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Study Materials - Sensors Based On HBLS SM

This document provides an overview of using magnetostrictive materials like Terfenol-D as sensors for detecting delamination in composite laminates. It discusses the challenges with traditional non-destructive evaluation methods and how magnetostrictive transducers can be embedded in composites to allow for real-time in-situ delamination sensing. The document covers the physics of magnetostriction, development of magnetostrictive materials, and references for further reading.

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Kandasamy Asohan
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181 views19 pages

Study Materials - Sensors Based On HBLS SM

This document provides an overview of using magnetostrictive materials like Terfenol-D as sensors for detecting delamination in composite laminates. It discusses the challenges with traditional non-destructive evaluation methods and how magnetostrictive transducers can be embedded in composites to allow for real-time in-situ delamination sensing. The document covers the physics of magnetostriction, development of magnetostrictive materials, and references for further reading.

Uploaded by

Kandasamy Asohan
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Module 5: Sensors

based on HBLS
Smart Materials

Bishakh Bhattacharya and Nachiketa Tiwari


D p rt
Department
t off Mechanical
M h i lE Engineering
i ri
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Topics Covered in the Last Lecture

Introduction to HBLS Materials

Smart Magnetostrictive Material

Modelling of Smart Laminated Beam

Basic Assumptions

 Distributed Control of the System


LECTURE 35
Delamination Sensing and Vibration
Control using Magnetostrictive
Materials (Part 1)
Magnetostrictive Material: High Bandwidth-
Moderate Strain Actuation

DC to 3 KHz Bandwidth


Force availability reported
up to
t 1700 N
Free Strain: 3000 micron

TALON (Tactical Acoustic Littoral Ocean Network) sonar system


uses Magnetostrictive Terfenol-D for under-water submarine
detection,, source: Etrema Products

4
Organization of this Lecture

 Delamination in Laminated Composite


 Sensing Delamination
 Terfenol-D as a transducer
Composite laminates with magnetostrictive
Smart Layer

6
Delamination

Separation of plies from one another

Delamination may occur during:


 assembly
bl & handling
h dli
 under service
 fabrication
f bi i
 under impact loading
Effect of delamination
 affects compressive strength
 non-transference
non transference of shear across the plies
 leads to fibre breaking, matrix cracking
 may cause bending stretching coupling
 degradation of fibre and fibre matrix interface
 may cause moisture absorption
Damage detection in composite structures:
Challenges

 Anisotropy
py in composite
p structure.
 Conductivity of the fibres
 Insulative pproperties
p of matrix
 Much of the damage occurs beneath the top surface
(BVID)
Traditional methods of testing
cracks/delamination

 Ultrasonic testingg
 Acoustic emission
 Eddyy current
 X-radiography
 Thermography
g p y
 Lamb wave method
Limitations of NDE

 real time evaluation is difficult


 require specialized equipments
 require skilled manpower
 involves down time, cost, inconvenience
 in-situ evaluation not always feasible
The physics of magnetostriction

 Magnetic field causes


crystals within material to
rotate
 Internal magnets get
realigned. The rotation
causes the strain and thus
material elongation
Basis of magnetostriction and
effect of prestressing
p g

13
Effect of magnetic bias on the strain produced by
a magnetostrictive transducer

14
Magnetostriction

 Joule Effect:
A magnetostrictive material strains in the presence of
magnetic field. ( used in actuators)
 Villari
Vill i Effect:
Eff t
In the presence of external mechanical force, the magnetic
state of material changes ( used in sensors)
Development
p of magnetostrictive
g materials

1980’s Terfenol 1.54 mm max extension


1970’s 1m rod
1960’s
1960 s PZT 0 1 mm max extension
0.1 t i
1950’s 1m rod
1940’s Ni-alloy
y 0.04 mm max extension
1m rod
Magneto-mechanical coupling
The one dimensional constitutive relationship for magnetostrictive
Material
  S  d H
H

B  d    H
S H- elastic compliance at constant magnetic field intensity H

 - permeability measured at constant stress

d - p
piezomagnetic
g coefficient

B- flux density
References
[1] Anjanappa, M. and Bi, J., “A theoretical and experimental study of
magnetostrictive
g mini actuators,”, Smart Materials and Structures,, 3,, 83-91
(1994)
[2] Anjanappa, M. and Bi, J., “Magnetostrictive mini actuators for smart structural
applications,” Smart Materials and Structures, 3, 383-90 (1994)
[3] Krishnamurthy,
Kih th A.V.,Anjanappa,
AV A j M andd Wu,
M. W Y-F.,
Y F “Use
“U off magnetostrictive
t t i ti
particle actuators for vibration attenuation of flexible beams,” Journal of Sound
and Vibrations, 206, 33-49 (1997)
[[4]] Krishnamurthy, y, A.V.,, Anjanappa,
j pp , M.,, Wu,, Y.F.,, Bhattacharya,
y , B. and Bhat,, M.S,,
“Vibration suppression of laminated composite beam using embedded
magnetostrictive layers,” IE (I) Journal of Aerospace, 78, 38-44 (1998)
[5] Reddy, J.N. and Barbosa, J.A., “Vibration suppression of laminated composite
beams ” Smart Materials and Structures,
beams, Structures 9,
9 49-58 (2000)
[6] Kumar, M. and Krishnamurthy, A.V., “Sensing of delamination in smart
composite laminates,” Journal of Aeronautical Society of India, 51, 79 (1998)
Acknowledgement: Dr. Anand
Kumar, HBTI for Research
and
d Developing
D l i the th Slides
Slid

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