Assignment # 1

Functional English

Deadline: 8 March, 2021

NAME: Shafique Marii

ROLL : 20CE108
DEPARTMENT: Civil Engineering
Date: 9-March-2021
Section: 1

Vocabulary Building:

Topic 1: Affixes- Prefixes and Suffixes

Q 1: Directions: Mastering common prefixes and suffixes is like learning a code. Once you
crack the code, you can not only spell words more correctly but also recognize and perhaps even
define unfamiliar words. Define what are Affixes and explain Prefixes and Suffixes with at least
50 50 examples, also describe different types of prefixes and suffixes.

AFFIXES: When the words are added at the beginning of the word or at ending to change its
meaning is knows as affixes
There are two types of Affixes:
1-Prefix
2-Suffix

Prefix: When the words are added at the beginning of a word to change its meaning is knows as
prefix
Examples:
ante- before antenatal, anteroom, antedate

anti- against, opposing antibiotic, antidepressant, antidote

circum- around circumstance, circumvent, circumnavigate

co- with co-worker, co-pilot, co-operation

de- off, down, away from devalue, defrost, derail, demotivate

dis- opposite of, not disagree, disappear, disintegrate, disapprove

em-, en- cause to, put into embrace, encode, embed, enclose, engulf

epi- upon, close to, after epicentre, episcope, epidermis

ex- former, out of ex-president, ex-boyfriend, exterminate

extra- beyond, more than extracurricular, extraordinary, extra-terrestrial

fore- before forecast, forehead, foresee, foreword, foremost

homo- same homosexual, homonuclear, homoplastic

hyper- over, above hyperactive, hyperventilate

il-, im-, in-, ir- not impossible, illegal, irresponsible, indefinite

im-, in- into insert, import, inside

infra- beneath, below infrastructure, infrared, infrasonic, infraspecific

inter-, intra- between interact, intermediate, intergalactic, intranet

macro- large macroeconomics, macromolecule

micro- small microscope, microbiology, microfilm, microwave

mid- middle midfielder, midway, midsummer

mis- wrongly misinterpret, misfire, mistake, misunderstand

mono- one, singular monotone, monobrow, monolithic

non- not, without nonsense, nonentity, nondescript

omni- all, every omnibus, omnivore, omnipotent

para- beside parachute, paramedic, paradox

post- after post-mortem, postpone, post-natal

pre- before prefix, predetermine, pre-intermediate

re- again return, rediscover, reiterate, reunite

semi- half semicircle, semi-final, semiconscious

sub- under submerge, submarine, sub-category, subtitle

super- above, over superfood, superstar, supernatural, superimpose

 therm- heat thermometer, thermostat, thermodynamic

trans- across, beyond transport, transnational, transatlantic

tri- three triangle, tripod, tricycle

un- not unfinished, unfriendly, undone, unknown

uni- one unicycle, universal, unilateral, unanimous

Suffix: A suffix is a letter or a group of letters that is usually attached to the end of a word to
form a new word
Examples:
Suffix Meaning Example

-age a condition leakage, bondage, marriage

-al an action    denial, removal, approval 

-ar one who performs the action beggar, liar, scholar

-cy state urgency, emergency, fallacy

quality accuracy, decency, lunacy

-dom place kingdom, dukedom, earldom

state of being  boredom, freedom, stardom

-ee one who performs an action interviewee, internee, employee, nominee

-er one who performs the action reader, driver, maker, painter

-hood state of being boyhood, childhood, manhood

-ion condition union, opinion

-ism doctrine or belief Marxism, Sufism, egotism

-ist one who is something dentist, chemist, Marxist, atheist

-ice the result of an action service, cowardice

-logy theory biology, geology, ecology

-ment the condition of an action acknowledgement, punishment, agreement  

-on/en/an doer artisan, citizen, surgeon

-ness state of being sadness, happiness, rudeness, business 

-nce  state abundance, absence, presence

quality brilliance, endurance, obedience  

-or one who performs the action creator, supervisor, sailor

-ship position held internship, partnership, kinship

-sion state of being illusion, inclusion, extension

-tion state of being  creation, information, confirmation 

-tude result of an action fortitude, magnitude, servitude

-ty quality flexibility, sensibility, frailty

state
serenity, safety, reality

-ate do captivate, annihilate, exterminate 

-en do broaden, awaken, strengthen

-er do chatter, glitter, glimmer

-ish do publish, nourish, punish, banish

-fy make rectify, simplify, amplify

-ize become humanize, organize, socialize, legalize

-able capable of being presentable, readable, believable 

-al belonging to legal, local, mental, mortal, fatal, musical

-ar quality familiar, regular, circular

-ed quality gifted, talented, learned, cultured

-en made of golden, wooden, woolen, leaden

-ful notable for beautiful, wonderful, doubtful

-ible capable of admissible, divisible, sensible

-ic pertaining to allergic, mythic, domestic, historic

-ish belonging to selfish, Turkish, Irish, Polish, childish

-istic characterized by an attribute fantastic, pessimistic, optimistic, sarcastic

