CLINICAL

OVERVIEW OF

HOSPITAL
PHARMACY

INDUSTRY
SERVICES

ACADEME
REGULATORY
Health Technology
Assessment and Health Policy
with Pharmacoeconomics

COMMUNITY
 CLINICAL
Overview of

HOSPITAL
Pharmacy Services
Components of Pharmacy Services

INDUSTRY
Topic Outline:
Discussing the Components of

ACADEME
Pharmacy Services
Objectives:
Demonstrate knowledge of the

REGULATORY
different Components of
Pharmacy Services

COMMUNITY
MODULE II
 CLINICAL
GROUP TWO MEMBERS

HOSPITAL
INDUSTRY
ACADEME
REGULATORY
Manupac Bravo Manupac Sarapuddin
Jensar Revelyn Saraniza Baced

COMMUNITY
 CLINICAL
© World Health Organization
WHO Technical Report Series, No. 961, 2011

HOSPITAL
Annex 8
Joint FIP/WHO guidelines on good pharmacy practice:

INDUSTRY
standards for quality of pharmacy services
Background

ACADEME
1. Introduction
2. Underlying philosophy
3. Definition of good pharmacy practice

REGULATORY
4. Requirements of good pharmacy practice
5. Setting standards for good pharmacy practice

COMMUNITY
6. Conclusions
 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
The health of the public is
fundamental to the happiness and
welfare of all people. Barriers to

DEFINITION
good health include poor access
to quality medical products, lack of

REQUIREMENTS
access to trained health
professionals and care, an
inadequate health workforce,

STANDARDS
unaffordable cost of care and poor

SETTING
standards of education of health-
care professionals.

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
Medicines are an essential and critical
part of health-care services in all

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
cultures and societies. When
accessed, medicines are often an
essential component of many disease Pharmacists are specifically educated

DEFINITION
prevention programs and virtually all and trained health professionals who
disease treatment plans. are charged by their national or other

REQUIREMENTS
appropriate (e.g. state or provincial)
Substandard, adulterated,
authorities with the management of
unlicensed and spurious/falsely-
the distribution of medicines to
labeled/falsified/counterfeit

STANDARDS
SETTING
consumers and to engage in
medicines are a growing problem
appropriate efforts to assure their
that compromise health.
safe and efficacious use.

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
National pharmacy professional

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
associations need to work together
with their governing bodies and other
health-care professional associations

DEFINITION
to support pharmacists in their
countries through provision of
continuing professional development

REQUIREMENTS
Pharmacists play an important role in
improving access to health care and activities, including distance-learning
in closing the gap between the programs, and establishing national
standards of pharmacy services and

STANDARDS
potential benefit of medicines and

SETTING
the actual value realized and should practice objectives.
be part of any comprehensive health

CONCLUSIONS
system.
 INTRODUCTION
Pharmacists are health-care
professionals whose professional
It is the policy of FIP and WHO to responsibilities and accountabilities

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
provide guidance to national include seeking to ensure that people
pharmacy professional organizations derive maximum therapeutic benefit
regarding the development of their from their treatments

DEFINITION
national GPP guidelines. The with medicines.
conditions of practice vary widely
from country to country

REQUIREMENTS
and each national pharmacy
professional organization is best able
to decide what can be achieved and

STANDARDS
SETTING
within what time-scale.

CONCLUSIONS
 Importance:

INTRODUCTION
Underlying philosophy • In the community setting, pharmacists
should be acknowledged as health-
care professionals whom patients can

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
There are six components
to this mission: consult for health-related problems.
• Being readily available to patients • To improve the use of medicines,
pharmacists have responsibilities for

DEFINITION
with or without an appointment;
• identifying and managing or triaging many aspects of the process of
health-related problems; medicines use, each of which is

REQUIREMENTS
• health promotion; important to achieve good outcomes
• assuring effectiveness of medicines; from treatment.
• preventing harm from medicines; & • Another important component of this

STANDARDS
SETTING
• making responsible use of limited mission is assisting patients and those
health-care resources. administering medicines to
understand the importance of taking

CONCLUSIONS
medicines properly
 INTRODUCTION
Underlying philosophy

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
Good Pharmacy Practice

DEFINITION
GPP is the practice of pharmacy that
responds to the needs of the people who
use the pharmacists’ services to provide

REQUIREMENTS
optimal, evidence-based care. To support
this practice it is essential that there be an
established national framework of quality

STANDARDS
SETTING
standards and guidelines.

