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The Industrial Revolution / European Society – MWH Chapter 20

Part I – Multiple Choice (1 point each)

1) In which country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

A)France
B)Belgium
C)Prussia
D)the United States
E)Great Britain

2) Britain's emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following EXCEPT
A)a rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor.
B)the agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century.
C)a ready supply of domestic and colonial markets.
D)Parliament's heavy and controlling involvement in private enterprise.
E)a developed financial system.
 
3) The Industrial Revolution in Britain was largely inspired by
A)the urgent need to solve the great poverty in the eighteenth century.
B)the failure of the cottage industry.
C)entrepreneurs who sought and accepted the new profitable manufacturing methods.
D)the industrialization of the Dutch and French.
E)the economic and technological needs engendered by the French Revolution.
 
4) By the late eighteenth century, Britain had
A)all but fully industrialized.
B)a declining population.
C)a ready supply of capital for investment in new enterprises.
D)a pressing desire to catch up to and surpass Prussia in the race to industrialize.
E)a fully democratic government in which all adult citizens could vote.
 
5) The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the
following EXCEPT
A)canals.
B)roads.
C)bridges.
D)internal customs posts.
E)railroads.

6) British exports ____ between 1660 and 1760.

A)fell by 80 percent
B)increased ten-fold
C)fell by 50 percent
D)quadrupled
E)doubled
7) Who invented the spinning jenny?
A)James Hargreaves
B)James Watts
C)Benjamin Franklin
D)Richard Arkwright
E)Matthew Boulton
 
8) In which business segment did Britain's first step toward the Industrial Revolution occur?
A)Cotton textile industry
B)Wool textile industry
C)Iron industry
D)Railroad industry
E)Mining industry
 
9) What was true of Britain's cotton industry in the late eighteenth century?
A)It could not keep up with French textile production.
B)It was inspired by the textile industry found in the United States.
C)It declined due to the lack of technical innovation.
D)It immediately declined with the success of the Industrial Revolution.
E)It was responsible for the creation of the first modern factories.
 
10) What allowed steam engines to be located away from rivers?
A)They were small and hence portable.
B)They could access water via irrigation channels.
C)They ran on coal.
D)They ran on oil.
E)They ran on electricity.
  
11) Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton
manufacturing?
A)Arkwright's spinning frame.
B)Hargreaves' spinning jenny.
C)Cartwright's power loom.
D)Compton's mule.
E)All of these are correct.
 
12) In the early eighteenth century, new methods of smelting ____ were devised using coke that was
made by slowly burning coal.
A)bronze
B)silver
C)tin
D)copper
E)iron
 
 
13) For which invention, vital to the Industrial Revolution, is James Watt known?
 A)The spinning jenny
B)The mule-powered Newcomen engine
C)A rotary steam engine that could drive factory machines
D)The first steam-powered locomotive
E)The power loom

14) As Britain produced cotton quickly and cheaply with the aid of steam engines, which country could
no longer compete?
A)India
B)America
C)France
D)Algeria
E)Russia
 
15) Upon which resource was Great Britain dependent for the success of the steam engine in the
Industrial Revolution?
A)Timber
B)Coal
C)Water power
D)Electricity
E)Copper
 
16) What was the name of the iron smelting process developed by Englishman Henry Cort?
A)Puddling
B)Cottling
C)Open hearth
D)Skimming
E)Corking
 
17) What did Richard Trevithick pioneer in 1804?
A)An oil-fired locomotive
B)The steering wheel for trains
C)The first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line
D)The first electric-powered locomotive for military use
E)The motion-picture camera
 
18) The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in
A)increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.
B)increasing the size of markets and the price of goods.
C)bringing about the demise of joint-stock companies.
D)defeating Napoleon.
E)making London a great port city.
 
 
19) By 1850, trains could reach speeds of ____ miles per hour.
A)50
B)20
C)125
D)80
E)170
 
20) In the new factory system, workers - many of whom were formerly agricultural laborers - had to
adjust to
A)urban environments.
B)taking orders from a boss.
C)standing on their feet all day.
D)working specific, regular hours.
E)being cooped up indoors.
 
