FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM:

1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern

themselves. e.g. the Philippines is a nation-state, it has a sense
of independence from other nation-states, and has its
government (the Republic of the Philippines).

2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy.

e.g. the Philippines has international relationships with other
countries.
FOUR KEY ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM:

3. There are international organizations, like the United Nations (UN), that
facilitate these interactions. i.e. the UN is the center of global governance, and
the Philippines is a member of this international organization.

4. Beyond simply facilitating meetings between states, international

organizations also take on lives of their own. i.e. the United Nations has task-
specific agencies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the
International Labor Organization (ILO), aside from being a meeting ground for
presidents and other heads of states.
COUNTRY OR THE NATION-STATE

• The nation-state is a relatively modern phenomenon in human history, and people

did not always organize themselves as countries.
• The nation-state is composed of two non-interchangeable terms:

NOT ALL STATES ARE NATIONS. NOT ALL NATIONS ARE STATES.

e.g. Many commentators believe that the Bangsamoro is a separate nation existing
within the Philippines, but through their elites, they recognize the authority of the
Philippine state (this is a case of a state with multiple nations);
The nation of Korea is divided into North and South Korea (this is a case of a single
nation with multiple states).
 State
• Refers to a country and its government.
• The institution that creates warfare and sets economic policies
for a country. It is also a political unit that has authority over
its affairs.
• Independent political communities each of which possesses a
government and asserts sovereignty in relation to a particular
portion of the earth’s surface and a particular segment of the
human population (Bull, 1995 as cited in Schattle, 2014: 933).
 Essential Elements of the State

1. Permanent Population – Inhabitants of the

country
2. Territory – total portion of the land
3. Government – an entity that regulates relations
among its own people and with other states.
 Essential Elements of the State
4. Sovereignty – supreme power/authority of the state over its
territory; refers to internal and external authority

• INTERNAL AUTHORITY: no individuals or groups can operate in a given

national territory by ignoring the state. i.e. groups like churches,
corporations, and other entities must follow the laws of the state where
they establish their parishes, offices, or headquarters.

• EXTERNAL AUTHORITY: a state’s policies and procedures are independent

of the intervention of other states. i.e. Russia or Germany cannot pass
laws for the Philippines and vice versa.
States have the following rights:

1. Right to govern its people

2. Right for self-determination
3. Right to impose country’s policy
4. Right to take over issues in its jurisdiction
THE NATION
• “An imagined political community”—imagined as both inherently limited
and sovereign (a conceptual definition forwarded by Benedict Anderson in
his most celebrated work, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin
and Spread of Nationalism (1983)).
• “Imagined” in a sense that the nation allows one to feel a connection
with the community of people even if he/she will never meet all of
them in his/her lifetime. E.g. you know that you live in a territory with
the people in the Visayas or Mindanao even if you haven’t seen them
in person.
THE NATION
• The concept emphasized organic ties to hold groups of people together
and inspire the senses of loyalty and belongingness (Schattle, 2014: 933).
• Nations are viewed as socially constructed political communities that hold
together citizens across many kinds of cross-cutting identities: ethnicity,
language, religions, and so forth (Schattle, 2014: 933).
• Nations often limit themselves to people who have imbibed a particular
culture, speak a common language, and live in a specific territory.
• Most nations strive to become states. Nation-builders can only feel a
sense of fulfillment when the national ideal assumes an organizational
form whose authority and power are recognized and accepted by “the
people”.
Nationalism forms a close relationship between nation
and state because it is the one that facilitates state
formation. Most nation-states are born out of
nationalist movements. Sovereignty in a state is
established because of the nationalist sentiments for
independence (Claudio & Abinales, 2018: 29).
INTERNATIONALISM

A system of heightened interaction of various sovereign states .