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
Requirements of Good Pharmacy Practice

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
• GPP requires that a pharmacist's first concern in all settings is the
welfare of patients.
• GPP requires that the core of the pharmacy activity is to help patients

DEFINITION
make the best use of medicines.
• GPP requires that an integral part of the pharmacist's contribution is
the promotion of rational and economic prescribing, as well as

REQUIREMENTS
dispensing.
• GPP requires that the objective of each element of pharmacy service is
relevant to the patient, is clearly defined and is effectively

STANDARDS
SETTING
communicated to all those involved. Multidisciplinary collaboration
among health-care professionals is the key factor for successfully

CONCLUSIONS
improving patient safety.
 INTRODUCTION
In satisfying these requirements, the following conditions are necessary:

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
• the well-being of patients should be the main philosophy underlying practice;
• pharmacists should have input into decisions about the use of medicines. A system

DEFINITION
should exist that enables pharmacists to report and to obtain feedback;
• the relationship with other health professionals, particularly physicians, should be
established as a therapeutic collaborative partnership that involves mutual trust

REQUIREMENTS
and confidence in all matters relating to pharmacotherapy;
• the relationship between pharmacists should be one of colleagues seeking to
improve pharmacy service, rather than acting as competitors;

STANDARDS
in reality, organizations, group practices and pharmacy managers should accept a

SETTING
•
share of responsibility for the definition, evaluation and improvement of quality;

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
In satisfying these requirements, the following conditions are necessary:
• the pharmacist should be aware of essential medical and pharmaceutical

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
information about each patient. Obtaining such information is made easier if the
patient chooses to use only one pharmacy or if the patient's medication profile is

DEFINITION
available;
• the pharmacist needs evidence-based, unbiased, comprehensive, objective and
current information about therapeutics, medicines and other healthcare products

REQUIREMENTS
in use;
• pharmacists in each practice setting should accept personal responsibility. While
self-monitoring is important, an element of assessment and monitoring by the

STANDARDS
national pharmacy professional organizations;

SETTING
• educational programs for entry into the profession; and
• national standards of GPP should be specified and adhered to by practitioners.

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
At the national or appropriate level, it is necessary to establish:

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
DEFINITION
1 2 3

REQUIREMENTS
A Legal A Workforce An Economic

STANDARDS
SETTING
Framework Framework Framework

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
Setting Standards For Good Underlying philosophy
Pharmacy Practice

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
GPP includes standards that often exceed
those laid down by national legislation.
Furthermore, legislation seldom gives precise

DEFINITION
instructions about how the services should be
produced to meet the requirements.
Therefore, national pharmacy professional

REQUIREMENTS
associations have a role in setting standards
required for GPP, which includes a quality
management framework and a strategic plan

STANDARDS
SETTING
for developing services.

Standards should recognize the uniqueness of

different pharmacy practice settings (e.g.

CONCLUSIONS
community and hospital pharmacy).
 INTRODUCTION
Medicines and needs change, the standards
should acknowledge evolving practice settings
and provide these developing services with

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
guidance without negatively affecting the
evolutionary nature of practice.

DEFINITION
When establishing minimum standards on All national pharmacy professional
GPP, FIP emphasizes the importance of first associations should also adapt these roles and
defining the roles played by pharmacists, as functions in accordance to their own
expected by patients and society. Secondly,

REQUIREMENTS
requirements. The activities listed below can
relevant functions for which pharmacists have be further defined and measured by setting
direct responsibility and accountability need to indicators of good practice within a national
be determined within each role. Thirdly, context and can be weighted by actual

STANDARDS
SETTING
minimum national standards should then be practice-setting priorities. It is recommended
established, based upon the need to that national pharmacy professional
demonstrate competency in a set of activities associations consider the following roles,

CONCLUSIONS
supporting each function and role. functions and activities for pharmacists, where
appropriate:
 Function A:

INTRODUCTION
Prepare extemporaneous medicine
preparations and medical products Minimum

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
national standards should be established for
these activities.