-ile having the nature of fragile, juvenile, servile

-ian/an belonging to Indian, American, Russian, Victorian

-ive having the nature of creative, punitive, divisive, decisive 

-less without fearless, helpless, endless, tireless

-ous characterized by an attribute studious, pious, religious, joyous 

-y characterized by smelly, healthy, greedy, wealthy

Help link: https://www.enchantedlearning.com/grammar/prefixsuffix/index.shtml and slides

attached.

Q 2: Check following guidelines….

Prefixes

A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word to create a new meaning. Study the
common prefixes in Table 4.2 “Common Prefixes”.

Tip
The main rule to remember when adding a prefix to a word is not to add letters or leave out any
letters. See Table 4.2 “Common Prefixes” for examples of this rule.
Table 4.2 Common Prefixes
 Prefix Meaning Example

dis not, opposite of dis + satisfied = dissatisfied

mis wrongly mis + spell = misspell

un not un + acceptable = unacceptable

re again re + election = reelection

inter between inter + related = interrelated

pre before pre + pay = prepay

non not non + sense = nonsense

super above super + script = superscript

sub under sub + merge = submerge

anti against, opposing anti + bacterial = antibacterial

Exercise 1

Identify the five words with prefixes in the following paragraph, and write their meanings
on a separate sheet of paper.
At first, I thought one of my fuzzy, orange socks disappeared in the dryer, but I could not find it
in there. Because it was my favorite pair, nothing was going to prevent me from finding that
sock. I looked all around my bedroom, under the bed, on top of the bed, and in my closet, but I
still could not find it. I did not know that I would discover the answer just as I gave up my
search. As I sat down on the couch in the family room, my Dad was reclining on his chair. I
laughed when I saw that one of his feet was orange and the other blue! I forgot that he was color-
blind. Next time he does laundry I will have to supervise him while he folds the socks so that he
does not accidentally take one of mine!

Exercise 1 .

Word Prefix Meaning

1: Disappeared Dis Not, opposite of
2: Reclining Re Again
3: Supervise Super Above
4: discover Dis Not
5: Prevent Pre Before
 Exercise 2

Add the correct prefix to the word to complete each sentence. Write the word on your own
sheet of paper.
1. I wanted to ease my stomach __Dis comfort, so I drank some ginger root tea.
2. Lenny looked funny in his ___Mis__ ___matched shirt and pants.
3. My mother said those _____Anti_ __aging creams do not work, so I should not waste my
money on them.
4. The child’s ____Dis_ ___standard performance on the test alarmed his parents.
5. When my sister first saw the meteor, she thought it was a ____Un_ ___natural
phenomenon.
6. Even though she got an excellent job offer, Cherie did not want to ____Re_ ___locate to
a different country.
7. With a small class size, the students get to ___Re___ __act with the teacher more
frequently.
8. I slipped on the ice because I did not heed the ____Pre ____cautions about watching my
step.
9. A ___Non _____combatant is another word for civilian.

Suffixes

A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word to create a new meaning. Study the suffix rules
in the following boxes.
Rule 1

When adding the suffixes –ness and –ly to a word, the spelling of the word does not change.

Examples:
 dark + ness = darkness
 scholar + ly = scholarly
Exceptions to Rule 1

When the word ends in y, change the y to i before adding –ness and –ly.

Examples:
 ready + ly = readily
 happy + ness = happiness
 Rule 2

When the suffix begins with a vowel, drop the silent e in the root word.

Examples:
 care + ing = caring
 use + able = usable
Exceptions to Rule 2

When the word ends in ce or ge, keep the silent e if the suffix begins with a or o.

Examples:
 replace + able = replaceable
 courage + ous = courageous
Rule 3

When the suffix begins with a consonant, keep the silent e in the original word.

Examples:
 care + ful = careful
 care + less = careless
Exceptions to Rule 3

Examples:
 true + ly = truly
 argue + ment = argument
Rule 4

When the word ends in a consonant plus y, change the y to i before any suffix not beginning
with i.

Examples:
 sunny + er = sunnier
 hurry + ing = hurrying
Rule 5

When the suffix begins with a vowel, double the final consonant only if (1) the word has only
one syllable or is accented on the last syllable and (2) the word ends in a single vowel followed
by a single consonant.

