1

Instructional Module
inScience,Technology,an
dSociety

ElisaC.Operario,PhD
Joanna Fatima A. Bergado, BS
BiologyArvinPacoma, BS Biology
Mark Lester Yu,
RChMa.CristitaO.Elmido,L
PT
 2

Instructional Module
inScience,Technolog
y,andSociety

Thispublication
isintendedforinternaluseonly.Itmaynotbedisplayed,
distributed, modified, reproduced, or sold in wholeorin
part,withoutthe permissionof the authors.

Alleffortsweremadetoensurethatthismaterialcomplywiththe
requirements of copyright clearances and appropriatecredits.
The authors will then incorporate in future
printingsanycorrections thatmay arise fromfurtherreviews.

©2020
Eastern Visayas State
UniversityTaclobanCity,Leyte,P
hilippinesAllrights reserved.
 3

Preface

DearYoungPeople,
Welcome to our module in General Education 008 (Science, Technology, and Society)!
Thismaterial has been realized primarily in view of the changing global circumstances
affectingvarious aspects of our lives, particularly in terms of education on your part.
Consequently, youwill be engaged in a series of modularized lessons throughout the course.
Please make the bestof this module, especially by taking time to read and pondering each
lesson. As rightly expectedof you, work on the assigned tasks just honestly and seriously.
Remember, whether you arecognizantofitornot,your reputationforhonestyhas
abearingonyoursuccess.

CourseDescription
Thiscoursedealswiththeinteractionsbetweenscienceandtechnologyaswellassocial,cultural,
political, and economiccontextsthat shapedand are shaped by them.Thisis
aninterdisciplinarycoursethatengagesstudentstoconfronttherealitiesbroughtaboutbyscienceand
technologyinsociety.Suchrealitiespervadethepersonal,public,andglobalaspectsofourlivingandare
integraltohumandevelopment.Scientificknowledgeandtechnological development happen in the
context of society with all its socio-political, cultural,economic, and philosophical underpinnings
at play. Further, this course seeks to instill
reflectiveknowledgeinthestudentsthattheymaylivethegoodlifeanddisplayethicaldecision-
makinginthefaceofscientificandtechnologicaladvancement. (CMO No.20,s.2013)
 4

LearningOutcomes
ThefollowinglearningoutcomesaretakenfromCMONo.20s.2013.Attheendofthecourse,youshouldb
eabletoacquirethefollowing knowledge, skills, and values:
1. Articulatetheimpactsofscienceandtechnologyonsociety,specificallyPhili
ppinesociety.
2. Explain how science and technology affect the society and the environment
aswell asitsroleinnationbuilding.
K NOW LEDGE

3. Analyzethehumanconditiontodeeplyreflectandexpressphilosophicalrami
ficationsthataremeaningfultoyouaspartofthesociety.
4. Defineanddemonstratetheimpactofsocialmediaonyourlife,andtothe

Philippinesocietyingeneral.
1. Creativelypresenttheimportanceandcontributionsofscienceandtechnologytoso
ciety.
2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life to come up
S KI LLS

withinnovativeandcreativesolutionstocontemporaryissuesguidedbyethical
standards.
3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact your life and
yourunderstandingofclimatechange.
1. Imbibetheimportanceofscienceandtechnologyinthepreservationoftheenvir
onmentandthedevelopmentoftheFilipinonation.
2. Critiquehumanflourishingvis-à-
V ALUES

vistheprogressofscienceandtechnologysuchthatyoumaybeabletodefinefor
yourself themeaningofgoodlife.
3. Fosterthevalueofhealthylifestyletowardtheholisticandsustainabledeve
lopmentofsocietyandtheenvironment.
 5

HowthisModuleisOrganized
There are three modules that cover this course. Module 1 deals with general
conceptsand historical developments in STS. It consists of four lessons that include (1)the
definition,scope of STS, scientific method and critical thinking; (2) the historical antecedents in
whichsocialconsiderationschangedthecourseofS&T;(3)intellectualrevolutionsthatdefinedsociety
and(4) S&Tand nation building.
Module 2 has three lessons covering STS and human conditions. Topics in this
moduleareTheHumanFlourishinginTermsofScienceandTechnology;TheGoodLife;Technol
ogy,HumanityandtheFuture
Module 3 focuses on specific issues in STS such asThe Information Age; The
NanoWorld;GeneTherapy;Biodiversity,GMO,andHealthySociety;ClimateChangeandEnvironment
alAwareness.

