11/14/21, 10:58 AM Networking And Scripting : BGP Q&A

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MONDAY, 9 JANUARY 2017

BGP Q&A

1: What is the most important

difference between BGP-4 and earlier versions of BGP?
A: BGP-4 is classless.
Earlier versions are classful.

2: What two problems was CIDR

developed to alleviate?
A: CIDR was developed to
alleviate the explosion of Internet routing tables and to slow the depletion of
Class B network addresses.

3: What is the difference

between classful and classless IP routers?
A: Classful IP routers
perform routing table lookups on the major class network address first and then
match the subnet. Classless IP
routers ignore the  class of the
destination address and try to make a longest match on the address prefix.
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4: What is the difference
between classful and classless IP routing protocols?
A: Classful IP routing
protocols advertise only a network or subnet address, without any information
about the prefix length. As a
result, routers receiving the advertisement must
make certain assumptions about the address prefix. Classless IP routing
protocols
4 3 3 8 3
include information that allows the receiving router to parse the
address prefix. As a result, VLSM and summarization are possible
with classless
protocols. SEARCH THIS BLOG
5: Given the addresses
172.17.208.0/23, 172.17.210.0/23, 172.17.212.0/23, and 172.17.214.0/23,
summarize the addresses with
a single aggregate, using the longest possible address mask.
A: 172.17.208.0/21
MY POSTS
6: What is an address prefix?
"DHCP SNOOPING" " DA
A: An IP address prefix is
the part of an IP address that a router considers when making routing decisions.
In a classful environment,
the prefix is a major class network address or one
of its subnets. In a classless environment, the prefix can be any number of
leading ARP “Working Example &
bits in the 32-bit address.
BGP "IMP" NOTES
8: Explain how summarization
helps hide network instabilities. BGP Attributes
A: Member addresses, or
destination addresses that are summarized by an aggregate address, are not
advertised past the
BGP Basics
summarization point. So if the state of one of the member
addresses changes,the change is not advertised past the summarization
point. BGP In Nutshell "With"Int
BGP MCQ
9: Explain how summarization
can cause asymmetric traffic patterns.
A: Summarization hides the
details of the internetwork behind the summarization point. If a summary
address is advertised by more BGP Overview
than one router, the routers beyond the summarization
points select only the closest summarizing router. BGP Q&A
10: Is asymmetric traffic
undesirable? BGP Scenarios Based Q&
A: The answer is
subjective. Asymmetric traffic can make baselining and troubleshooting more
difficult, and if the internetwork is CCNA 200-125 Tips 1: Po
geographically large, delay-sensitive
traffic can be affected. On the other hand, the benefits of summarization might
outweigh these
problems. CCNA 200-125 Tips 2: Po
CCNA 200-125: CHEAT S
11: What is a NAP?
A: A network access point
is a LAN or switch through which service providers may interconnect. From the
perspective of Internet CCNP Route-300-101: No
traffic flow, NAPs are the hierarchically highest
points in the Internet topology. CISSP:Notes

12: What is a route server? Cisco VPN and ASA Note

A: A route server is a
server with which routers may peer via some routing protocol. Each router sends
its updates to the route server DHCP Interview Question
rather than to the other peers. The route
server applies the appropriate routing policies and then sends the updates to
the other
peers. Route servers are useful when many routers must peer across a
common data link, as in a NAP, by reducing the number of DHCP OPTION 82
peering sessions each
router must establish. This can be especially DNS: Why and How It Wo
important if the routers
are using a unicast protocol such as BGP, in which a separate packet must be
sent to each peer. A route
server is not a router, because it performs no
packet forwarding. Dynamic Host Configurat
EAP: Extensible Authenti
13: What is a
provider-independent address space, and why can it be advantageous to have one?
A: A provider-independent
address space is assigned by the regional IP address registry rather than as
part of a service provider's Enabling MD5-Challenge
CIDR block. It proves useful if an AS is
multihomed to different service providers. It is also useful because it is
portable. That is, the Ethernet interview questio
owner of the address space can change
ISPs without having to
re-address. Exam CRAM CCNA-200-
Firewall Q&A
14: Why can it be a problem
to have a /21 provider-independent address space?
A: Some national service
providers do not accept IP prefixes longer than a /19. As a result, a /21 might
not be advertised to all parts Frequent used command
of the Internet. Gratuitous ARP "Explana

