11

Statistics and Probability

Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 – MELC 19
Illustrating the Central Limit
Theorem

REGION VI – WESTERN VISAYAS

Statistics and Probability – Grade 11
Activity Sheet No. 19
First Edition, 2020

Published in the Philippines

By the Department of Education
Region 6 – Western Visayas

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Development Team of Statistics and Probability Activity Sheet

Writer: Denzy Mae B. Mateo

Illustrator: Denzy Mae B. Mateo

Layout Artists: Denzy Mae B. Mateo and Rutchel J. Ngipen

Schools Division Quality Assurance Team:

Ligaya H. Montelijao, EPS-Mathematics
Leila G. Valencia, EPS-LR
Jezereel Grace G. Tiron
Bernie P. Alcedo
Division of Iloilo City Management Team:
Ma. Luz M. De los Reyes, SDS
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Leila G. Valencia, EPS-LR
Ligaya H. Montelijao, EPS-Mathematics
Regional Management Team
Ma. Gemma M. Ledesma
Dr. Josilyn S. Solana
Dr. Elena P. Gonzaga
Mr. Donald T. Genine
Mr. Adonis Mosquera

ii
Introductory Message
Welcome to Statistics and Probability for Senior High School!

The Learning Activity Sheet is a product of the collaborative efforts of the

Schools Division of Iloilo City and DepEd Regional Office VI - Western Visayas
through the Curriculum and Learning Management Division (CLMD). This is
developed to guide the learning facilitators (teachers, parents and responsible
adults) in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Basic
Education Curriculum.

The Learning Activity Sheet is self-directed instructional materials aimed

to guide the learners in accomplishing activities at their own pace and time using
the contextualized resources in the community. This will also assist the learners in
acquiring the lifelong learning skills, knowledge and attitudes for productivity and
employment.

For learning facilitator:

The Statistics and Probability for Senior High School will help you
facilitate the teaching-learning activities specified in each Most Essential Learning
Competency (MELC) with minimal or no face-to-face encounter between you and
learner. This will be made available to the learners with the references/links to ease
the independent learning.

For the learner:

The Statistics and Probability for Senior High School is developed to

help you continue learning even if you are not in school. This learning material
provides you with meaningful and engaging activities for independent learning.
Being an active learner, carefully read and understand the instructions then perform
the activities and answer the assessments. This will be returned to your facilitator
on the agreed schedule.

iii
 Quarter 3, Week 7

Learning Activity Sheets (LAS) No. 19

Name of Learner: ___________________ Grade and Section: _________________

Date: _____________________________

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY ACTIVITY SHEET

Illustrating the Central Limit Theorem

I. Learning Competency with Code

Illustrates the Central Limit Theorem. (M11/12SP-IIIe-2)

II. Background Information for Learners

The Central Limit Theorem
If the samples of size n are drawn from a population with mean 𝜇 and
variance 𝜎 2 , the sampling distribution of the mean approaches normal
𝜎2
distribution with mean 𝜇 and variance as n, the sample size, gets larger
𝑛
regardless of the shape of the original population distribution.

Example 1
Consider a population of Senior High School consisting of the values 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, and 6.

Compute the following:

1. population mean
2. population variance
3. population standard deviation
4. illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the
means

𝛴𝑋
1. Solving for the population mean using the formula 𝜇 = where:
𝑁
𝜇 – population mean
𝛴𝑋 − sum of all data in terms of X
N − population size

Solution:
𝛴𝑋
𝜇= Substitute
𝑁
1+2+3+4+5+6
= Add each data divided by the population size
6
21
= 6 Simplify
𝝁 = 3.5 (population mean)

1
2. Solving for the population variance
To solve for the population variance, subtract each data to the population
mean and square the result.
The table below shows the summary of the difference between each data
and the computed population mean in the second column while the square of
each is on the third column. While the fourth column shows the probabilities of
each data.

Data – Population Mean

X Square of the Data – Population Mean (X- 𝜇)2 Probability P(X)
(X- 𝜇)
1
1 1-3.5 = -2.5 (2.5)2 = (2.5)(2.5) = 6.25
6
1
2 2-3.5 = -1.5 (-1.5)2 = (-1.5)(-1.5) = 2.25
6
1
3 3-3.5 = -0.5 (-0.5)2 = (-0.5)(-0.5)= 0.25
6
1
4 4-3.5 = 0.5 (0.5)2 = (0.5)(0.5) = 0.25
6
1
5 5-3.5 = 1.5 (1.5)2 = (1.5)(1.5) = 2.25
6
1
6 6-3.5 = 2.5 (2.5)2 = (2.5)(2.5) = 6.25
6
N=6 𝛴 (x -𝜇)2 = 17.5 𝛴𝑃 (𝑋) = 1