HowtoUse thisModule?
Eachmoduleconsistsoflessonsandeachlessoniscomposedof6elements:
LearningOutcomes
This section tells the student’s expected learnings as well as the skills that will
bedevelopedin eachlesson.
Duration
Thestudentwillknowthespecifictimehehastodevoteineachlesson.
Overview
Thissectionprovidesabackgroundwhatthelessonisallabout.
Readand Learn
This is the meat of the lesson where the student has to read what the topic is all
aboutandlearntheconcepts,principles, factsthatthelessonteaches.
Main Tasks
 6

Thissectionrequiresthestudenttoperformsomespecifictasksoractivitiesinapplicati
ontowhatthelesson taught.
Assessment
This section provides activity that measures students’ learning or whether the
learningoutcomes set aremet.
Both the Main Tasks and assessments are provided with Rubrics for the students to
beguided on how they will be rated for a task that will be required of them. Specific indicators
areprovidedtoknowthethingstheyneeddoineachtask.
 7

GeneralConceptsandHistoricalDevelopmentsinSTS
Lesson1 DefinitionandScopeofSTS,ScientificMethod
andCriticalThinking
LearningOutcomes
Inthislesson,thestudent:
1. Shouldbeabledefinescience,technology,andsociety;
2. beabletoidentifythestepsinthescientificmethod;and
3. Applycriticalthinkinginusingthescientificmethod.

Duration
1 week

Overview
Theintroductory discussionon Science, Technology,and Society emphasizesthe
importance of Science and how it influenced society through Technology. Since
timeimmemorial,mantriestounderstandthenaturalworldandwithsuchinteractionbetweenhu
manandscience,hisunderstandingofthenaturalworldbroughtdevelopmentsthatshapedsoci
ety.ScienceandTechnologycontributestonationbuilding and it has influence in making a
person decide on how he makes his life a goodone.
 8

Pretest
Name: Jaca, Mark Paul V. Course,Yr.&Sec BSEE 3A Date: 03/17/2021
Directions:Thefollowingstatementsarerelatedtoscie
nceandtechnology.SupplywiththewordYesforstatementsthataretrueandthewordNoforfalsestat
ements.
Yes
1.IsScienceconcernedwithourunderstandingabouthownatureandthephysicalworldwor
ks?
Yes 2.CanScienceansweranyquestionorproveanything,andsolveanyproblem?
Yes 3.Arestudiesdonecarefullybasedonobservationalonebeclaimedasscientific?
No 4.Cananythingdone scientificallybereliedupontobeaccurateandreliable?
No 5.Arescientificideasabsoluteandunchanging?
No.
6.CanInvestigationsbelabelledasuselessandunpublishableifitdon’treachafirmconclusio
n?
No. 7. Is Science pure that Scientists work without considering the application of
theirStudies?
Yes 8.Cansimilarproblemgetsdifferentsolutionsfromdifferentscientists?
Yes
9.IsKnowledgeofwhatsciencecando,whatitcannotdoandhowscienceworksimportantfo
rallpeople?
Yes 10.IsObjectivitythekeytogoodscience?
Yes 11.Scienceinventswhiletechnologydiscovers.
Yes 12. Technology has the capacity of turning resources into goods and
servicesthatsocietyneedsand wants.
Yes 13.Technologyisapplyingsciencethatmakespurescienceusefulandpractical.
Yes 14.PurescientificpursuitsextendourunderstandingofGod.
Yes 15.Technologyhassolvedsomeproblemsandhascreatedothers.
 9

ReadandLearn
Sciencehasbeenatoolin revealingtheOmniscientattributeoftheMostIntelligentGod.
“Doyouknowaboutthelayersofthethickclouds,thewondersofoneperfectknowledge?”
KJV Bible,Bookof JobChapter37verse 16.

