MAKALAH BAHASA INGGRIS

PRODI MANAJEMEN PARIWISATA SEMESTER 1

“MOTIVATION FACTORS OF TOURIST”

KELOMPOK 6 :

1) SALSABILA NOVITA ANJALI

2) FATAHURRAHMAN SYIROJUDDIN
 PENDAHULUAN

Tourist motivations are the factors to make people wishing to go travel. They
want to have personal fulfilment (Coltman, 1989). Crompton (cited in Van Harssel,
1994) discovered that most responders also thought that travel is like a rest and
relaxation from routine. However, it did not represent changing their way of lives,
people just continue to do the similar things but in a distinct surroundings and
physical context. He also indicated that travel can provide for self-exploration,
excitement or social interaction. They are the reasons why people travel around the
world.
Tourists would not learn all the things by their routines or from television and
books. It is better for them to get experiences by themselves, because of unedited by
anyone else. Afterwards travel can make a marked difference with routines, and it will
provide exciting, uncommon or strange things to tourist. Furthermore, the high-tech
world increases social lives. For example, people will go to the movies, shopping
malls or concerts with friends and colleagues. Different gender, age, social class,
retirement, unemployment, social relationships, characters and socialization can affect
the decision-making of tourism (Argyle, 1996). Wahab (1975 cited in Burns, 1999)
established several travel purposes, they include business tourism, health tourism,
cultural tourism, sport tourism and recreational tourism. It can be easy to understand
that what people generally travel for.
The major reasons of travel are freedom and entertainment which can be
defined as pleasure travel (Argyle, 1996). Tourists expect and believe that going on a
vacation can partly or fully different needs and wants (Mill and Morrison, 2002).
Ryan (1991 cited in Burns, 1999) stated some types of motivation and they are
determinants of people who go travelling. Tourist motivations include escape,
relaxation, strengthening family togetherness, wish and self-fulfilment, prestige,
shopping, social interaction and sexual opportunity. In addition, tourists are also
motivated to travel by other factors. For instant, television can attract people to travel
in new destinations and experience different cultures (Van Harssel, 1994).
Tourists hope to experience various cultures and meet new people over the
world because of the curiosity. It is the primary motivation of all visitors (Hudman
and Hawkins, 1989). Credit cards are getting common among the world, so it is
convenient for tourists to travel around without cash or just with a little cash.
Basically, they tend to pay for the accommodation and recreation by credit cards.
Additionally, well-educated can increase and stimulate people to go on a vacations,
because education excite the curiosity of people. They hope to widen and enrich
knowledge as well (Van Harssel, 1994).
Motivation of the tourists comes from human psychology. It is the satisfaction-
forming factor. The factors of motivation can be categorized in internal and external
factors.

INTERNAL FACTORS
Internal factors arouse, direct, and integrate a person’s behavior and influence his
decisions for travelling.

1) Intrinsic Motivation − For many people, tourism is a way of satisfying their

psychological needs such as travelling, performing leisure activities, exploring
novelty and capabilities, self-expression and self-assurance, creativity,
competition, need for relaxation, and belongingness. The intrinsic motivations
pertain to assuring one’s capabilities on different emotional fronts. Intrinsic
motivation drives the tourists to opt for tourism for intangible rewards such as fun,
assurance, and other emotional needs. The other intrinsic factors of motivation are

2) Attitudes of Tourist − Knowledge of a person, place, or object + Positive or

negative feelings about the same.

3) Tourist’s Perception − By observing, listening, or getting knowledge, a tourist

forms the perception about a place, person, or an object.

4) Values or Beliefs − A tourist believes or values a specific mode of conduct which

is acceptable personally or socially.

5) Personality of the Tourist − The nature and physique of a tourist plays an

important role towards motivation in tourism.

EXTERNAL FACTORS
There are external motives in tourism that can influence tourists and pull them to a
certain motivation and subsequent decision.

1) Extrinsic Motivation − Here, a tourist gets motivated by external factors such as

money and the need to feel competent on the scale of expenditure and
performance.

2) Place of Origin − The grooming of the tourist depends upon the place of its
origin. For example, for the Indian married women, the tourism might come last in
the list of preferential things they wish to do whereas for American ladies, tourism
would acquire much higher rank.

3) Family and Age − The family matters when it comes to the structure and the
income. Today, the families with nuclear structure and double income tend to opt
for long distance, extravagant tourism more than joint families or families with
 single earning member who are interested in visiting domestic places. The tourists
also have different preferences of places according to their age. For example,
tourists in the age group of 5 to 45 years might enjoy visiting destination in the
USA such as Disneyland more than the senior citizens.