Examples:
 tan + ing = tanning (one syllable word)
 regret + ing = regretting (The accent is on the last syllable; the word ends in a single
vowel followed by a single consonant.)
 cancel + ed = canceled (The accent is not on the last syllable.)
 prefer + ed = preferred
Exercise 3

Write correctly the forms of the words with their suffixes.

1. refer + ed = Referred
2. refer + ence = Reference
3. mope + ing = Moping
4. approve + al = Approval
5. green + ness = Greenness
6. benefit + ed = Benefited
7. resubmit + ing = Resubmitting
8. use + age = Usage
9. greedy + ly= Greedily
10. excite + ment = Excitement

Q 3: Writing Application

Write a paragraph describing one of your life goals. Include five words with prefixes and five
words with suffixes.
Everyone one us have our goals some goals are same but some are different. When our mind is set on a
goal it helps us to stay focused and improves our concentration. My previous goal was to take
admission in Civil department as it has been completed now my goal is to graduate from muet and settle
abroad because it is my dream to visit foreign countries. Settling abroad will be uncomfortable and also
excited . Signing documents getting approval is very difficult. Understanding the outside environments
takes a lot of time. My another goal is to visit Switzerland because it is the most beautiful country of all
time in my opinion.

Key Takeaways

 A prefix is a word part added to the beginning of a word that changes the word’s
meaning.
 A suffix is a word part added to the end of a word that changes the word’s meaning.
 Learning the meanings of prefixes and suffixes will help expand your vocabulary, which
will help improve your writing.

Topic 2: Homophones, Homonyms, Homographs:

Q 1: Directions: Meet the three "H" Words!

1) What are Homophones? Please write 10 examples of it

1. Add -ad
2. Bawl -ball__
3. Knew-New
4. Carrot-caret__
5. Accept-Except
6. Red-Read__
7. Write-Right
8. Male-mail
9. Stare-Stair
10. Hour-our__________

2) What are Homonyms? Please write 10 examples of it.

1. Ring______
2. Saw_______
3. Sink_______
4. Ship_______
5. Duck______
6. Can _______
7. Right_______
8. Live_______
9. Watch_____
10. Well_______
 3) What are Homographs? Please write 10 examples of it
1. Dove______
2. Bow_______
3. Bear_______
4. May_______
5. Object_____
6. Train______
7. Lead______
8. Lie_______
9. Close_____
10. Plain______

For help Handout # 1 is attached for understanding. “Handout on homonyms, homophones

and homographs.”

Q 2: Choose Write answer of the following questions

 
Q. (He’ll, Heel, Heal) be here in a few minutes. 
He'll
Heel
Heal

 Q. Humans have hands. Dogs have (paws, pause). 

pause
paws

 Q. I need to take a (break, brake) from this exercise! 

break
brake

 Q. I have (for, four, fore) dollars in my pocket. 

for
four
fore

 Q. Nobody (knows, nose) what you are thinking. 

knows
nose
 Q. I don’t want to talk about the (passed, past) anymore.
passed
past
 Q. The clerk wants to (sell, cell) as many TVs as possible. 
sell
cell

 Q. The school (principal, principle) spoke to a group of parents. 

principal
principle

 Q. Hadil has a (pane, pain) in her shoulder. 

pane
pain

 Q. The teacher walked down the (aisle, isle) between the rows of desks. 
aisle
isle

 Q. Juana wants her socks because her (tows, toes) are cold. 
tows
toes

 Q. David’s brother is in a (band, banned) which plays Russian music. 

band
banned

 Q. I saw a restaurant just off the (rode, road) about a mile back. 

rode
road

Q. Do you think it is going to (rein, rain, reign) this afternoon? 

rein
rain
reign

Q. Alec is going to (wear, ware) his work boots today. 

wear
ware

 Q. Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez like to work in (there, they’re, their) garden.

there
they're
their
 Q. The children got (bored, board) during the lecture.
bored
board

 Q. I (sent, scent, cent) a letter to my aunt in Vietnam. 

sent
scent
cent

 Q. This is my favorite (pare, pair, pear) of jeans. 

pare
pair
pear

Q. Can I go to the party (to, too, two)? 

to
too
two

 
Topic 3: Collocations

Q 1 Directions: Prepare a list of 10 common collocations. Write one paragraph and use those 10
collocations in the story to check the fact that how these words go together?
List:
Make a bed
Have bath
Make breakfast
Take chances
Take a taxi
Go for meal
Go out of business
Have fun
Make noise
Have lunch

Ans: I like to make a bed in morning after that i have bath then I make breakfast . I go out of
business where I take chances. I take a taxi to go for a meal. I take a seat in restaurant and have
lunch. Sometimes friends would call to hang out, where we have fun, taking about our childhood
memories and we make noise by laughing at our hobbies.