Through Science, man was able to discover the wonders of nature, God’s
creation.Without Science, civilizations would have been impossible to exist. In the quest of man
to givemeaning to his existence and the world that he lives in, science arises as his creation. As
aprogressive effort, science constitutes a world view that influences almost every part of
ourpresentlifeinthismoderngeneration.
The permeation of science and its ideas bring man an appreciation of what
surroundshim while reshaping the entire pattern of his thoughts and thought processes. Even
up to thepresent time, there is a continual and growing involvement of science in societal
challenges,conflicts, and aspirations. The pandemic issue of Covid-19 could give us questions as
to theproper use of science in society, including other issues such as militarization of science,
the roleof science to government’s scientific secrecy, its place in education and general culture
as wellas its freedom. Science is indeed important whether or not it is for good use. Science is
themeans by which society is transformed and its pace of growth is faster now compared to
thepast.FromtheLatinword“scientia”,sciencemeansknowledge,specifically,itreferstoknowledge
about nature and about the universe. Let us go over to definitions ofscience thatarewidely
acceptedasstandard.
1. "Science is that branch of study in which facts are absorbed and
classifiedand usually quantitative laws are formulated and verified, involves
theapplication of mathematical reasoning and data analysis to
naturalphenomena."
Source:The1983McGraw-HillDictionaryofScienceandTechnology
 10

2. “Science is the state of knowing knowledge, as distinguished from

ignoranceormisunderstanding."
Source:The2001Merriam-Webster'sCollegiateDictionary
3. "Science is the study of nature and natural phenomena characterized by
thepossibility of making precise statements which are susceptible of some sort
ofcheckor proof.”
Source:The1997McGraw-HillEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnology
4. "Scienceisthesystematicandunbiasedstudyoftheworld,includingeverything
that can be seen or detected in nature, man and society, and
theknowledgethatgrowsoutofsuchstudy."
Source:The1983NewStandardEncyclopedia
5. "Science is the study of truth, the common principles of which are
supposed,to be known and separated so that the Individual truths even though
some orall may be dear in themselves, have a guarantee that they could have
beendiscovered and known, either with certainty or with such probability as
thesubjectadmits of,byothermeans than theirownevidence."
Source:The1989EncyclopedicDictionaryofArt,LiteratureandScience
6. "Science is a human creation, which arises from the need to make sense
oftheworld.Itisaprogressiveactivitythatconstitutesaworldviewandpermeates
almosteveryaspectofmodem life."
Source:The1987Collier'sEncyclopedia

As discussed by Taguiling (2019) and Serafica, et.al.,(2018) Science has the

followingdefinitions and scope: Science as an idea, Science as an intellectual activity, Science as
a body ofknowledgeandScienceas apersonalandsocialactivity.
Science as an idea could mean ideas and theories. It covers observations about
thephysical world and explanations about nature. It also involves careful
experimentationsandmeasurementsasmeansofunderstandingnaturaleventsthatfollowthec
auseand
 11

effectpatterns.
Asanintellectualactivity,scienceconsistsofconductingstudiesaboutnatural
andphysicalworldthataredonepracticallyyet systematically.
Itinvolvesobservationsandexperimentationsandderivationsofpossibleandtesta
bleanswers toscientificinquiries orquestions or explanations
ofscientists’observationsinnature.
Science as a body of knowledge simply means a school science. Specifically, it means
thatit is a subject or a field of study or a discipline that deals with the method and process
oflearning about the natural and physical world and
As a personal and social activity science includes scientific knowledge
andscientific activities that will enable a person to have a better
understandingabouttheworld,fortheimprovementoflifeandtosurviveinthislife
thatwehave.

Source:Taguiling(2019)andSerafica,et.al.,(2018).Science,TechnologyandSociety

Technology, on the other hand, is the product of science. Its capital involves the use
ofmaterials,exploitationandtransformationofenergy,aswellastheutilizationofscienceprinciples
and the processing of information. From the Greek word “Tekhnologia”, the termtechnology
means a systematic treatment. Similar to the word science, let us consider
thedefinitionsoftechnologydrawnfromthefollowing standardsources:
1. From the 1983 McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Science and Technology, the term
"Technologyrefers to a systematic knowledge and its application to industrial process that is
closely related toengineering andscience."
2. The 2001 edition of Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, defined the word
"Technologyas a systematic treatment of an art, the practical application of knowledge
especially in aparticulararea."
3. The 1991 New Webster's dictionary and Thesaurus presented "Technology as a science
ofmechanicaland industrial artsascontrasted withfine arts."
4. The 1983 edition of New Standard Encyclopedia, defined technology as: "The use of
scientificknowledge to develop and produce goods and services useful to man is technology. It
issometimescalledas applied science.”
5. Inthe1983Macmillan'sScience&TechnologyEncyclopedia,technologyisdefinedasa
 12

"Systematic study of the methods and techniques employed in industry, research,agriculture,and

commerce."
6. From 1994 edition of Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology, (1994) "Technology
isa systematic knowledge and action usually of industrial processes but applicable to any
recurrentactivity.”