DEFINITION
Prepare, obtain, store, Pharmacists should ensure that medicine
preparation areas are appropriately designed to
secure, distribute, administer, permit ease of extemporaneous preparations and
dispense and dispose of

REQUIREMENTS
are maintained in a manner that minimizes the
potential for medication errors and assures the
medical products cleanliness and safety of medical products.

STANDARDS
SETTING
Pharmacists should ensure that compounded
medicines are consistently prepared to comply with
written formulas and quality standards for raw
materials, equipment and preparation processes,

CONCLUSIONS
including sterility where appropriate.
 Function B:

INTRODUCTION
Obtain, store and secure medicine Pharmacists who are responsible for
preparations and medical products Minimum procurement should ensure that procurement

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
national standards should be established for is supported by a reliable information system
these activities. which provides accurate, timely and accessible
information.

DEFINITION
Pharmacists who are responsible for procurement
should ensure that the procurement process is Pharmacists should establish contingency
transparent, professional and ethical so as to promote plans for shortages of medicines and for

REQUIREMENTS
equity and access and to ensure accountability to
purchases in emergencies.
relevant governing and legal entities.

Pharmacists who are responsible for procurement

Pharmacists should assure that proper storage

STANDARDS
conditions are provided for all medicines,

SETTING
should ensure that procurement is supported by
strong quality assurance principles to assure that especially for controlled substances, used in
substandard, adulterated, unlicensed and the pharmacy or health-care facility.
spurious/falsely-labelled/ falsifi ed/counterfeit

CONCLUSIONS
medicines are not procured or allowed into the
system.
 Function C:

INTRODUCTION
Pharmacists should develop with
Distribute medicine preparations and manufacturers, wholesalers and government
medical products Minimum national

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
agencies (where appropriate) an access plan
standards should be established for these for uninterrupted supply of essential medicines
activities. as part of a disaster or pandemic preparedness

DEFINITION
strategy.
Pharmacists should ensure that all medical products,
including medicine samples, are handled and
As part of a disaster or pandemic preparedness
distributed in a manner that assures reliability and

REQUIREMENTS
strategy, national medicines regulatory
safety of the medicine supply.
agencies may introduce new medicines which
Pharmacists should establish an effective distribution are authorized for marketing with limited
safety data; pharmacists have a responsibility

STANDARDS
system which includes a written procedure, to recall

SETTING
promptly and effectively 319 medical products known to be aware of the safety issues and to institute
or suspected to be defective or spurious/ falsely- necessary mechanisms for monitoring
labelled/falsifi ed/counterfeit, with a designated occurrence of adverse events.

CONCLUSIONS
person(s) responsible for recalls.
 Function D: Function E:

INTRODUCTION
Administration of medicines, vaccines and other Dispensing of medical products Minimum national
injectable medications Minimum national standards standards should be established for these activities.

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
should be established for these activities. Pharmacists should ensure that appropriate facilities,
Pharmacists should have a role in the preparation and trained personnel, standard dispensing practices and
administration of medicines, in establishing procedures documentation procedures are in place in the pharmacy
for the supply and dispensing of prescribed medicines

DEFINITION
in their work settings with respect to the administration,
and in monitoring the outcomes of medication and other health-care products.
administration.
Pharmacists should assess and evaluate all paper or

REQUIREMENTS
Pharmacists should have an educator, facilitator and electronic prescriptions received, considering the
immunizer role, thus contributing to the prevention of therapeutic, social, economic and legal aspects of the
diseases through participation in vaccination prescribed indication(s) before supplying medical
programmes, by ensuring vaccination coverage and by products to the patient. Where possible, generic

STANDARDS
also ensuring vaccine safety. substitution is recommended.

SETTING
Pharmacists should participate in directly observed Pharmacists should ensure patient confidentiality at the
therapy (DOT) programmes in areas such as the point of dispensing medical products and should provide
advice to ensure that the patient receives and

CONCLUSIONS
management of drug addiction, HIV/ AIDS, tuberculosis
and sexually transmitted diseases, where applicable. understands sufficient written and oral information to
derive maximum benefit for the treatment.
 INTRODUCTION
Function F:
Dispose of medicine preparations and
Pharmacists should establish a safe way of

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
medical products Minimum national
medicines waste disposal at the hospital and/or
standards should be established for these
community pharmacy so that patients and the public
activities. can be encouraged to return their expired or

DEFINITION
Pharmacists should ensure that regular unwanted medicines and medical devices.
monitoring of the medicines inventory is Alternatively, pharmacists should provide
conducted and should always include medicines appropriate information to patients on how to safely

REQUIREMENTS
samples in the process of periodic inspection for dispose of expired or unwanted medicines.
expiration dates and removal of outdated stock.