Q 2 Directions: Write Short notes Please write short notes on all of following
1. Different types of Collocations
2. Combinations
3. Clipping
4. Acronyms, Initialism & Abbreviations

1: Types Of Collocations:
 Adverb+Adjective: Fully aware, Painfully slow Widely believed
 Adjective+Noun: Deep Sleep, High cost, Rich History, Strong coffee
 Noun+Noun : Sense of humor, Round of applause, bar of soap
  Noun+Verb: Dogs bark, Engines roar, snow falls, snake hiss
 Verb+Noun: Break a leg, make the bed , keep the secret
 Verb+Adverb: Walk softly, speak loudly , Act rashly
 Verb+Expressions with Prepositions: Burst into tears, Run out of time, Put off the
decision
2:Combinations: When two different words are combined with each other to give a new word
with different meaning is known as Combinations
 Examples:
 Bag+Pipe=Bagpipe
 Smoke+fog= Smog
 Motor+hotel= Motel
 Black+board= Blackboard
 Be+have=Behave
 Spoon+Fork = Spork
 House+Fly = Housefly
 Sea+horse= Sea horse

3:Clipping: It is the process of cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a
apart to stand the whole, this process is known as clipping
 Examples
 Prof (Professor
 Gym ( Gymnasium)
 Exam ( Examinations)
 Plane (Aeroplane)
 Photo (Photograph)
 Bike (Bicycle)
 Phone (telephone)
 Flu (Influenza)
 Lab (Laboratory
 Memo (Memorandum)
  Ad (Advertisement)
4:Acronyms,Initialism,&Abbrevations:
Acronyms: They are abbreviations formed from letters of others words usually starts with the
first letter of each word though not always and pronounced like a word.
 Ram (Random Access Memory)
 RADAR (Radio Detecting and Ranging)
 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries_
 LASER ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
 NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
Initialism: An Abbreviation that is not pronounced as a word, instead each letter is pronounced
individual
 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
 MTV (Music Television)
 FBI (Federal Bureau Of Investigation)
 BSCS (Bachelor Of computer science)
 IBM (International Business Machines)
 IMDB (Internet Movie Database)
Abbreviations: It is a shortened form of word or phrase, by any method. It may consist of group
of letters or words taken from the full version of the word or phrase
 Addr. (Address)
 Adjs. (Adjectives)
 Admin. (administration
 Adv. (Advocate)
 Fr. (French)
 Invent. (Invention)
 Jan. (January)
 Lett. (Letters)
 Mach. (Machine)
Q 3: Directions:
Match the words in column A to the best available answer in column B.
A B
__3_ clear/ set 1) some beer
__6__ serve 2) an order
__2__ take 3) the table
__4__ look at 4) the menu
__1__ drink 5) the onions and fish
__5__ fry 6) food

Q 4: Directions: Write 50 Idioms and their meaning in English

Idiom Meaning Usage

A bird in the hand is worth two in What you have is worth more than what by itself
the bush you might have later
Idiom Meaning Usage

A penny for your thoughts Tell me what you're thinking by itself

A penny saved is a penny earned Money you save today you can spend by itself
later

A perfect storm the worst possible situation as part of a

sentence

A picture is worth 1000 words Better to show than tell by itself

Actions speak louder than words Believe what people do and not what by itself
they say

Add insult to injury To make a bad situation worse as part of a

sentence

Barking up the wrong tree To be mistaken, to be looking for as part of a

solutions in the wrong place sentence

Birds of a feather flock together People who are alike are often friends by itself
Idiom Meaning Usage

(usually used negatively)

Bite off more than you can chew Take on a project that you cannot finish as part of a
sentence

Break the ice Make people feel more comfortable as part of a

sentence

By the skin of your teeth Just barely as part of a

sentence

Comparing apples to oranges Comparing two things that cannot be as part of a

compared sentence

Costs an arm and a leg Very expensive as part of a

sentence

Do something at the drop of a hat Do something without having planned as part of a

beforehand sentence

Do unto others as you would Treat people fairly. Also known as "The by itself
Idiom Meaning Usage

have them do unto you Golden Rule"

Don't count your chickens before Don't count on something good by itself
they hatch happening until it's happened.