15: What is a routing policy? HTTP Tutorial and Status

A: A routing policy is a
predefined set of rules for handling incoming and outgoing routes. Typical
tools for setting routing policies are Hand notes-CCNA Secur
redistribution, route filters, and route
maps.
Hand notes-CCNA Secur
16: What is the underlying
protocol that BGP uses to reliably connect to its neighbors? How to find out TCP Payl
A: BGP uses TCP port 179.
Hubs vs. Switches vs. Ro
17: What are the four BGP
message types, and how is each one used? ICMP
A: The four BGP message
types are Open, Keepalive, Update, and Notification. Open messages are used to
initially identify a BGP
ICMP Redirect
speaker to its neighbor and begin a peering session.
Keepalives maintain the peer connection. Updates are used to advertise routes,
and Notification messages advise peers of errors. IEEE 802.1X (dot1x) Port

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11/14/21, 10:58 AM Networking And Scripting : BGP Q&A

IP Fragmentation "Explan
18: In what state or states
can BGP peers exchange Update messages?
A: BGP peers can exchange
Update messages only when both are in the Established state. IP Fragmentation Q&A
IPv4 & IPv6 “Link-Local A
19: What is NLRI?
A: Network Layer
Reachability Information is the IP address prefix or prefixes advertised in a
BGP IPv4 & IPv6 “Loopback A
Update. IPv6 [Internet Protocol Ve

20: What is a path attribute? Interview Q/A Routing &S

A: A path attribute is a
characteristic of a BGP route. Linux Commands-Cheat S

21: What are the four

categories of BGP path attributes? Linux: Command Line Us
A: The four categories of
BGP path attributes are Well-known Mandatory, Well-known Discretionary,Optional
Transitive, and Optional Native Vs Default Vlan
Nontransitive.
Network Address Transla
22: What is the purpose of
the AS_PATH attribute? Networking Interview Q&A
A: The AS_PATH attribute
describes the AS numbers that a received Update has crossed after it left the
originating router. This
information can be used to determine the shortest
inter-AS path, and it is also used to detect routing loops. PROXY ARP
Packet Flow through Cisc
23: What are the different
types of AS_PATH?
A: AS_PATH types are
AS_SEQUENCE, AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE, AS_SET, and AS_CONFED_SET. Packet Formats to Reme
AS_SEQUENCE is an ordered
set of AS numbers, and AS_SET is an unordered set of AS numbers. Packet Transmission: Ro
AS_CONFED_SEQUENCE and
AS_CONFED_SET are the same as AS_SEQUENCE and AS_SET but are used only within
BGP Protocol Stack Layers
confederations.
Ping And Traceroute
24: What is the purpose of
the NEXT_HOP attribute? Puzzles and Riddles
A: The NEXT_HOP attribute
describes the IP address of the next-hop router that packets should be
forwarded to in order to reach the
Python 2.7 Vs 3.4
destination advertised as the NLRI in a BGP
Update.
Python Basic Programs-1
25: What is the purpose of
the LOCAL_PREF attribute?
Python Basic Programs-2
A: If multiple IBGP
speakers are advertising the same route within an AS, the LOCAL_PREF attribute
can be used to identify the
preferred route. The higher the LOCAL_PREF value,
the more preferred the route. Python Basic Programs-3
Python Basics -1
26: What is the purpose of
the MULTI_EXIT_DISC attribute?
A: When multiple links
exist between two autonomous systems, EBGP speakers can use the MED to inform
the neighboring AS of Python Basics:Cheat She
the preferred link for incoming traffic. Python Dictionaries & Dic
27: What attribute or
attributes are useful if a BGP speaker originates an aggregate route? Python Functions
A: THE ATOMIC_AGGREGATE
informs downstream routers that a loss of route information has occurred due to
aggregation. The Python IN Nutshell
AGGREGATOR attribute identifies the router that originated the
aggregate.
Python Important Notes
28: What is a BGP
administrative weight? Python Interview Questio
A: A BGP administrative
weight is a Cisco-specific parameter that can be assigned to routes within a
single router. The higher the
weight, the more preferable the route. Weights
are local to the router and are not advertised to peers. Python Interview Questio
Python Interview Questio
29: Given an EBGP route and
an IBGP route to the same destination, which route will a BGP router
prefer? Python Lists & Lists Prog
A: If the weights,
LOCAL_PREFs, AS_PATH lengths, ORIGIN codes, and MEDs are equal, EBGP routes are
preferred over IBGP Python OOPS Basic Exam
routes.
Python OOPS Basic Tips
30: A router has two IBGP
routes to the same destination. Path A has a LOCAL_PREF of 300 and three AS
numbers in the Python Quick Reference
AS_PATH. Path B has a LOCAL_PREF of 200 and two AS numbers in
the AS_PATH. Assuming no other differences, which
path will the router choose? Python Script:Generate R
A: LOCAL_PREF has a higher
priority in the BGP decision process than AS_PATH, so path A is chosen. Python Sets & Sets Progr