Technologythenhasamultifacetedandpervasiveimpactthatbringstremendouschanges on
society even to the point of complicating societies and its problems. Technology- itsproducts
and instruments can also be used for molding society’s future. Simply, it is whenScience
isappliedforapurposethatresultsintechnologythatithasagreat impacton society.
We have defined science and technology fully well, what about society? What comes
toyourmindwhenyouencountertheword“society”?Takealookatthisdefinitionnow.

DefinitionofSociety
From(Merriam-Webster)dictionary,society
“pertainstothepeopleinacommunityorPeopleingeneralthoughtofas
livingtogetherinorganizedcommunitieswithsharedlaws,traditions,andvalues.”

TwoReasonsWhyEmbarkinScientificActivities?
• Persistentobservationandstudyofthenaturalandphysicalworldwillenableustofindmeaning
and seekanswerstomanyquestions.
• Itwilldevelopnobleideas,calledphilosophy,toprovidealternativeorpossibleexplanati
ons to certainphenomena.
Doingscientificactivitiesrequiresamethodorasystematicprocedureknownasscientificmethodinord
ertoarrivewithanswerstothequestionsbeing investigated.
WhatisaScientificMethod?
• Itislogical,problem-solvingapproach
• Theseareprinciplesandproceduresforthesystematicpursuitofknowledge(Merriam-
Webster)
• ItcanbeattributedtoAlhazen,oneofthemostimportantandinfluentialfiguresinthehistoryof
science
 13

Alhazen
• born in Iraq formerly Basra
intheyear965A.D.
• “world’s first true
scientist”and“fatherofmoderns
cientificmethod”

Source:https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/awake-no6-2017-december/alhazen-called-first-true-scientist/

StepsoftheScientificMethod
• makeobservations
• determinetheproblem
• formulatehypotheses
• conductexperiment
• gatherandanalyzeresults
• stateconclusionsandrecommendations
ConsiderthisSampleProblem.Observehowthestepsofthescientificmethodareappliedinthisexample.

• plugthetoasterintoadifferentoutlet
• theoutletisbrokenindeed
• whywon'tthetoasterwork?
• thebreadtoasts
• thebreadtoasterwon'ttoast
• maybetheoutletisbroken
Santos and Sierto (2019) cited Jones and Barlett Learning (n.d.) that Critical Thinking as
anacquired skill help to examine issues and distinguish the validity of experimental results
andassertions.So,weneedtodevelopthiskindofskill.Itfollowscertain rules:
 14

CriticalThinkingRules
• gatherallinformation
• understandallterms
• questionhowinformation/factswerederived
• questionthesourceofinformation
• questiontheconclusions
• expectandtolerateuncertainty
• examinethebigpicture
If we develop the critical thinking skill, we will not be jumping into conclusions right away
afterwe observe something. This time, you will do the Main Tasks in application to what you
learnedfromthediscussions.

Main Tasks:
Task # 1- The STS
CycleTask#2-
Me,AScientist
 15

Science,TechnologyandSociety

Name:Jaca, Mark Paul V. Course,Year&Sec BSEE 3A Date: 03/17/2021

Task#1-The STSCycle

Referto
Source:Science,[email protected]/22/20

A. Analyze the STS Cycle. Formulate 6 questions based on the words or phrases found
inbetween two terms. (Example: Why is technology making life for society easier?
Thendo research for the answers to the question. There are 6 questions in all. Based on
yourunderstanding of the cycle, Explain your definition of Science, Technology, and
Society.Cite authorities that will support each claim. Then, describe the relationships
betweenthethree.Don’t’forgettoindicateyour literaturesource.
Rubrics
Pts CitingauthoritiesandMannerofPresentation
Thetermsscience,technologyandsocietywerewelldefinedandtheir
10 relationshipswerewelldescribedwithcitationsfromauthoritiesthatsupporttheirclaims,
presented masterfullyin avideo.
Comprehensiveexplanationsabouttwooutofthethreeterms:science,technologyandso
7
cietywaspresentedmasterfullyinavideo
5 Partialexplanationsofthetermswerepresentedinavideobutnotmasterfully,or
 16

theotherwayaround
Onlyonetermwasexplainedandpresentedinavideobutnotmasterfully,ortheotherwaya
3
round
0 Noexplanationsweremade
TimelinessWiththisdiscussionofthesefourdefinitionsofscience,whichonecanyourelat
Pts
eorunderstandthemost?
5 5minutes
4 4minutes
3 3minutes
2 2minutes
 17

