas that evolved from it remain unchallenged.
Organic chemistry is neither more nor less the chemistry of carbon compounds.

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PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Characteristic of Typical of Organic and Inorganic Compounds

In general, organic compounds are covalent and not very polar, although some do not
have ionic bonds within the compound and many are somewhat polar. Table 1 shows the
comparison of the characteristics of organic and inorganic compounds. So, organic
compounds are generally (1)non electrolytes, (2) insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar
solvents, (3) liquids or low melting solids, and (4) quite volatile. As with other compounds,
the higher the molecular weight, the higher the melting and boiling points will be for similar
compounds. For example, low molecular weights are liquids or solids. Similarly, low
molecular weight organic acids, such as acetic acid (vinegar) , are liquids ; whereas high
molecular weight acids , such as steric acid ( found in candles ), are solids .

Table 1. Characteristics of Typical Organic and Inorganic Compounds

ORGANIC INORGANIC
Insoluble in water Soluble in water
Low melting and boiling points High melting and boiling points
Combustible (produces CO2 and H2O ) Incombustible
Does not conduct electric current Conduct electric current
Easily decompose when heated Decomposition occurs at very high
temperatures
Covalent bonding Ionic bonding

The Unique Carbon Atom

Probably the most unique thing about the carbon atom is its ability to combine with
itself. This unusual ability allows carbon atoms to form all kinds of chainlike and ring-shaped
molecules, making countless organic compounds.

Elemental carbon can exist in many different forms called allotropes .

Allotropes of Carbon

1. Graphite

A soft and abundant allotrope of carbon is graphite. The carbon atoms in graphite
are arranged in sheets or layers, held together by weak attractive forces. Graphite is used in
making pencils. The so-called "lead" in pencils are actually pulverized graphite mixed with
clay.

2. Diamond

Another allotrope of carbon is diamond. The carbon atom is bonded to four other
carbon atoms in a tetrahedral pattern. Because of this type of arrangement, the bonds
between carbon atoms are extremely strong. This makes the diamond the hardest natural
substance known on earth. Diamonds are used as jewelry and as tools to cut glass or metal

3. Fullerenes

Fullerenes are globe -shaped, cage-like arrangement of carbon atoms. They are also
called carbon balls because of their resemblance to tiny soccer balls. Fullerene was named
for R. Buckminster for his geodesic dome designs.

A research team has discovered fullerene that attacks an enzyme that is found in the
virus that causes AIDS.

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 This Photo by Unknown Author is
licensed under CC BY-SA

Fig.3. Molecular structure of graphite Figure 4. Molecular structure of diamond

Bonding Carbon Forms

You can find the carbon atoms in group 4A of the periodic table, meaning the carbon
atom has four valence electrons. It can use its four valence electrons to form covalent bonds
with many other atoms of itself, called catenation. The bonds either four single bonds, one
double bond and two single bonds, or a triple bond and one single bond.In all of these bond
types, the octet rule must always prevail.

Due to their relativiely small size, electrons of the carbon atom fill only two principal
energy levels, making the electrons closer to the nucleus. This closeness to the nucleus
creates stronger covalent bonds. Instead of forming diatomic molecules, like other smaller
atoms, carbon atoms form long, stable chains.

Molecules, like proteins and

carbohydrates that make most of our food
and the DNA ( the molecule that carries
genetic traits), are made up of long chains of
carbon atoms.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed

under CC BY-SA

Fig.5. Fullerine

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 This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

Figure 6. DNA Molecule

Structural Formulas and Isomers

Structural formulas show the arrangement of atoms within a molecule. For organic
compounds it is not only important to know the molecular formula ( as opposed to the
empirical formula ) but also essential to know the structural formula. For example, the
compound with the molecular formula C5H12 could be any of the following three compounds:

H H H H H H H

H-C-C-C-C-C-H H - C -H H-C-H

H H H H H H H H H H

H -C - C- C -C-H H - C - C - C -H

H H H H H H

H -C-H

These formulas are often written in a more condensed form as

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

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These different structural formulas are referred to as isomers. Isomers are compounds with
the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. To be more specific, these
should called structural isomers.

There are two points that should be noted about these isomers:

1. The carbons are not actually in a straight chain since the angles in the compound (C5H12)
shown above, for example, are actually 109 0. Therefore, we often refer to the longest
continuous chain in a compound (which would be five carbons in the first formula, four
carbons in the second, and three in the third) but you should think of these as a straight
chain.