The principle of internationalism can be divided into
•twoThe principle
broad of internationalism can be divided into two
categories:]
broad categories:

1.
1. Liberal internationalism
Liberal internationalism
2.
2. Socialist
Socialistinternationalism.
internationalism.
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)

1. Immanuel Kant
• German philosopher Immanuel Kant likened the states in a
global system to people living in a given territory.
• Kant argued that without a form of world government, the
international system would be chaotic.
• Kant imagined a form of global government where states,
like citizens of countries, must give up some freedoms and
establish a continuously growing state consisting of various
nations which will ultimately include the nations of the world.
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)

2. Jeremy Bentham

• British philosopher Jeremy Bentham (coined the term

"international" in 1780) advocated the creation of
"international law" that would govern the inter-state
relations.
• Bentham believed that objective global legislators should aim
to propose legislation that would create "the greatest happiness
of all nations taken together".
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)

3. Giuseppe Mazzini
• First to reconcile nationalism with liberal internationalism.
• He believed that a Republican government (no kings, queens,
and hereditary succession) and proposed a system of free
nations that cooperated to create an international system.
• Free, independent states would be the basis of an equally free,
cooperative international system, the basis of global
cooperation. This makes him a nationalist internationalist.
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)
4. Woodrow Wilson
• Wilson saw nationalism as a prerequisite for internationalism.
• In his faith in nationalism, he forwarded the principle of
self-determination—the belief that the world’s nations had a
right to free, sovereign government.
• He believed that only by being democratic nations, they
would be able to build a free system of international relations
based on international law and cooperation.
• He advocated for the creation of the League of Nations.
• At the end of WWI in 1918, he pushed to transform the
League into a venue for conciliation and arbitration to prevent
another war.
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)
4. Woodrow Wilson
• Unfortunately, US was not able to join the League because of the strong
opposition from the Senate.
• The League was also unable to prevent another war (WWII)
• Despite its failure, the League was able to give birth to some of the more
tasks-specific international organizations (IOs)
• Ex: WHO, ILO
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)
• Kant – he emphasized the need to form common international principles
• Mazzini – it enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect among
nation-states
• Wilson – it called for democracy and self-determination

THE IDEAS FROM THESE THINKIERS WOULD RE-ASSERT THEMSELVES IN THE

CREATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN 1946
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)

5. Karl Marx

• Marx was an internationalist but he did not believe in

nationalism.
• He believed that any true form of internationalism should
deliberately reject nationalism, which rooted people in
domestic concerns instead of global ones.
• Marx placed a premium on economic equality; he did not
divide the world into countries but into classes (bourgeoisie
proletariats).
• Marx and Engels opposed nationalism because they believed
it preventing the unification of the world’s workers.
PERSPECTIVES ON INTERNATIONALISM (Claudio & Abinales,
2018)

• After the death of Marx, his followers wanted his vision to

materialize so they establish the Socialist International (SI)
• After the collapse of SI, a more radical version emerged with
the creation of USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) led
by Vlademir Lenin after they have overthrown Czar Nicholas
II in the so-called Russian Revolution.
PERSPECTIVES ON THE RELEVANCE OF THE NATION-STATE AMID
GLOBALIZATION (Benczes, 2014; Steger, 2014):

- Requirement for International Organizations

- Freeing from Intervention of other countries
- Globalization is redefining the role of the nation-state as an effective manager of
the national economy. The state as the main shelter from the perverse effects of
a free market economy (Boyer & Drache, 1996).
- It is misleading to assume that globalization has relegated the nation-state and
its policies to an obsolete or irrelevant status; governments are acting as the
midwives of globalization (Brodie, 1996).
 PERSPECTIVES ON THE RELEVANCE OF THE NATION-STATE AMID
GLOBALIZATION (Benczes, 2014; Steger, 2014):

- Globalization transforms the national economy into a global one where

there will be no national products or technologies, no national
corporations, no national industries (Reich, 1991).
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON
THE NATION-STATE
CHALLENGES POSED BY GLOBALIZATION:

1. Traditional Challenges – External Intervention /

Invasion of other country
e. g. Saddam Hussein took over the oil of Kuwait
CHALLENGES POSED BY GLOBALIZATION:

2. Challenges from National/Identity Movements

- Confront cultural identity and/or national identity
(e.g. ISIS in which its goal is to take over the
government
CHALLENGES POSED BY GLOBALIZATION:
3. Global Economics
• Globalization as imposing a forced-choice upon states: either to conform
to free-market principles or run the risk of being left behind
• It demands the state to conform to the rules, (eg. free-market
capitalism)

Eg: Golden Straitjacket (Thomas Friedman): states are now forced into
policies that suit the preferences of investment houses and corporate
executives who swiftly move money and resources into countries favored as
adaptable to the demands of international business and withdraw even more
rapidly from countries deemed uncompetitive (Schattle, 2014; 933).