31: What is route dampening? Python String & String Pr

A: Route dampening is a
mechanism by which BGP routes are assigned a penalty for changing state. The
more often the state Python Tuple & Tuple Pro
changes (the route flaps), the greater the accumulated
penalties. If the penalties exceed a certain threshold, the route is suppressed
for a time. As a result, unstable routes have less adverse effect on the BGP
internetwork. Python: (_ & __) in variab
Python: Difference betwe
32: Define the penalty,
suppress limit, reuse limit, and half-life as they apply to route dampening.
A: The penalty is a value
assigned to a route by the route-dampening mechanism each time the route
changes state. The suppress Python: Interview Questio
limit is a threshold that, if exceeded by a route's
accumulated penalties, signifies that the route should not be advertised. Reuse
limit Python: Removing Duplic
is a threshold that, if a suppressed route's accumulated penalties falls
below it, signifies that the route can again be advertised. The
half-life is
the rate at which a route's accumulated penalties are reduced. At the end of
each half-life, the penalty is reduced by half. Python: Script to open a U
Python: Subinterfaces on
33: What is IGP
synchronization, and why is it important?
A: IGP synchronization is
a rule whereby a BGP router cannot advertise a transit route to an EBGP peer
unless the route is found in Python: if __name__ == '_
the IGP routing table. If a BGP router forwards a
transit packet to an IBGP peer via an IGP router, and the IGP router does not
know Python:Assertion
the route, the packet is dropped.
Python:Basic Notes
34: Under what circumstances
can you safely disable IGP synchronization? Python:Basic Script Expla
A: You can safely turn off
IGP synchronization if the IBGP peers in an AS are fully meshed, or when the AS
is not a transit AS.
Python:Decorators
35: What is a BGP peer group? Python:Fibonacci Sequen
A: A BGP peer group is a
group of BGP peers that have been identified on a single router to share common
routing policies. Peer
Python:IMP Programs to
groups simplify configuration by allowing route policies
to be applied to the group rather than to each individual member.
Python:Lambda Expressi
36: What is a BGP community?
Python:Module & Packag
A: A BGP community is a
group of routes that share common routing policies. They work by setting a
common COMMUNITY attribute
in the routes; peers receiving those routes can
recognize the COMMUNITY attribute and apply the appropriate policy. Python:Reverse a String
RADIUS [Remote Authen
37: What is a route
reflector? What is a route reflection client? What is a route reflection
cluster?
A: A route reflector is
similar to a route server in that it permits IBGP routers to peer with it
rather than with each other. Routes from RIB Vs FIB
one peer are advertised, or reflected,
to the other peers. As a result, the number of peering sessions is reduced from
what would be Rapid Spanning Tree Pro
required if the IBGP peers were fully meshed. Route reflectors
differ from route servers in that the route reflector is also a router. A
route
reflection client is an IBGP router that has  peered with a route
reflector. A route reflection cluster is a route reflector and its Routing Basics
clients. A
cluster can have more than one route reflector, but all the clients in the
cluster must be peered with all the route reflectors in STP NOTES
the cluster.
STP Vs RSTP
38: What is the purpose of
the ORIGINATOR_ID and the CLUSTER_LIST path attributes? STP-BPDU GAURD AND

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11/14/21, 10:58 AM Networking And Scripting : BGP Q&A
A: The ORIGINATOR_ID and
CLUSTER_LIST attributes prevent routing loops when route reflectors are being
used. STP-BPDU TYPES

39: What is a BGP

confederation? STP-PortFast
A: A BGP confederation is
a large AS that has been subdivided into a group of smaller autonomous systems
for easier manageability. STP-ROOT GUARD

40: Can route reflectors be

used within confederations? Scenarios Based Q&A
A: Yes. Spanning Tree Interview

41: What is the purpose of

the next-hop-self function? Are there any reasonable alternatives to using this
function? Spanning Tree Protocol
A: next-hop-self tells a
router to change the NEXT_HOP attribute of routes received from an external
peer to its own IP address. This Spanning Tree Protocol:P
function is used when the IGP has no knowledge
of the external next-hop address. An alternative method is to run the IGP
passively
on the external link so that it knows the subnet on which the
external next-hop address resides.  Spirent [STC] points to re
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