Don't cry over spilt milk There's no reason to complain about by itself
something that can't be fixed

Don't give up your day job You're not very good at this by itself

Don't put all your eggs in one What you're doing is too risky by itself
basket

Every cloud has a silver lining Good things come after bad things by itself

Get a taste of your own medicine Get treated the way you've been treating as part of a
others (negative) sentence

Give someone the cold shoulder Ignore someone as part of a

sentence
Idiom Meaning Usage

Go on a wild goose chase To do something pointless as part of a

sentence

Good things come to those who Be patient by itself

wait

He has bigger fish to fry He has bigger things to take care of than by itself
what we are talking about now

He's a chip off the old block The son is like the father by itself

Hit the nail on the head Get something exactly right by itself

Ignorance is bliss You're better off not knowing by itself

It ain't over till the fat lady sings This isn't over yet by itself

It takes one to know one You're just as bad as I am by itself

Idiom Meaning Usage

It's a piece of cake It's easy by itself

It's raining cats and dogs It's raining hard by itself

Kill two birds with one stone Get two things done with a single action by itself

Let the cat out of the bag Give away a secret as part of a
sentence

Live and learn I made a mistake by itself

Look before you leap Take only calculated risks by itself

On thin ice On probation. If you make another as part of a

mistake, there will be trouble. sentence

Once in a blue moon Rarely as part of a

sentence
Idiom Meaning Usage

Play devil's advocate To argue the opposite, just for the sake as part of a
of argument sentence

Put something on ice Put a projet on hold as part of a

sentence

Rain on someone's parade To spoil something as part of a

sentence

Saving for a rainy day Saving money for later as part of a

sentence

Slow and steady wins the race Reliability is more important than speed by itself

Spill the beans Give away a secret as part of a

sentence

Take a rain check Postpone a plan as part of a

sentence

Take it with a grain of salt Don’t take it too seriously as part of a

Idiom Meaning Usage

sentence

The ball is in your court It's your decision by itself

The best thing since sliced bread A really good invention as part of a
sentence

The devil is in the details It looks good from a distance, but when by itself
you look closer, there are problems

The early bird gets the worm The first people who arrive will get the by itself
best stuff

The elephant in the room The big issue, the problem people are as part of a
avoiding sentence

The whole nine yards Everything, all the way. as part of a

sentence

There are other fish in the sea It's ok to miss this opportunity. Others by itself
Idiom Meaning Usage

will arise.

There's a method to his madness He seems crazy but actually he's clever by itself

There's no such thing as a free Nothing is entirely free by itself

lunch

Throw caution to the wind Take a risk as part of a

sentence

You can't have your cake and eat You can't have everything by itself
it too

You can't judge a book by its This person or thing may look bad, but by itself
cover it's good inside

A little learning is a dangerous People who don't understand something by itself

thing fully are dangerous

A snowball effect Events have momentum and build upon as part of a

Idiom Meaning Usage

each other sentence

A snowball's chance in hell No chance at all as part of a

sentence

A stitch in time saves nine Fix the problem now because it will get by itself
worse later

A storm in a teacup A big fuss about a small problem as part of a

sentence

An apple a day keeps the doctor Apples are good for you by itself
away

An ounce of prevention is worth You can prevent a problem with little by itself
a pound of cure effort. Fixing it later is harder.

As right as rain Perfect as part of a

sentence

Bolt from the blue Something that happened without as part of a

Idiom Meaning Usage

warning sentence

Burn bridges Destroy relationships as part of a

sentence

Calm before the storm Something bad is coming, but right now as part of a
it's calm sentence

Come rain or shine No matter what as part of a

sentence

Curiosity killed the cat Stop asking questions by itself

Cut the mustard Do a good job as part of a

sentence

Don't beat a dead horse Move on, this subject is over by itself

Every dog has his day Everyone gets a chance at least once by itself
Idiom Meaning Usage

Familiarity breeds contempt The better you know someone the less by itself
you like him

Fit as a fiddle In good health as part of a

sentence

Fortune favours the bold Take risks by itself

Get a second wind Have more energy after having been as part of a
tired sentence

Get wind of something Hear news of something secret as part of a

sentence

Go down in flames Fail spectacularly as part of a

sentence

Haste makes waste You'll make mistakes if you rush by itself

through something

Have your head in the clouds Not be concentrating as part of a

Idiom Meaning Usage

sentence

He who laughs last laughs I'll get you back for what you did by itself
loudest

Hear something straight from the Hear something from the person as part of a
horse's mouth involved sentence

He's not playing with a full deck He's dumb by itself

He's off his rocker He's crazy by itself

He's sitting on the fence He can't make up his mind by itself

It is a poor workman who blames If you can't do the job, don't blame it on by itself
his tools others

It is always darkest before the Things are going to get better by itself
dawn
Idiom Meaning Usage

It takes two to tango One person alone isn't responsible. Both by itself
people are involved.

