B.N.M.I.T Dept.

of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

Simulation experiments using MATLAB (Part-B)

1. Write a Matlab code to simulate NRZ, RZ, half-sinusoid and raised cosine pulses
and generate eye diagram for binary polar signaling.

NRZ polar signal:

Close all; clc;

Clear all;
x=randi([0 1],1,10);
for ii=1:length(x)
if x(ii)==1;
x1(ii)=5;
else
x1(ii)=-5;
end;
end;
p=1;
t=0:0.01:length(x1)
for j=1:length(t)
if t(j)<=p
y(j)=x1(p)
else
p=p+1;
y(j)=x1(p);
end;
end;
plot(t,y,'r');axis([0 length(x1) -6 6])

RZ polar signal:

clc;clear all;close all;

x=randi([0 1],1,10); for
ii=1:length(x)
if x(ii)==1 x1(ii)=5;
else
x1(ii)=-5;
end;
end;
p=1;
a=0;
b=0.5;
t=0:0.01:length(x1);for
j=1:length(t)

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67
if t(j)>=a && t(j)<=b
y(j)=x1(p);
elseif t(j)>=b && t(j)<=p
y(j)=0;
else p=p+1;
a=a+1;
b=b+1;
end;
end;
plot(t,y,'r');axis([0 length(x1) -6 6]);

Sample eye diagram using sinc function:

N=100;
x=2*round(rand(N,1))-1;

x1 = x';
a = -5.5:1/100:1.5;
b = -3.5:1/100:3.5;
c = -1.5:1/100:5.5;
for i = 1:1:(N+2-11);
d = x1(1,i)*sinc(b);
e = x1(1,i+1)*sinc(b);f
= x1(1,i+2)*sinc(b);
hold on, plot(a,f); hold
on, plot(b,e); hold on,
plot(c,d); end

title('Eye Diagram - Before Equalization (W=3)');

xlabel('Time(s)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
axis([-1 1 -2 2])

code for half wave sine:

clc; close
all;clear
all;
t=linspace(0,pi,100);
y=sin(t);
plot(t,y);

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

code for raised cosine pulse:

span = 10; % Filter span

rolloff = 0.2; % Rolloff factor
sps = 8; % Samples per symbol
M = 4; % Modulation alphabet sizek
= log2(M); % Bits/symbol
phOffset = pi/4; % Phase offset (radians)
n = 1; % Plot every nth value of the signal
offset = 0; % Plot every nth value of the signal, starting from offset+1

%Create the filter coefficients using the rcosdesign function.

filtCoeff = rcosdesign(rolloff,span,sps);
%Generate random symbols for an alphabet size of M.rng
default
data = randi([0 M-1],5000,1);
%Apply QPSK modulation.
dataMod = pskmod(data,M,phOffset);
%Filter the modulated data.
txSig = upfirdn(dataMod,filtCoeff,sps);
%Calculate the SNR for an oversampled QPSK signal.
EbNo = 20;
snr = EbNo + 10*log10(k) - 10*log10(sps);
%Add AWGN to the transmitted signal.
rxSig = awgn(txSig,snr,'measured');
%Apply the RRC receive filter.
rxSigFilt = upfirdn(rxSig, filtCoeff,1,sps);
%Demodulate the filtered signal.
dataOut = pskdemod(rxSigFilt,M,phOffset,'gray');

h = scatterplot(sqrt(sps)*txSig(sps*span+1:end-sps*span),sps,offset,'g.');hold on
scatterplot(rxSigFilt(span+1:end-span),n,offset,'kx',h) scatterplot(dataMod,n,offset,'r*',h)
legend('Transmit Signal','Received Signal','Ideal','location','best')

eyediagram(txSig(sps*span+1:sps*span+1000),2*sps)
eyediagram(rxSig(sps*span+1:sps*span+1000),2*sps)

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

Expected waveforms:

NRZ Polar wave form:

RZ Polar wave form:

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67
Half sinusoid wave form:

Eye pattern:

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

2. Write a Matlab code to simulate the Pulse code modulation and demodulation system and
display the waveforms.

PCM Modulation Code

clc; close
all;clear
all;
n=input ('Enter n value for n-bit PCM system : ');
n1=input('Enter number of samples in a period : ');
L=2^n;
% % Signal Generation
% x=0:1/100:4*pi;
% y=8*sin(x); % Amplitude Of signal is 8v
% subplot(2,2,1);
% plot(x,y);grid on;
% Sampling Operation
x=0:2*pi/n1:4*pi; % n1 number of samples have to be selected
s=8*sin(x);
subplot(3,1,1);
plot(s);
title('Analog Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(s);grid on; title('Sampled Sinal'); ylabel('Amplitude--->'); xlabel('Time--->');