Pharmacists should ensure that recalled medical

STANDARDS
SETTING
products, including medicines samples, are
immediately stored separately for subsequent
disposal and prevented from being available for
further dispensing or distribution.

CONCLUSIONS
 UNDERLYING SETTING
INTRODUCTION
PHILOSOPHY
DEFINITION REQUIREMENTS STANDARDS CONCLUSIONS
Provide effective medication
therapy management
Function A: Function B:

INTRODUCTION
Assess patient health status and needs. Manage patient medication therapy.

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
Minimum national standards should be Minimum national standards should be
established for these activities. established for these activities.

DEFINITION
Pharmacists should ensure that health Pharmacists should maintain access to an
management, disease prevention and appropriate evidence base relating to the safe,
rational and cost-effective use of medicines such
healthy lifestyle behaviour are incorporated
as reference books on medicines, journals,

REQUIREMENTS
into the patient assessment and care
national essential medicines lists and standard
process. treatment guidelines.

STANDARDS
Pharmacists should acknowledge unique Pharmacists should ensure that medicine

SETTING
patient considerations such as education formulary system(s) (local, regional and/or
level, cultural beliefs, literacy, native national) are linked to standard treatment
language and physical and mental capacity guidelines, protocols and treatment pathways

CONCLUSIONS
based on the best available evidence.
in all individual patient assessments.
 Pharmacists should have a key role in

INTRODUCTION
educating prescribers on the access to and
evidence for optimal and appropriate use of Pharmacists should establish a standard
medicines including the required monitoring operating procedure for referrals to

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
parameters and prescribing adjustments. physicians, specialists or other health-care
Where appropriate, pharmacists should providers, where appropriate.
provide advice or recommendations to the

DEFINITION
prescriber on medicine therapy, including Pharmacists should provide continuity of
the selection of the appropriate medication care by transferring information on patients’
or dosage. medicines as patients move between sectors

REQUIREMENTS
of care.
Pharmacists should have access to,
contribute to and use all necessary clinical

STANDARDS
and patient data to coordinate effective

SETTING
medication therapy management, especially
when multiple health-care practitioners are
involved in the patient’s medication therapy,

CONCLUSIONS
and intervene if necessary.
Function C: Function D:

INTRODUCTION
Monitor patient progress and outcomes. Provide effective medication therapy
management

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
Minimum national standards should be
established for these activities. Minimum national standards should be established for
these activities.

DEFINITION
Pharmacists should consider patient diagnosis Pharmacists should ensure that in every pharmacy
and patient-specific needs when assessing patient there is a suitable place for discussing confidential
response to medicine therapy and intervene if information with the customers and patients.
necessary.

REQUIREMENTS
Pharmacists should provide sufficient health, disease
and medicine specific information to patients for their
Pharmacists should document necessary clinical
participation in their decision making process
and patient data to assess and monitor regarding a comprehensive care management plan.
medication therapy and to track patients’

STANDARDS
This information should aim at supporting adherence

SETTING
therapeutic outcomes. to treatment and empowerment of the patient.

Pharmacists should perform point-of-care testing Pharmacists should be proactive in reducing

for patients in order to monitor and adjust antimicrobial resistance by providing information

CONCLUSIONS
therapy, when needed. about the appropriate use of antimicrobials to
consumers and prescribers.
 Function A:

INTRODUCTION
Plan and implement continuing professional

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
development strategies to improve current
and future performance.

DEFINITION
Pharmacists should perceive continuing education
as being lifelong and be able to demonstrate
Maintain and improve evidence of continuing education or continuing

REQUIREMENTS
professional performance professional development to improve clinical
knowledge, skills and performance.

Pharmacists should take steps to update their

STANDARDS
knowledge and skills about complementary and

SETTING
alternative therapies such as traditional Chinese
medicines, health supplements, acupuncture,
homeopathy and naturopathy.

CONCLUSIONS
 Function A:

INTRODUCTION
Plan and implement continuing professional

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
development strategies to improve current
and future performance.