2. In considering these isomers it is important that you can distinguish which are actually
different isomers. The best way to determine this is to note whether the structural formula
has been changed simply by turning the molecule around or bending it ( in which case the
two forms are not isomers ) or whether a bond would need to be broken to change from one
form to another. Consider the following examples:

CH3 - CH-CH2 -CH2 - CH3 CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3 CH3 -CH -CH2 - CH2

CH3

are not different isomers; however

CH3- CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3 CH3- CH - CH2 - CH2 - CH3

CH3 CH3

are different isomers.

It is often helpful to make some models of these in order to become familiar with the
concept.

What I Have Learned

Directions: Complete the blanks below. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

During the eighteenth century, chemists believed that there are two distinct classes
of chemical compounds had existed. Those that came from substances of (1) _____ or (2) _____
origin (organic ) and those that came from (3) _____ origin (inorganic ) . During this time ,
several chemists believed that mineral origin could not be changed to those with plant or
animal origin . This idea supported the (4) _____ theory. The chemist believe that a (5) _____
force was necessary to produce the carbon compound found in nature.

It was (6) _____ , a German chemist , who challenged this idea by synthesizing urea
from (7) _____ in his laboratory . A (8) _____ is one of the constituents of urine. which is a
substance associated with life. The discovery helped convince the scientists of that era to
abandon the vitalist theory. They also concluded that life's compounds were unique simply
because they contained the element carbon. This conclusion gave birth to (9) _____ , the study

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of carbon compounds. Today it compasses all the compounds of carbon (except carbonates) ,
(10) _____, (11) _____, and (12) _____ .

Organic compounds are (13) _______ in water; have (14) _____ melting and (15) _____
points; (16) _____ (producing CO2 and (17) _____ ) ; (18 ) _____ electric current ; (19) _____
decomposes when heated and are having (20) _____ bonds.

What I Can Do
1. Which of the following represent the same compound?

2. Justify your answer. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

a). CH3- CH2 -CH - CH2 -CH3 CH3

CH3 c). CH2 -CH-CH2 - CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3 d). CH3 - CH -CH2 - CH2 - CH3

b). CH3 - CH2 -CH - CH2 CH3

Assessment
Matching Type.
Directions: Match column A with column B. Write the letters of the correct answer on
your answer sheet.

Column A Column B
1. organic chemistry A. the "lead" used in pencils

2. Allotropes B. the valence electrons of carbon

3. Four C. characteristic of C atom to use its four

valence electrons to form covalent bonds
with many other atoms of itself

4. structural formulas D. the bond that is formed due to the

sharing of electrons

5. Isomers E. the primary source of organic compounds

6. covalent bond F. incapable of being dissolved

7. Fullerene G. the molecule that carries genetic traits

8. Oil H. does not conduct electricity

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9. volatile I. a temperature at which a solid will melt

10. insoluble J. the temperature at which the vapor

pressure surrounding the liquid and the
liquid changes into vapor

11. melting point K. easily evaporated at normal temperature

12. nonelectrolyte L. each of two or more compounds with the

same formula but different arrangement
of atoms in the molecule and different
properties.

13. catenation M. show the arrangement of atoms within a

molecule

14. DNA N. attacks an enzyme that is found in the

virus that causes AIDS

15. graphite O. different forms of elemental carbon

P. the study of carbon compounds

References:
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Bureau of Secondary Education, Department of Education . Project EASE -Chemistry Modules . Pasig
City Metro Manila.Cebu

The Commissionon Higher Education in collaboration with the Philippine Normal University. Teaching
Guide for Senior High School . General Chemistry 1

Department of Education . Science and Technology III Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: Vibal
Publishing House, Inc. 2009

Hagad, Hilda Ropelos. Chemistry.Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. 2003

Magno , Marcelita Coronel. Basic Chemistry for Senior High School. Mandaluyong City, Philippines:
Anvil Publishing , Inc.

Mapa, Amelia and Trinidad Fidelino. Science and Technology III -Chemistry.
Metro Manila.Cebu: SD Publications, Inc.1999

Redmore, Fred H. Fundamentals of Chemistry. Quezon City, Philippines: Reliable Publishing House

https://www.imedpub.com.scholarly

https://study.com.academy.food

https://www.hawkinswatts.com>

https://getrevising.co.uk>grids

https://www.fda.gov

Photos used in this module are by unknown authors but licensed by CCBY-SA

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