4) Culture or Social Class − Tourists of different cultures prefer different places,

events, and different types of tourism. In addition, if friends and families who
have visited a place earlier spread the first hand information that motivates the
others to visit the place too.

5) Market − Ever-changing market variables alter tourism. Changes in value of

currency, political situations, and economic well-being of the country influence
the decisions of a tourist.

according to McIntosh (1977) and Murphy (1985) say that motivation can be
grouped into four major groups, namely as follows:
1. Physical or physiological motivation, including for relaxation, health, comfort,
participating in sports activities, relaxing and etc.
2. Cultural motivation, namely the desire to know the culture, customs, traditions
and arts of other regions. Including interest in various objects of cultural heritage
(historical buildings).
3. Social motivation or interpersonal motivation (motivation of a social nature),
such as visiting friends and family, meeting work partners, doing things that are
considered to bring prestige (prestige value), making pilgrimages, escaping from
boring situations and ect.
4. Fantasy motivation (motivation due to fantasy), namely the fantasy that in other
areas a person can escape from the boring daily routine, and ego-enhancement that
provides psychological satisfaction. Also known as status and prestige motivation.

PUSH FACTOR
is generally socio-psychological in nature, or is a person specific motivation, whereas
with a driving factor, someone wants to go on a tour, but it is not clear which area to
go to.
Various driving factors for someone to travel, for example, as below.

1) Escape.Want to get away from an environment that feels boring or release

boredom from everyday work

2) Relaxation. The desire for refreshment is also related to the motivation for escape
above.
3) Play.. Want to enjoy the fun through various games which are the reappearance of
childish nature and escape for a while from serious business
4) Strengthening Family Bonds. Want to strengthen the ties of brotherhood,
especially in the context of VFR (Visiting Friends and Relations).
5) Prestige. To show prestige by visiting destinations that show class and lifestyle
which is an impetus to increase status and social status.
6) Social Interaction. To carry out social interaction with colleagues or with the
surrounding community visited.
7) Educational Opportunity. The desire to see something new, learn about other
people or other areas, or other ethnic cultures. This is the dominant support in
tourism.
8) Self-Fulfilment. The desire to find one's identity because oneself can usually be
found when we find a new area or person.
9) Wish Fulfillment. The desire to realize the aspired dreams to the point of
sacrificing oneself by thrifting in order to be able to travel.
10) Financial Security. Community financial capacity.
11) Leisure Time. Using the free time that they have.

The supporting factors for tourism can be predicted from the population of a country
of origin of tourists, per capita income, duration
leisure time related to the seasons of a country, advances in information technology
and transportation, development of marketing systems, security
world, social and political as well as other aspects related to physical and non-
physical tourists.

PULL FACTOR
are destination specific attributes. Various pull factors that should be owned by a
tourist destination to become a destination
options are those that meet the “needs and wants”, namely:
1) Cuaca / Iklim Destinasi.
2) Transportasi, Akses. Access is intended so that tourists can easily reach their
destination to tourist attractions both internationally and access to tourist
attractions in a destination
3) Atraksi Pariwisata. Aspects of the attractiveness of a destination for activities
and recreational value. Every destination must have a good attraction for natural,
community and cultural attractions.
4) Amenities (Main and supporting facilities). Amenities are one of the
requirements for tourist destinations so that tourists can stay longer at a
destination. This includes accommodation, food and beverages.

The involvement of tourism institutions that will support a destination worth visiting.
This institutional aspect can be in the form of support from security agencies, tourism
institutions as destination managers and other supporting institutions that can create
tourist comfort.
 PENUTUPAN

A person's travel motivation is influenced by the tourists' internal factors and

external factors. Intrinsically, motivation is formed because of the needs and / or
desires of humans themselves, according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.
These needs start from physiological needs, security needs, social needs, prestige
needs and the need for self-actualization.
Extrinsic motivation is the motivation that is formed is influenced by external
factors, such as social norms, influence or family pressure and work situations that are
internalized and then develop into psychological needs. The motivation of tourists to
break away from routine activities serves to escape for a moment from routine
activities to restore harmony in society, so that tourism can be seen as a form of social
therapy.
Motivation is an important factor for prospective tourists in making decisions
about tourist destinations to be visited. Prospective tourists will perceive possible
tourist destinations, where this perception is generated by individual preferences,
previous experiences and information obtained.