DEFINITION
Pharmacists should take steps to update their
knowledge and be engaged in implementation of
Maintain and improve new technology and automation in pharmacy

REQUIREMENTS
professional performance practice, where feasible.

Pharmacists should take steps to become informed

and update their knowledge on changes to

STANDARDS
information on medical products.

SETTING
CONCLUSIONS
 Function A:

INTRODUCTION
Disseminate evaluated information about

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
medicines and various aspects of self-care.

Pharmacists should ensure that the information

DEFINITION
provided to patients, other health-care
professionals and the public is evidence-based,
objective, understandable, non-promotional,
Contribute to improve

REQUIREMENTS
accurate and appropriate.
effectiveness of the
health-care system and Pharmacists should develop and/or use
educational materials for health management,

STANDARDS
public health

SETTING
health promotion and disease prevention
programmes that are applicable to a wide range
of patient populations, age groups and health
literacy levels.

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
Function B:
Pharmacists should educate patients on Engage in preventive care activities

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
how to evaluate and use web-based or other
and services.
forms of health-care information (including
medicines information) and strongly

DEFINITION
Pharmacists should engage in preventive
encourage them to be advised by a
care activities that promote public health
pharmacist regarding the information they fi
and prevent disease, i.e. in areas such as
nd, particularly if obtained from the Internet.

REQUIREMENTS
smoking cessation, infectious and sexually
transmitted diseases.
Pharmacists should assist patients and their
care providers to obtain and critically
Pharmacists should provide point-of-care

STANDARDS
analyse information to meet their individual

SETTING
testing, where applicable, and other health
needs.
screening activities for patients at higher risk
of disease.

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
Function C: Function D:

Comply with national professional Advocate and support national

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
obligations, guidelines and policies that promote improved health
legislations. outcomes

DEFINITION
Pharmacists should take steps to Pharmacists should contribute to
ensure that they comply with the public and professional groups to
promote, evaluate and improve

REQUIREMENTS
provisions of a national code of
ethics for pharmacists. health in the community.

Pharmacists should collaborate

STANDARDS
SETTING
with other health-care
professionals in their efforts to
improve health outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS
 INTRODUCTION
There are four main roles where pharmacists’ involvement or
CONCLUSIONS: supervision is expected by society and the individuals they serve:

UNDERLYING
PHILOSOPHY
Prepare, obtain, store,
Contribute to improve
secure, distribute, Provide effective Maintain and improve
effectiveness of the
administer, dispense and medication therapy professional
health-care system and

DEFINITION
dispose of medical management. performance.
public health.
products.

REQUIREMENTS
STANDARDS
SETTING
CONCLUSIONS
1 2 3 4
The Dynamic Pharmacist:
Exploring Different Pharmacist

Roles and Responsibilities

Upon graduation, there are
more career paths for a
pharmacist now than ever
before. Whether you’re a
current healthcare
professional, a budding
pharmacy student, or just
curious about the world of
pharmacy, it’s valuable to
understand the different
roles the modern day
pharmacist can play in our
current healthcare system.
COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES • Community pharmacy, also known as
retail pharmacy, is the most common
type of pharmacy that allows the
public access to their medications and
advice about their health.
• Most community pharmacies have a
commercial store with a combination
of medicinal goods only available with
a prescription and those with that can
be purchased over-the-counter.
• Other services that have been brought
to the community pharmacy include
vaccinations and health screenings like
blood glucose levels, blood pressure,
and much more.
 Community Pharmacists
COMMUNITY PHARMACY SERVICES
Considered to be the most
accessible health professional to
the public.
Roles:
• Processing prescriptions
• Checking for drug interactions
• Dispensing medications
• Disposing of medication
• Providing advice
• Promotion of healthy lifestyle
• Hospital pharmacy is a specialized HOSPITAL PHARMACY SERVICES
field of pharmacy that is integrated
into the care of a medical center.
• These include centers such as a
hospital, outpatient clinic, drug-
dependency facility, poison control
center, drug information center of
residential care facility.
• Rounding with the medical team to
track a patient’s daily progress,
recommending medications based on
patient-specific factors, preparing
patients for discharge, compounding
IV medications and chemotherapies,
and responding to hospital codes.
 HOSPITAL PHARMACY SERVICES