21) The new set of values established by factory owners during the Industrial Revolution
A)was rejected by evangelical religions as being "unchristian."
B)was basically a continuation from the cottage industry system.
C)was never adopted by the working class.
D)relegated the worker to a life of harsh discipline and the rigors of competitive wage labor.
E)was inspired by the examples of Belgium and France.
 
 22) How did the rise of the industrial factory system deeply affect the lives and status of workers?
 A)They were often paid in kind.
B)They became wage laborers.
C)They were less vulnerable to more rapid cycles of economic boom and bust.
D)They got both good wages and many fringe benefits unknown before.
E)They became serfs, legally tied to factories.
 
 23) A frequent method employed to make the many very young boys and girls working in new British
industries obey the owner's factory discipline was
A)the promise of increased wages.
B)deportation to the colonies.
C)heavy fines for lost time.
D)lectures and schooling in the rules to parents.
E)repeated beatings.
 
24) The Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased
 A)the solidarity of the working classes.
B)France's sophistication and cultural leadership.
C)Britain's wealth.
D)the rapid industrialization of the United States.
E)the ideas of social reformers.
 
 
25) One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack
of
 A)banking facilities.
B)roads and means of transportation.
C)manpower.
D)capital for investment.
E)political will.
 
26) What did Britain attempt to do in order to maintain its industrial monopoly?
 A)Export fewer goods to continental countries.
B)Prohibit industrial artisans from going abroad.
C)Limit financial investment overseas.
D)Increase tariffs to keep out foreign manufactured goods.
E)Permanently dismantle its empire.
 
 27) Where on the European continent did industrialization begin first?
 A)Spain and Italy
B)Belgium, France and Germany
C)Russia and Sweden
D)Sweden and Denmark
E)Russia
 
 28) What was one of the differences between British and Continental industrialization?
 A)The government played a larger role in British industrialization.
B)Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
C)The government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
D)Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain.
E)Continental industrialization began much earlier than British industrialization.
 
 29) What best describes industrial development on the continent before 1850?
A)Industry used serfs to provide cheap labor in factories.
B)Industries paid workers extremely high wages, as Henry Ford would later do.
C)Older forms of manufacturing were combined with new forms.
D)Governments did not intervene in private enterprise.
E)States tried to conquer neighboring countries to provide captive markets.
 
30) Friedrich List showed how Germany could catch up with British industry by
 A)using serfs to provide cheap labor in factories.
B)paying workers extremely high wages, as Henry Ford would later do.
C)protecting infant industries with high tariffs.
D)freeing private enterprise from government interference.
E)conquering neighboring countries to provide captive markets.
 
31) Who established the first textile factory using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode Island in
1790?
 A)Samuel Slater
B)Richard Arkwright
C)Eli Whitney
D)Samuel Newcomen
E)John Brown
 
32) Which European nation lagged furthest behind in industrialization in 1870?
 A)Germany
B)Belgium
C)The Netherlands
D)France
E)Russia
 
33) In the first half of the nineteenth century, Irish peasants depended on ____ for their survival.
 A)oats
B)barley
C)corn
D)potatoes
E)wheat
 
34) Which continental nations were the first to establish a comprehensive railroad system?
 A)France and Italy
B)Belgium and Germany
C)Prussia and Poland
D)Russia and Austria
E)the Scandinavian countries
 
 35) What began to replace steamboats as a viable mode of transportation in the United States after the
Civil War?
A)Bicycles
B)Personal automobiles
C)Rickshaws
D)Trains
E)Horses
 
36) The early center of American industrialization was
 A)the South.
B)the Midwest.
C)the Northwest.
D)the Northeast.
E)All of these are correct.
 
37) Under whose control did much of India fall in the early nineteenth century?
A)The Dutch East India Company
B)The French Foreign Legion
C)The Qing dynasty of China
D)The British East India Company
E)The United States military
 
38) In 1800, the United States was a(n)
 A)agrarian country.
B)industrial power.
C)global military giant.
D)tiny country of less than 10,000 people.
E)net exporter of manufactured goods.
 