Solve for the population variance using the formula

𝛴 (𝑋 −𝜇)2
σ2 = 𝑁

17.5
= 6

σ2 ≈ 2.92

3. Solving for the population standard deviation

∑(𝑋−𝜇)2
To solve for the population standard deviation, use the formula, 𝜎 = √
𝑁
17.5
thus, we have 𝜎 = √ 6

≈ √2.92

σ ≈ 1.71

2
4. For the probability histogram of the population wherein X = x and n = 1, we
have
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02

P(X) 0.015
0.01
0.005
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
X

Example 2
Consider all the possible samples of size 2 that can be drawn with replacement
from the population 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Create a sampling distribution of the
sample mean.

Compute the following:

1. Mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean

2. Variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
3. Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
4. Illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the
mean.

The table shows and summarizes the information needed to compute the
mean, variance, and standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean. The observations is represented by O and sample by S.

O S ( 𝑋̅ ) ̅ − 𝝁𝑿̅ )
(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁𝑿̅ )𝟐
(𝑿 O S ( 𝑋̅ ) ̅ − 𝝁𝑿̅ )
(𝑿 ̅ − 𝝁𝑿̅ )𝟐
(𝑿

1 (1,1) 1 -2.5 6.25 19 (4,1) 2.5 -1 1

2 (1,2) 1.5 -2 4 20 (4,2) 3 -0.5 0.25
3 (1,3) 2 -1.5 2.25 21 (4,3) 3.5 0 0
4 (1,4) 2.5 -1 1 22 (4,4) 4 0.5 0.25
5 (1,5) 3 -0.5 0.25 23 (4,5) 4.5 1 1
6 (1,6) 3.5 0 0 24 (4,6) 5 1.5 2.25
7 (2,1) 1.5 -2 4 25 (5,1) 3 -0.5 0.25
8 (2,2) 2 -1.5 2.25 26 (5,2) 3.5 0 0
9 (2,3) 2.5 -1 1 27 (5,3) 4 0.5 0.25
10 (2,4) 3 -0.5 0.25 28 (5,4) 4.5 1 1
11 (2,5) 3.5 0 0 29 (5,5) 5 1.5 2.25
12 (2,6) 4 0.5 0.25 30 (5,6) 5.5 2 4
13 (3,1) 2 -1.5 2.25 31 (6,1) 3.5 0 0

3
 14 (3,2) 2.5 -1 1 32 (6,2) 4 0.5 0.25
15 (3,3) 3 -0.5 0.25 33 (6,3) 4.5 1 1
16 (3,4) 3.5 0 0 34 (6,4) 5 1.5 2.25
17 (3,5) 4 0.5 0.25 35 (6,5) 5.5 2 4
18 (3,6) 4.5 1 1 36 (6,6) 6 2.5 6.25
̅
∑(𝑿 − 𝝁𝑿̅ )𝟐 =
∑ 𝑋̅ = 126
52.5

Solution:

1. Solving for the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample mean.
𝛴𝑋̅
𝜇𝑋̅ = , where n is the number of all possible samples of size 2
𝑛
126
= 36
𝝁𝑿̅ = 3.5

2. Solving for the variance of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
̅ −𝝁𝑿
𝛴( 𝑿 𝟐
̅)
𝜎 2 𝑋̅ = , where n is the number of all possible samples of size 2
𝑛
52.5
=
36
𝟐
𝝈 𝑿̅ ≈ 1.46

3. Solving for the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean
̅ −𝝁𝑿
𝛴( 𝑿 ̅)
𝟐
𝜎𝑋̅ = √ , where n is the number of all possible samples of size 2
𝑛
52.6
= √ 36
𝝈𝑿̅ ≈ 1.21

4. To illustrate the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the

sample, the following table is needed:

Sampling Distribution of the sample mean with replacement

𝑋̅ f ̅)
Probability P(𝑿
1
1 1 36
2
1.5 2 36
3
2 3 36
4
2.5 4 36
5
3 5 36

4
 6
3.5 6 36
5
4 5 36
4
4.5 4 36
3
5 3 36
2
5.5 2 36
1
6 1 36

Probability Histogram of the Sampling Distribution

of the Sample Mean
0.2
Probability P(x)

0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Means of the sampling Distribution

Example 3
From Examples 1 and 2, compare the following:
1. population mean and the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean
2. population variance and the variance of the sampling distribution of the
sample mean
3. population standard deviation and the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the sample mean
4. probability histogram of the population and the sampling distribution of
the mean with size 1 and size 2

Solution:
1. The population mean 𝜇 = 3.5 while the mean of the sampling
distribution
𝜇𝑋̅ = 3.5. Notice that the population mean is equal to the mean of the
sampling distribution. That is 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑋̅ .

2. The population variance σ2 ≈ 2.92 while the variance of the sampling

distribution 𝜎𝑋2̅ ≈ 1.46. Notice that if we divide the population variance by the
sample size of 2, we have 1.46 which equal to the variance of the sampling
2.92 𝜎2
distribution of the sample mean. That is, = 1.46 therefore 𝜎𝑋2̅ =
2 𝑛

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3. The population standard deviation σ ≈ 1.71 while the standard deviation of
the sampling distribution 𝜎𝑋̅ ≈ 1.21. Notice that if we divide the population
standard deviation by the square root of the sample size of 2, we have 1.21
which is equal to the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. That is,
1.71 𝜎
= 1.21. Therefore, 𝜎𝑋̅ = 𝑛.
√ 2 √

4. The probability histogram of the population wherein n=1 looks like this

0.035

0.03

0.025

0.02
P(X)

0.015

0.01

0.005

0
1 2 3 4 5 6
X

While the probability histogram of the sampling distribution of the sample mean
with size n = 2 looks like this.

Probability Histogram of the Sampling Distribution of

the Sample Mean
0.18
0.16
0.14
Probability P(x)

0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Means of the sampling Distribution

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 The illustration above is more likely to have a curve of a normal distribution
while the probability histogram of the population is not normally distributed.

Conclusion:
Based on the examples, it was evident in the Central Limit Theorem
that the sampling distribution will be approximately normally distributed for large
sample sizes regardless of the distribution from which we are sampling. Also,
it is important to recall that the mean of the sampling distribution of the sample
mean is equal to the population mean: 𝜇𝑋̅ = 𝜇 and the standard deviation of
the sampling distribution of the sample mean (sampling with replacement) is
𝜎
equal to: 𝜎𝑋̅ = 𝑛 .
√

Activity 1

Shown below are the histograms of the resulting frequency distributions

each based on 500 means. Four scores were sampled from a uniform
distribution 500 times and the mean computed each time for n=4. The same
process was followed with means of 7 scores for n = 7 and 10 scores for n =
10.

N=1

N=4

N=7

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 N=10

https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-the-central-limit-theorem

Questions:

1. Observe the illustrations above. What can you say about the spread of
the histogram as the value of the sample size n increases?
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

2. How will you describe the distribution as the value of the sample size n
increases?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

III. Accompanying DepEd Textbook and Education Sites

De Guzman, Danilo. Statistics and Probability. Quezon City: C & E
Publishing, Inc., 2017.
Belecina, Rene R., Elisa S. Baccay, and Efren B. Mateo, Statistics and
Probability. Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc., 2016
Website:
https://towardsdatascience.com/understanding-the-central-limit-theorem

IV. Activity Proper

General Directions: In answering the exercises in the Learning Activity
Sheet (LAS), please be reminded not to write anything here. All answers must
be written in a separate sheet of paper. Read each problem carefully and
answer it systematically. If a solution is required, encircle your final answer.

Exercise 1
Get a die. Roll it 20 times. Record the result of your experiment in a table.
The first table is for rolling a die once for 20 times, the second table is for
rolling 2 dice 20 times, and the 3rd table is for rolling 3 dice 20 times also.
Show the result of your experiment to your teacher.

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 1st die 2nd die 3rd die Mean
st 1stdie 2nd die mean
1 roll 1
1
1 2
2
2 3
3
3 4
4
4 5
5
5 6 6
6 7
7
7 8
8
8 9
8
9 10
9
10 .
10
. .
.
. .
.
. 20
20
20

On a separate sheet of paper,

1. Make a histogram of the distribution of rolling a die once for 20 times. What
can you say about the resulting histogram?
2. Make a histogram of the means of rolling 2 dice 20 times and rolling 3 dice
20 times.

Guide Question:

What can you say about the three histograms? Draw out a conclusion out
based on the results of your work.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________

V. Reflection

Instruction: Reflect on the question below and write your response on your
journal.

In not less than 100 words, why is it important to know the Central Limit
Theorem?

9
 10
Activity 1
Question1
Expected Response: As the sample size n increases, the spread of the
distribution decreases.
Question 2
Expected Response: As the sample size n increases, the histogram of the
illustrations comes to be normally distributed.
Activity Proper
Results vary depending on the students’ actual experiment. Student is
expected to show the result of the activity to the teacher.
Answer Key VI.