• Educating patients on treatments,

dosing complex medication regimens,
and starting collaborative practices are
commonly seen in the hospital setting
as well.
• Pharmacists are also responsible for
the procurement and distribution of
medicines throughout the hospital, as
well as assessing overall medication
utilization.
 HOSPITAL PHARMACY SERVICES

Some of the areas that hospital

pharmacists can be found to service
alongside physicians include:
• Emergency medicine
• Critical care
• Internal medicine
• Infectious disease
• Solid organ transplant
• Oncology
• Investigational drugs
AMBULATORY CARE PHARMACY SERVICES • Ambulatory care pharmacy practice is the
provision of integrated, accessible
healthcare services by pharmacists who are
accountable for addressing medication
needs, developing sustained partnerships
with patients, and practicing in the context
of family and community.
• Ambulatory care pharmacists may work in
hospital-based or community-based
settings, and are involved in the direct care
of a diverse patient population.
• The ambulatory care (also referred to as
“amb care”) pharmacist can be found in a
wide variety of clinics, from family medicine
practices to surgery centers to dialysis
centers.
 Ambulatory care pharmacist(s) may
AMBULATORY CARE PHARMACY SERVICES be involved in the following:
• development, implementation and
evaluation of patient care services;
• disease state management under a
collaborative drug management
agreement;
• public health initiatives;
• coordination of care;
• patient advocacy, comprehensive
medication reviews;
• review of laboratory results;
• wellness and health promotion;
• triage and referral;
• transitions of care;
• patient adherence; and
• patient education.
• “The use and integration of data, information,
knowledge, technology, and automation in the
medication-use process for the purpose of PHARMACY INFORMATICS SERVICES
improving health outcomes.”
• Informatics pharmacists both lead and assist
the integration of technologies into healthcare
workflow, especially around medication
utilization. The use of electronic health records
(EHR) has grown exponentially and the demand
for qualified personnel to support the use of the
system has grown just as fast.
• Pharmacists on informatics teams work on
systems such as computerized provider order
entry (CPOE) and barcode medication
administration (BCMA), which ultimately increase
safety around medication use. There are also
telehealth and remote order entry and review
systems, where providers can deliver care
through video, telephone, and computers when
distance and convenience are factors in an
individual’s healthcare.
 Five Broad Areas of Responsibility PHARMACY INFORMATICS SERVICES
1. Information Management
• Bar Code Medication Administration
• Computerized Provider Order Entry
• Interoperability
2. Knowledge Delivery
• Clinical Decision Support
• EHR Optimization
3. Data Analytics
• Healthcare Analytics
4. Clinical Informatics
• Computerized Medication Reconciliation
• Smart Pump Optimization
5. Change Management
• Business Intelligence
 HOME HEALTH AND
INFUSION PHARMACIST • As healthcare advances, the ability for
patients to receive medical care
outside the hospital has greatly
improved. This can be seen by the
growth of infusion clinics and home
health services, where patients can
receive medication infusions at a clinic,
a living facility, or even their own
home.
 • Pharmacists play an important role in
HOME HEALTH AND
delivery and safety especially in this
INFUSION PHARMACIST area as the medications are often
compounded to each patient’s specific
needs. As in most healthcare settings,
collaboration is extremely important
with physicians, nurses, and
technicians to provide the most
appropriate dosing regimens for
patients with complex conditions.
Services can range from IV antibiotics
for patients with infectious diseases to
medications for patients
with autoimmune disorders to total
parenteral nutrition (TPN) for patients
who need nutritional support.
• Nursing homes are probably the most LONG-TERM CARE PHARMACIST
well-known type of long-term care (LTC)
facility. Pharmacists can be found there, as
well as in skilled nursing facilities,
performing some of the same duties as
hospital pharmacists.
• Pharmacy services are usually split into
two areas of focus: dispensing medications
and providing consultations. This also
includes duties such as:
-Monitoring drug levels in patients
-Adjusting medication dosages
-Dispensing medications to the floors
-Checking drug interactions
-Managing drug formularies
• As many residents of long-term LONG-TERM CARE PHARMACIST
facilities are elderly, special
attention is paid to the geriatric
population. As the human body
ages, its functions change. This
includes how the body processes
medications, which is important
when it comes to monitoring drug
level concentrations. This is why it’s
common for long-term care
pharmacists to be board certified in
geriatrics.
SPECIALTY DRUGS
PHARMACIST
• Specialty pharmacies are similar to
community pharmacies in that they
provide prescription medications
directly to patients, but these
pharmacies cannot be found in your
local chain grocery store. Specialty
pharmacies are named so because
they focus on specialty drugs, which
aren’t typically found in traditional
retail pharmacies.
SPECIALTY DRUGS
PHARMACIST There are a variety of ways a medication can get
classified as a specialty drug. One of the most
common is if it has a very high cost. Specialty
drugs can be extremely expensive, sometimes
costing tens of thousands of dollars for a single
bottle or package. Specialty medications can also
be classified by their:
• Indication (complex and/or orphan disease)
• Route of administration (usually injectables)
• Side effect profile
• Special monitoring
• Administration
• Storage requirements
 Pharmacists in specialty pharmacies are experts in complex
SPECIALTY DRUGS disease states, such as chronic inflammatory conditions, organ
transplants, or various types of cancers that often require
PHARMACIST complicated medication therapy with close monitoring. Lab
testing for drug levels to measure how the patient is responding
to treatment is not uncommon. If a medication costs thousands
of dollars, it is important to confirm that the patient is benefiting
from the treatment.