Jump on the bandwagon Follow a trend, do what everyone else is as part of a

doing sentence

Know which way the wind is Understand the situation (usually as part of a
blowing negative) sentence

Leave no stone unturned Look everywhere as part of a

sentence

Let sleeping dogs lie Stop discussing an issue as part of a

sentence

Like riding a bicycle Something you never forget how to do as part of a

sentence

Like two peas in a pod They're always together as part of a

sentence
Idiom Meaning Usage

Make hay while the sun shines Take advantage of a good situation as part of a
sentence

On cloud nine Very happy as part of a

sentence

Once bitten, twice shy You're more cautious when you've been by itself
hurt before

Out of the frying pan and into the Things are going from bad to worse by itself
fire

Run like the wind Run fast as part of a

sentence

Shape up or ship out Work better or leave by itself

Snowed under Busy as part of a

sentence

That ship has sailed It's too late by itself

Idiom Meaning Usage

The pot calling the kettle black Someone criticizing someone else he is as part of a
just as bad sentence

There are clouds on the horizon Trouble is coming by itself

Those who live in glass houses People who are morally questionable by itself
shouldn't throw stones shouldn't criticize others

Through thick and thin In good times and in bad times as part of a
sentence

Time is money Work quickly by itself

Waste not, want not Don't waste things and you'll always by itself
have enough

We see eye to eye We agree by itself

 Idiom Meaning Usage

Weather the storm Go through something difficult as part of a

sentence

Well begun is half done Getting a good start is important by itself

When it rains it pours Everything is going wrong at once by itself

You can catch more flies with You'll get what you want by being nice by itself
honey than you can with vinegar

You can lead a horse to water, You can't force someone to make the by itself
but you can't make him drink right decision

You can't make an omelet There's always a cost to doing by itself

without breaking some eggs something

Q 5: Directions: Write 25 Compound words and their meaning in English

Word Meaning
1. Airplane Vehicle that flies
2. Airport An aerodrome with facilities for flights
to take off and land
 3. Angelfish Fish from family of cichlidae family
4. Antfarm Dirt-filled box containing ants
5. Ballpark Baseball ground
6. Beachball Ball for beach and water games
7. Bikerack Device where bicycle is attached
8. Billboard Large board displaying advertisements
9. Blackhole Place in space where even light can
escape
10. Blueberry A blue-black edible berry
11. Boardwalk A elevated path built with wooden
planks
12. Bodyguard A person that protects an important
person
13. Bookstore A store where books are sold
14. Bow Tie A necktie in form of bow
15. Brainstorm Group creativity technique to find
conclusion of specific problem
16. Busboy Young boy who clears table in
restaurant or café
17. Cabdriver Driver of cab
18. Candlestick Financial chart used to describe price
movements
19. Car wash To clean dirty car
20. Cartwheel Sideways rotatory movements of body
21. Catfish A fish of cat size and have vibrissae
just like cat
22. Caveman Uncivilized man
23. Chocolate chip Small chunks of sweetened chocolate
24. Crossbow A medieval bow fixed across a wooden
support use for hunting
25. Daydream Thoughts that distracts one’s attention
from present

For help Refer to the Slides and lists and types of collocations (Attached as Handout 2 & 3)
 Section # 2
Start work on this assignment after 22 February 2021
Reading Comprehension
Text 1: Can You Hear Me Now? A Study Unit on Cell Phones
Since the dawn of time, people have found ways to communicate with one another. Smoke
signals and tribal drums were some of the earliest forms of communication. Letters, carried by
birds or by humans on foot or on horseback, made it possible for people to communicate larger
amounts of information between two places. The telegraph and telephone set the stage for more
modern means of communication.

With the invention of the cellular phone, communication itself has become mobile. For you, a
cell phone is probably just a device that you or your friends use --to keep in touch with family
and friends, take pictures, play games, or send text messages.

The definition of a cell phone is more specific: it is a hand-held wireless communication device
that sends and receives signals by way of small special areas called cells.

Walkie-talkies, telephones, and cell phones are duplex communication devices: they make it
possible for two people to talk to each other. Cell phones and walkie-talkies are different from
regular phones, because they can be used in many different locations. A walkie-talkie is
sometimes called a half-duplex communication device, because only one person can talk at a
time. A cell phone is a full-duplex device because it uses both frequencies at the same time. A
walkie-talkie has only one channel. A cell phone has more than a thousand channels. A walkie-
talkie can transmit and receive signals across a distance of about a mile. A cell phone can
transmit and receive signals over hundreds of miles.

In 1973, an electronic company called Motorola hired Martin Cooper to work on wireless
communication. Motorola and Bell Laboratories (now AT&T) were in a race to invent the first
portable communication device. Martin Cooper won the race and became the inventor of the cell
phone. On April 3, 1973, Cooper made the first cell phone call to his opponent at AT&T while
walking down the streets of New York City. People on the sidewalks gazed at Cooper in
amazement as he walked down the street talking on his cellular phone. Cooper’s phone was
called a Motorola Dyna-Tac. It weighed a whopping 2 ½ pounds (as compared to today’s cell
phones that weigh as little as 3 or 4 ounces).