39) From where did most of the labor for America's growing number of factories come in the first half
of the nineteenth century?
 A)Great Britain
B)The urban northeast
C)Slaves from the south
D)Rural New England
E)Children from Germany
 
40) Under the American system, the use of ____ helped reduce costs and increase production.
 A)child labor
B)interchangeable parts
C)synthetic materials
D)slave labor
E)wage and price controls
 
41) What is correct about the European population in 1850?
A)It could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept.
B)It was close to figures from 1800.
C)It was over 58 million.
D)It was over 173 million.
E)It was over 265 million.
 
42) What factor accounts for the European population explosion of the nineteenth century?
 A)Increased birthrates across Europe
B)Decreased death rates
C)Lack of emigration
D)Increased immigration
E)Increase of infectious diseases
 
43) What was the only European country with a declining population in the nineteenth century?
A)Russia
B)Italy
C)Austria
D)France
E)Ireland

44) Urbanization in the first half of the nineteenth century

 A)was more dramatic for the Continent than Great Britain.
B)caused over fifty percent of the Russian population to live in cities by 1850.
C)was a phenomenon directly tied to industrialization.
D)accounted for widespread poverty in rural areas of Europe.
E)reduced the cost of the central governments.
  
45) Who lived in the suburbs of nineteenth-century industrial cities?
 A)The unemployed
B)Craftsmen
C)Factory workers
D)The middle classes
E)Day laborers
 
46) The largest group in Britain in 1851 was
A)textile factory workers.
B)agricultural workers.
C)domestic servants.
D)clerks and lower-level managers.
E)unemployed workers.
 
 47) Who was Edwin Chadwick?
 A)A leader in expressing the dislike of the middle class for the working poor
B)Author of the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages
C)Advocate of modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain's first Public Health Act
D)Representative of the new entrepreneurial, industrial class
E)Opponent any and all government involvement in economic and social issues
 
48) Which nineteenth-century novelist described the coal towns as a place "where the struggling
vegetation sickened and sank under the hot breath of kiln and furnace"?
A)Gustav Flaubert
B)Emile Zola
C)Herman Melville
D)Charles Dickens
E)George Eliot
 
49) Members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the early nineteenth century
A)particularly excluded aristocrats.
B)were responsible for the predominance of giant corporate firms by 1850.
C)were usually resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds.
D)were more often from the lower classes than the bourgeoisie.
E)were always from the bourgeoisie.
 
50) What accurately describes working conditions in early factories?
A)Work hours ranged from twelve to sixteen hours per day.
B)Only adult men were employed as factory workers.
C)Workers made triple the wages they would have in agriculture.
D)Factory workers had considerable job security.
E)Cotton factories were seen as the most desirable work settings.
 
51) By 1830, women and children made up ____ of the cotton industry's labor force.
A)80 percent
B)two-thirds
C)one-quarter
D)10 percent
E)almost 100 percent
 
52) Which of the following is NOT a reason owners of cotton factories employed children?
A)The small size of children facilitated their movement around machines.
B)Children represented a cheap supply of labor.
C)Children made up an abundant supply of labor.
D)Children were more easily broken to the discipline of factory work than adults.
E)Compulsory education from ages five to eight meant they could follow written instructions
from factory supervisors.
 
53) What was true of women workers in the early factories of the Industrial Revolution?
A)Women were given the same pay as men.
B)Kinship patterns changed dramatically once women entered factories.
C)Women never represented a large percentage of the workers in textile factories.
D)Women saw large numbers and types of new jobs open up to them..
E)Women saw their social status improve.
 
54) What happened with the English Poor Law Act of 1834?
A)It established workhouses where jobless poor people were forced to live.
B)It placed a tax rate of 50 percent on the wealthy and redistributed that money to the poor.
C)It never got out of Parliament.
D)It reclassified people with less than one hundred pounds annual income as poor.
E)It forced the poor into the British navy.
 
55) The Industrial Revolution's effect on the standard of living
A)especially benefited the middle classes.
B)led to much increased disparity between the richest and poorest classes in society.
C)eventually led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes.
D)created higher per capita incomes.
E)All of these are correct.
 
56) In the early nineteenth century, trade unions were formed by ____ in a number of industries.
A)social reformers
B)skilled workers
C)factory owners
D)local government officials
E)unskilled workers
 
 57) The People's Charter drawn up in 1838 called for
A)workers throughout the country to break machines and burn factories.
B)universal male suffrage and annual sessions of Parliament.
C)the replacement of Parliament with a scheme of local governments.
D)government to provide a chart of national expenditures to expose political corruption.
E)a weakening of labor unions.
 