Specialty pharmacists not only collaborate with prescribers to

verify and document the appropriateness of medications, but also
to determine if there are any suitable alternatives. There are
times when a specific medication is no longer available, is too
expensive, or causes intolerable side effects. In these situations,
the pharmacist and prescriber work together to find the best
options available for the patient.

They also spend a great deal of time monitoring the patient to

assess the medication for efficacy and side effects. Missed doses
or improper handling have an impact on a medication’s efficacy,
so it is especially important that specialty medications are taken
correctly. As such, specialty pharmacists focus on educating
patients on proper use and expectations.
 Oncology is the branch of medicine that
ONCOLOGY PHARMACIST focuses on cancer. Pharmacists who
specialize in this area have many
responsibilities which may include:
• Dosing
• Monitoring
• Compounding chemotherapy
• Dispensing chemotherapies,
immunotherapies, and other
supportive treatments
for patients with
cancer
 Oncology pharmacists can be found
ONCOLOGY PHARMACIST both in the hospital and the ambulatory
care settings, and many have had
additional training focusing specifically in
oncology, such as completing a PGY-2
residency and/or are board certified in
oncology (BCOP).
They also play an important role in patient
education on the types of medications they
are taking and how to safely take them.
• A nuclear pharmacy provides medications
that contain radioactive materials to hospitals NUCLEAR PHARMACIST
and clinics for various types of procedures.
• Radioactive materials can be used in digital
imaging procedures such as CT scans and
MRIs.
• Quality control is especially important for
nuclear pharmacists.
• Nuclear med orders can be received as early
as a couple days before the patient needs it,
or as late as a STAT order for a patient
needing it within the next couple hours.
Problem solving and time management are
important skills to have. As well as the
extensive on-the-job training a nuclear
pharmacist needs to go through in order to
handle radioactive isotopes, pharmacists can
also become board certified in nuclear
pharmacy.
 Pharmacists can be found in the research
INDUSTRY PHARMACIST
and development (R&D) role in industry,
focusing on pharmaceutical research,
project management, data management
and more in order to develop and bring
new drugs to the market. Sales and
marketing, drug information, regulatory
affairs, health economics and outcomes
research (HEOR), and manufacturing are
some of the many other areas where
there are pharmacists in industry. While
some industry pharmacists complete a
fellowship after pharmacy school, this is
not always necessary when pursuing a
career in industry.
MANAGED CARE PHARMACIST
Pharmacists can also be found working
for managed care organizations (MCOs),
health plans, and pharmacy benefit
managers (PBMs). An MCO provides a
broad range of clinical services for
patients while focusing on quality and
cost-effectiveness. PBMs are third-party
entities that manage the pharmacy
benefits for health insurance plans or
employers. They focus on reducing
pharmacy expenditures and improving
healthcare outcomes.
MANAGED CARE PHARMACIST Managed care pharmacists work in a variety
of areas, including prior authorization
(approving medications for individual patients)
and focusing on larger concepts such as
overall patient safety monitoring, formulary
and drug utilization management, and clinical
program development. Pharmacists in these
areas are also involved in working with
pharmacoeconomic and health outcomes,
which concentrate on areas such as cost-
benefit, cost-effectiveness, and cost-
minimization. While some managed care
pharmacists complete a managed care
residency, others enter the managed care field
later in their careers.
• From hospitals to PBMs, pharmacists that
work in drug information can be found in DRUG INFORMATION PHARMACIST
various settings. These pharmacists work on
collecting, assessing, and evaluating literature
on the many medications that are available.
• Much of the curated information is shared
with other medical professionals to help
guide decisions on drug therapy regimens
and with patients to educate them on the
drugs they receive. Not only do drug
information pharmacists work on providing
answers to medication questions and
problems that are not readily available, they
are essential to multidisciplinary teams, such
as pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T)
committees, especially when making
decisions regarding the drug formulary in
hospitals.
POISON CONTROL PHARMACIST
Poison control centers provide
information and recommendations about
dealing with potential poisonings.
Healthcare professionals and the general
public who call the poison control center
when facing these situations will find a
pharmacist at the other end of the line.
From snakebites to swallowing batteries,
poison control pharmacists are great
problem solvers who stay calm under
stressful conditions. This is important as
many of the situations encountered in a
typical day can be out of the ordinary.
POISON CONTROL PHARMACIST
Depending on the type of poisoning and
the situation, there may not be a lot of
data available as compared to other
areas of medicine, therefore, pharmacists
and other healthcare professionals must
use their clinical knowledge and
expertise to provide the best
recommendation for each specific
situation. It is not uncommon to see
pharmacists with a special certification in
toxicology when working in this setting
that requires assessment of potential
poisonings.
 Compounding medications, the science of mixing
COMPOUNDING PHARMACIST and combining ingredients, can be traced back to
the origins of pharmacy. Not all medications are
available off the shelf in the required strength or
dosage form, and therefore need to be
compounded from raw materials.