After the invention of his cell phone, Cooper began thinking of ways to make the cell phone
available to the general public. After ten years, Motorola introduced the first cell phones for
commercial use. The early cell phone and its service were both very expensive. The cell phone
itself cost about $3,500.

In 1977, AT&T constructed a cell phone system and tried it out in Chicago with over 2,000
customers. In 1981, a second cellular phone system was started in the Washington, D.C. and
Baltimore area. It took nearly 37 years for cell phones to become available for general public
use. Today there are more than sixty million cell phone customers with cell phones producing
over thirty billion dollars per year.

1. Apply SQR3 method on above text and answer the questions from
INTRODUCTION & HISTORY

1. What is a cell phone?

Ans: It is a hand-held wireless communication device that sends and receives signals by way of
small special areas called cells.

2. How did the cell phone get its name?

Ans: Because it receives signals by way of small special areas called cells that’s why it was
named Cell phones

3. What are two of the differences between a walkie-talkie and a cell phone?
Ans: Cell phones and walkie-talkies are different from regular phones, because they can be used
in many different locations. A walkie-talkie is sometimes called a half-duplex communication
device, because only one person can talk at a time. A cell phone is a full-duplex device because it
uses both frequencies at the same time. A walkie-talkie has only one channel. A cell phone has
more than a thousand channels. A walkie-talkie can transmit and receive signals across a
distance of about a mile. A cell phone can transmit and receive signals over hundreds of miles.

4. Who invented the cell phone, and for what company did he work?
Ans: Martin Cooper invented the cell phones and he worked for Motorola and Bell Laboratories

5. In what year was the cell phone invented?

Ans: Motorola, on 3 April 1973 were first company to mass produce the the first handheld
mobile phone.

6. How did people react to Martin Cooper as he talked on his cell phone while
walking down the streets of New York City?
Ans: Cooper made the first cell phone call to his opponent at AT&T while walking down the
streets of New York City. People on the sidewalks gazed at Cooper in amazement as he walked
down the street talking on his cellular phone

7. How does the size of the first cell phone compare with the size of cell phones today?
Ans:40 years ago when martin cooper created a mobile phone it was big as shoe box but as the
advancement of the technology size of cell phones today are very small
 2. Map out the below text in your own word
In old days the communications was very difficult, Some send letters by birds or by
human foot, Some signals or tribal drums were also part of communication it made
possible for people to communicate but it would take a month year to reach that
information but as the cellphones were invented by martin cooper in 1973 the
communication became very easy. These phones are wireless communication devices
that sends and receives signals by small special areas called cells. It is a device that is
used to keep in touch with our family or any other person, take pictures, send text
messages and play games. Martin cooper worked with Motorola and Bell laboratories to
invent a portable communication device and invented a first cell phone On April 3 1973.

After its invention he thought of ways to make it public, after 10 years cellphones were
introduced for commercial use but its costs 3,500$ but after 37 years these cell phones
became available for general use. Today there are more than 70 million cell phone
customers with cellphones

Can You Hear Me Now? A Study Unit on Cell Phones

Parts of a Cell Phone

A cell phone is not as complicated as you might think. Most cell phones have only seven major
parts: a circuit board, an antenna, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a keypad, a microphone, a
speaker, and a battery.

Thirty years ago, these parts would have filled the entire floor of an office building. Today they
fit into a package small enough to rest in the palm of your hand.
The circuit board is the most important part of a cell phone because it contains the computer
chip. One section of the chip performs high-speed calculations. Another section of the chip has a
microprocessor that handles the commands that you give the cell phone when you press keys on
the keypad.

Cell phones have tiny speakers and microphones that are very powerful. As the size of the cell
phone decreased, so did the size of the cell phone battery.

How Cell Phones Work

When you speak into a cell phone, it picks up your voice and changes the sound waves in your
voice into radio waves. The radio waves then travel through the air to a receiver at a station or
tower. The tower sends your call through a series of networks or cells until it reaches the person
that you are calling.

When you receive a call on your cell phone, the message travels through a cellular network until
it reaches a tower or base station near your cell phone. The base station then sends out radio
waves that are picked up by a receiver in your cell phone. The radio waves are then changed
back to the sound of a voice. A cell phone can transmit and send signals over hundreds of miles.
A cell phone operates within cells, so that as you move from one place to another, the signal is
passed from one cell to another. This is how someone using a cell phone can drive hundreds of
miles and hold a conversation during the entire trip.
Text 2: “The U.S.. Census”

Every ten years, in years ending with a zero, the U.S. Census Bureau counts all the people in the
United States. The creation of a census is a process required by the U.S. Constitution. The results
of the census are used to distribute government money and to allocate seats in Congress. The
seats in the House of Representatives are allocated according to population. The population of
your state determines how many seats your state has.