% Quantization Process
vmax=8;
vmin=-vmax;
del=(vmax-vmin)/L;
part=vmin:del:vmax; % level are between vmin and vmax with
difference of del
code=vmin-(del/2):del:vmax+(del/2); % Contain Quantized valuses
[ind,q]=quantiz(s,part,code); % Quantization process
% ind contain index number and q
contain quantized values

l1=length(ind);
l2=length(q);

for i=1:l1
if(ind(i)~=0) % To make index as binary decimal so
started from 0 to N
ind(i)=ind(i)-1;
end
i=i+1;

end
for i=1:l2
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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67
if(q(i)==vmin-(del/2))% To make quantize value in between the levels
q(i)=vmin+(del/2);
end
end
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(q);grid on; % Display the Quantize values
title('Quantized Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Encoding Process
figure
code=de2bi(ind,'left-msb'); % Convert the decimal to binary
k=1;
for i=1:l1
for j=1:n
coded(k)=code(i,j); % convert code matrix to a coded row vector
j=j+1;
k=k+1;
end i=i+1;
end
subplot(2,1,1); grid on;
stairs(coded); % Display the encoded signal
axis([0 100 -2 3]); title('Encoded Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

% Demodulation Of PCM signal

qunt=reshape(coded,n,length(coded)/n);
index=bi2de(qunt','left-msb'); % Getback the index in decimal form
q=del*index+vmin+(del/2); % getback Quantized values
subplot(2,1,2); grid on;
plot(q); % Plot Demodulated signal
title('Demodulated Signal');
ylabel('Amplitude--->');
xlabel('Time--->');

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

PCM waveforms:

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

3. Write a program to Compute of the Probability of bit error for coherent binary ASK, FSK and PSK for
an AWGN Channel and Compare them with their Performance curves.

clc;
clear all;
close all;
EbN0dB=0:20;
EbN0=10.^(EbN0dB/10);
pe_bpsk=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0));
pe_bfsk=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0/2));
pe_bask=0.5*erfc(sqrt(EbN0/4));
semilogy(EbN0dB,pe_bpsk,'r*-', EbN0dB,pe_bfsk,'k+ ',EbN0dB,pe_bask,'m>-');
legend('BPSK-C', 'BFSK-C', 'BASK-C');
xlabel('Eb/N0(dB)');
ylabel('BER');
grid on

Simulation Results:

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

4. Write a program to Simulate QPSK and DPSK transmitter and receiver.

QPSK

% QPSK Modulation
clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE QUADRATURE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1;t=0:(Tb/100):Tb;fc=1;
c1=sqrt(2/Tb)*cos(2*pi*fc*t);
c2=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:2:(N-1)
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end

%odd bits modulated signal

odd_sig(i,:)=c1.*m_s;
if m(i+1)>0.5
m(i+1)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i+1)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end

%even bits modulated signal

even_sig(i,:)=c2.*m_s;
%qpsk signal
qpsk=odd_sig+even_sig;
%Plot the QPSK modulated signal
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,qpsk(i,:));
title('QPSK signal');xlabel('t --- >');ylabel('s(t)');grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
hold off
%Plot the binary data bits and carrier signal
subplot(3,2,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n ---- >');ylabel('b(n)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,2);plot(t,c1);
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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67
title('carrier signal-1');xlabel('t---- >');ylabel('c1(t)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,c2);
title('carrier signal-2');xlabel('t --- >');ylabel('c2(t)');grid on;

% QPSK Demodulation
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N-1
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
%correlator
x1=sum(c1.*qpsk(i,:));
x2=sum(c2.*qpsk(i,:));
%decision device
if (x1>0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=1;
elseif (x1>0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=1;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2<0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=0;
elseif (x1<0&&x2>0)
demod(i)=0;
demod(i+1)=1;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
subplot(3,2,5);stem(demod);
title('qpsk demodulated bits');xlabel('n ---- >');ylabel('b(n)');grid on;

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Simulation results:

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication Lab – 18ECL67

Simulate DPSK transmitter and receiver.

clc;
clear all;
close all;
n=100;
x=[ones(1,20) zeros(1,20) ones(1,20) zeros(1,20) ones(1,20)];
subplot(4,1,1);
plot(x);
title('input signal');
xlabel('number of samples');
ylabel('amplitude');
f=1*10^6;
fs=10*10^6;
for i=0:n-1
d(i+1)=sin(2*pi*(f/fs)*i);
end
subplot(4,1,2);
plot(d);
title('carrier signal');
xlabel('number of samples');
ylabel('amplitude');
for i=0:n-1
if(x(i+1)==0)
x(i+1)=sin(2*pi*(f/fs)*i);
else
x(i+1)=sin(2*pi*(f/fs)*i+pi);
end
end
subplot(4,1,3);
plot(x);
title('PSK Signal');
xlabel('number of samples');
ylabel('amplitude');
for i=0:n-1
if(x(i+1)==sin(2*pi*(f/fs)*i))
x(i+1)=0;
else
x(i+1)=1;
end
end
subplot(4,1,4);
plot(x);
title('demodulated Signal');
xlabel('number of samples');
ylabel('amplitude');

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B.N.M.I.T Dept. of ECE Communication
Lab – 18ECL67

DPSK waveforms:

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