Different training and regulations need to be

followed for sterile vs. non-sterile compounding.
Although not all pharmacies compound
medications, compounding pharmacists can be
found in settings such as the community pharmacy,
the hospital pharmacy, and the veterinarian
pharmacy. They solve issues such as making pills
into solutions for patients who have difficulty
swallowing, creating custom doses or combinations
of medications, producing large batches of IV
medications for an entire hospital, or compounding
the appropriate doses for our pets.
• Academic pharmacists educate, train, assess
and develop pharmacy students, pre- ACADEMIC PHARMACIST
registration trainees, pharmacists and other
healthcare professionals. You will use and
apply your pharmacy knowledge and
expertise to teach the next generation of
pharmacists through a variety of teaching
methods. Working alongside the wider
educational team, you will update the degree
programme and develop learning material to
reflect changes in education and practice.
Academics also offer general support to
students and are often viewed as role models
and mentors.
• Teacher practitioners have a split role,
spending on average around 60% of their
time working in hospital, community or
industrial pharmacy and 40% of the time as a
lecturer.
REFERENCES:
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Community-
Pharmacy.aspx
https://www.ashp.org/-/media/assets/pharmacy-
practice/resource-centers/ambulatory-care/ambulatory-care-
career-tool.ashx
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5990205/#:~:te
xt=The%20American%20Society%20of%20Health%2DSyste
ms%20Pharmacy%20(ASHP)%20formally,the%20use%20of%
20electronic%20health
https://www.rpharms.com/resources/careers-
information/career-options-in-pharmacy/academic-pharmacy
 CLINICAL
“Pharmacists will be the healthcare professionals
responsible for providing patient care that ensures

HOSPITAL
optimal medication therapy outcomes.”
2015 Vision Statement of the Joint Commission

INDUSTRY
of Pharmacy Practitioners (JCPP), USA

ACADEME
REGULATORY
COMMUNITY
CONTACT

Name Jensar Manupac Name Revelyn Bravo

Phone +63 927 391 2033 Phone +63 926 675 2813
Email [email protected] Email [email protected]

Name Saraniza Manupac Name Baced Sarapuddin

Phone +63 945 129 1323 Phone +63 966 748 0048
Email [email protected] Email [email protected]
 THANKS!
Do you have any questions?
Health Technology and Assessment
BSPH-3 | Group II

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