The first census of the United States was taken in 1790. At that time, there were an estimated
3,929,214 people in the United States. This estimate is low because the census records for five
states were missing. In addition, slaves and Indians were not counted. At that time, the census
was intended to show how many men were available for military service. By the time of the tenth
census in 1890, the population was estimated to be 50,189,209. In 1920, at the time of the
fourteenth census, the population first topped 100 million. The 1920 population was estimated to
be 106,021,537. 1950 was the first time a computer was used for the census. The new room–
sized computer named ENIAC was used for parts for the count. In fact, the Census Bureau
acquired its own computer, named UNIVAC, during that era. By the year 2000, there were
281,421,906 people in the United States. That information was gathered using high–speed
supercomputers, quite a difference from the 200 men who traveled throughout the country on
horseback gathering information for the first census!

The census is important because the results are used to decide how federal money will be
distributed throughout the country. Money for education, health care for older people, and funds
for community development and housing is sent to the states according to the number of people
in each state. Local and state governments use the results of the census to help them decide
where to build schools, libraries, bridges, highways, and other public projects. Businesses use the
numbers to help them determine where to open new businesses. It is completely safe to give
information to the U.S. Census Bureau. The law does not allow the Census Bureau to give out
information about individuals. There is a 72–year waiting period. The waiting period is enforced
so that people will feel free to tell the truth on the census questionnaires. The last census for
which information is available is the 1930 census. Census workers may not give out personal
information about people. If they break this law, they can go to prison for five years and pay
$5,000 in fines.

The official census is taken on April 1 of each census year. During March of the census year, the
U.S. government counts people who do not live at a specific address. It counts students in
dormitories, people in nursing homes, prisons and other places where transient people stay. It
sends out questionnaires to most residences. Then census enumerators – people who count
people – go from door to door to count people who do not respond to the questionnaires. Census
workers must count migrant workers, seasonal farm workers, and people who live outdoors or in
vehicles. They must also count people who live on ships, military bases, or in remote areas. The
Census Bureau sets up help centers and toll– free phone numbers to help people fill out the
census forms. The Census Bureau really wants to get accurate information about the people
living in the U.S. The Bureau spends years preparing each census. It now costs billions of dollars
to conduct a U.S. Census. The total cost of the 2010 census will be about 14 billion dollars!
 1. Apply Scanning and Skimming technique on above text and answer the questions

1) When was the first U..S.. Census?

Ans: The first census of the United States was taken in 1790
2) How many enumerators worked on the first census?
Ans: 200 men who traveled throughout the country on horseback gathering
information for the first census!
3) When were computers first used in the census?
Ans: In 1950 was the first time a computer was used for the census
4) If a census worker gives out personal census information,, he or she…
Ans: If they break this law, they can go to prison for five years and pay $5,000 in
fines
5) When will the results of the 2010 census be available?
Ans: In 2020 the results will be available
4) Who are Transient people?
Anas: The people who move from place to place, not a fixed residence
5) What are Residences?
Ans: The people who have an official home

Vocabulary

1) The best synonym for distribute is…

A. Tax.
B. Give out.
C. Count up.
D. Charge.
E. Reclaim.

2) The best synonym for acquired is…

A. Obtained.
B. Built.
C. Made.
D. Rejected.
E. Owned.

3) The best synonym for determine is…

A. Refuse.
B. Decide.
C. Pay for.
D. Compromise.
E. Plan for.
2. Map out the above text in your own word
Us census is held to count population of United Stated every 10 years. It is a required
process by U.S Constitution. The results are used to distribute government money and
allocate seats in congress. The population of state determines how many seats your state
has first U.S census was held in 1790. Population was 3,929,214 in this counting the 5
states were missing and not including slaved and Indians. In 1890 it became 50,189,209.
In 1920 population topped 100 million. In 1950 first computer was used ENIAC to
calculate the population. Census acquired its own computer UNIVAC. In 2000
281,421,906 people were in US counted by Supercomputers. The census is important
because the results are used to decide how federal money will be distributed throughout
the country. Local and state governments use the results of the census to help them decide
where to build schools, libraries, bridges, highways, and other public projects. It is safe to
give information to U.S Census but it is not allowed for census to give out the
information about individual if they break the law they go to prison for 5 years and pay
5,000$ in fines. U.S census is held on 1 April, in march of census year the government
counts transient people. Census workers must count migrant workers, seasonal farm
workers, and people who live outdoors or in vehicles. The Census Bureau really wants to
get accurate information about the people living in the U.S. The Bureau spends years
preparing each census. It now costs billions of dollars to conduct a U.S. Census. The total
cost of the 2010 census will be about 14 billion dollars.