58) Which statement is correct concerning the Luddites?
 A)They received little support in their areas of activity.
B)They destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
C)They were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain.
D)They were the first movement driven by working-class consciousness on the Continent.
E)They demanded the establishment of a socialist economy.
 
 59) The 1842 Coal Mines Act eliminated the employment of ____ in mines.
A)boys under ten and all women
B)anyone under eighteen
C)boys under eight and girls under fifteen
D)foreign nationals
E)convicted felons
 
60) Efforts at industrial reform in the 1830s and 1840s in Great Britain achieved all of the following
EXCEPT the
A)establishment of a national system of trade unions by 1847.
B)reduction of working hours for children to no more than 12 hours a day.
C)outlawing of women and children in coal mines.
D)requirement of daily education for working children.
E)appointment of government factory inspectors.
 
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1) The ____ revolution helped produce the first Industrial Revolution in Britain.
A)diplomatic
B)American
C)French
D)agricultural
E)urban

2) Factory workers had to ____ if their employers' enterprises were to be profitable.

A)live at the factory
B)eat on the job
C)forego wages
D)work well past the age of seventy
E)do given tasks quickly, efficiently, and repeatedly

3) Industrialization began in earnest on the European continent after

A)1870.
B)1735.
C)1750.
D)1850.
E)1815.
 
4) Between 1800 and 1850, London's population
A)held steady.
B)grew by 10 percent.
C)more than doubled.
D)fell by 15 percent
E)quadrupled.
 
5) What best describes members of the new industrial entrepreneurial class in the mid nineteenth
century?
A)They were the true initiators of the Industrial Revolution.
B)They were responsible for the predominance of giant corporate firms by 1850.
C)They came from the professional and middle classes.
D)They were often from the lower classes.
E)They were unable to amass great wealth.
 
 6) What did as the objective of the Chartists in England?
 A)To break machines and burn factories
B)To make Parliament more democratic
C)To overthrow capitalism through revolution
D)To chart the expenditures of government money
E)To strengthen labor unions
 
 
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1) Historians generally agree that the Industrial Revolution began
 A) before 1700.
B) between 1700 and 1750.
C) sometime after 1750.
D) shortly after 1800.
E) shortly before 1850.
 
 2) Steam engines were powered by
 A) gasoline.
B) iron.
C) coal.
D) oil.
E) All of these are correct.
 
3) During the second half of the eighteenth century, the import of raw cotton into Britain
 A) increased dramatically.
B) decreased dramatically.
C) remained largely unchanged.
D) increased slightly.
E) decreased slightly.
 
4) Britain's Great Exhibition of 1851 was held
 A) in Manchester.
B) at Kensington Palace.
C) in the newly built Crystal Palace.
D) at scattered locations across England and Wales.
E) at the Houses of Parliament.
 
 5) The Industrial Revolution on the Continent occurred between 1815 and 1850 in
A) Belgium.
B) Spain.
C) the Austrian Empire.
D) Russia.
E) All of these are correct.
 
6) The book's excerpt from Mark Twain's Life on the Mississippi describes
 A) life on a cotton plantation in the American South.
B) the first American railroads.
C) the American Civil War's impact on those living along the Mississippi.
D) the impact of steamboats on a town located on the Mississippi.
E) political struggles in small town America during the nineteenth century.
  
7) By 1860 the richest 10 percent of the population in the cities held what percentage of the wealth?
A) 10 percent
B) 25 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 70 to 80 percent
E) 90 to 95 percent
 
8) Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because
 
A) Britain had more unskilled laborers.
B) there was a skilled labor surplus in the U.S.
C) there was a skilled labor surplus in Britain.
D) there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
E) there was a labor surplus in the U.S.
 
 9) The so-called American System
A) involved the use of high tariffs to protect new industries.
B) reduced costs and revolutionized production through labor-saving innovations in
manufacturing.
C) referred to the establishment of a common market for the western hemisphere.
D) embraced free trade and the absence of tariffs.
E) was reminiscent of the medieval guild system of wage and price controls.
 
 10) The European population explosion of the nineteenth century
A) was primarily the result of increased birthrates across Europe.
B) was largely attributable to the disappearance of famine from western Europe.
C) was due to the lack of emigration.
D) was due to increased immigration.
E) occurred despite the proliferation of major epidemic diseases.
 
11) The Great Hunger in Ireland stemmed from the spread of a fungus that attacked
A) cattle.
B) sheep.
C) the wheat crop.
D) the rye and barley crops.
E) the potato crop.
 
12) Which of the following statements best applies to urban life in the early nineteenth century?
A) Government intervention prevented consumer fraud and food adulteration.
B) A tremendous decline in urban death rates accounted for the increased population of most large
cities.
C) Lower-class family dwellings were on the whole much better than in the countryside.
D) Filthy sanitary conditions were exacerbated by the city authorities' slow response to take
responsibility for public health.
E) Modern urban planning began in the city of London in the 1850s.
 
13) Demographic changes that resulted from industrialization saw
A) the aristocracy move from cities to escape the ill effects of factory development.
B) the new middle class move to the suburbs of cities to escape the urban poor.
C) laboring classes become more affluent and varied in their places of residence.
D) rich and poor more commonly living together in new suburban housing developments.
E) the abandonment of the central city.
 
14) The new social class of industrial workers in the early Industrial Revolution
 
A) did not include women.
B) worked under dangerous conditions for long hours.
C) excluded children from factory work.
D) unionized and achieved a good amount of political power.
E) demanded a socialist economic system.

Part II – True or False (1 point each)

1) The agricultural revolution led to a significant increase in food production in Britain. TRUE

2) Steam engines helped make steel manufacturing the first industry to utilize modern factories.
FALSE ; make TEXTILES manufacturing the first industry...

3) Henry Cort played a key role in the development of the American system. FALSE ; -Henry Cort, key
role in IRON | -ELI WHITNEY, key role in American system
 
4) The factory system required a new kind of discipline from employees. TRUE

5) Lack of technical knowledge hampered industrialization on the continent until the early twentieth
century. FALSE ; THE BRITISH BEING SECRETIVE hampered....

6) The United States did not have a significant railroad network until after 1890. FALSE ; got their
railroad network IN CIVIL WAR

7) Between 1750 and 1850, the population of Europe almost doubled. TRUE

8) Edwin Chadwick championed universal suffrage for all adult males. FALSE ; he helped make cities
SAFER and CLEANER

9) The People's Charter demanded universal employment for all adult men. FALSE ; demanded
universal SUFFRAGE

10) Early efforts to reduce the evils of the industrial factory focused on women and children. TRUE

11) The eighteenth-century agricultural revolution in Britain reduced the cost of food, thus giving the
British extra income to purchase items produced by the Industrial Revolution. TRUE

12) The British government played a significant role in Britain's industrialization by providing stability
and enacting laws that protected private property. TRUE
 
13) The world's first industrial fair was held in Paris in 1851, commemorating the rebuilding of the city
under the leadership of Emperor Napoleon III. FALSE
 
14) Many of the exhibits shown in Britain's Great Exhibition were housed in the Houses of Parliament,
to show the connection between industrial might and political power. FALSE

15) In Britain, the Industrial Revolution was built upon the coal and iron of heavy industry, while
industrialization on the Continent was led by the cotton industry. FALSE
 
16) The newly industrialized European nations actively encouraged industrialization in their colonies,
such as the British did in India, believing that more production would reduce the cost of goods, thus
satisfying domestic consumers. FALSE

17) By 1870, most of the world had begun to industrialize according to the models established in
western Europe and the United States. FALSE

18) Abundant local capital and limits on British imports allowed for the robust growth of new
manufacturing operations in India. FALSE

19) Many of Britain's industrial entrepreneurs were Quakers and other religious minorities, in part
because they were excluded from many public positions and lacked opportunities other than in the new
industrial capitalism. TRUE

20) Working-class British children in the nineteenth century were generally treated well by their
employers and paid sufficient wages to ensure their social advancement. FALSE

21) James Hargreaves pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive on an industrial rail line. FALSE

22) The Luddites favored a policy of rapid industrialization. FALSE