Science,TechnologyandSociety

Name:Jaca, Mark Paul V. Course,Year&Sec BSEE 3A Date: 03/17/2021

Task#2-Me,AScientist
Thisisanindividualwork.Readandanalyzecarefullythestorybelowandexerciseyourc
riticalthinkinginansweringthe setofquestionsthatfollows.
You are travelling and driving alone from Samar coming back to Tacloban City
whenall of a sudden your car stopped from running. Your first hypothesis was the car
hasrun out of fuel. So, to test your hypothesis, youperformeda very simple
experimentby getting a stick and placing in the gas container to determine if it has no
more
fuel.Thenyouremovethestickandcarefullylook(senseofsight)formarkingsthatserveasyo
urimportantinformationordatathatwillexplainyourhypothesisthatthereason why your
car has stopped from running is the absence of fuel. Then, you foundout that there’s
enough fuel so youmade a conclusion that it’s not the fuel thatcausedyour
cartostoprunning.
Questions(15points):
1. What other hypotheses can you make that might led you to the right solution to

yourproblemthatyouarefacingnow?
1.1 Maybe the starter has broken or dont work anymore
1.2 There is no more energy
2. Howwillyoutestyourhypotheses? Find the starter or the one that gives electricity to operate
the car

3. Whatsensesareyougoingtouseto gatherdataorobservations? sense of sight and touch

4. Whatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheanalysisofthedataorobservationsgathered

Therefore the car wont move unless there is an electricity that will energize the
car's starter
 18

5. If your second hypothesis did not arrive to the answer to your problem, are you

goingtostopthereandleavethecarwithoutgettingthesolution? I'll call someone who to

help me
So,what’sthenextthingthat youshoulddo? .
6. Whenareyougoingtostophypothesizingaboutwhathappenedtoyourcar? Until I can't find
answers to it

7. Whatlessoncanyoulearnfromtheapplicationofthescientificmethodtoreallifeproblems?

Critical thinking is very important yo solve a certain problem

8-10. What scientific traits or values should you develop when confronted with day
todayproblemsandchallenges?Citeatleastthree(3) Be more confident and patiend in
resolving a problem

11-12.Whencanamethodbecomesscientific? once your hypothesis is now valid and has a

back up experimentation.

13-15.Whencanourthinkingbecomescientificallycritical? when you gather data

comprehensively
 19

Science,TechnologyandSociety

Name:Jaca, Mark Paul V Course,Year&Sec BSEE 3A Date: 03/17/2021

Assessment:
Divideamongyourselvesintothreegroupswithequalnumberofmembers.Thenames of
the groups will be Science Group, Technology Group and Society Group.Choose two
products of technology, give the name for each and indicate their uses. Ineach object
explain the science principles behind the functionality of that object/technology. NO
DUPLICATION. Each group will present their output in a video. Pleaserefer to the
Rubrics for the specific indicators on how your group can attain the
gradethatyoumaydesiretohave.
RUBRICSforAssessment:
Pts TechnologicalInventionsUsedinAddressingCurrentSocialProblems
Sampleswerefeaturedinthevideo,orsimplyprovidedpicturesifimpossibletodoso
10

Onlyonesamplewasfeaturedinthevideo,orsimplyprovidedpictureifimpossibletodoso
7

5 Nosampleswerefeatured,buttheclassarealreadyfamiliarwithsuchtechnologies

Nosampleswerefeatured,butoneofthetechnologieswassomethingwhichtheclassisalreadyfamiliarw
3 ith

0 Nosampleswerefeaturedandsuchweresomethingwhichtheclassisnotfamiliarwith
Pts MannerofPresentation
10 Comprehensiveexplanationsaboutthetwotechnologieswerepresented masterfullyinavideo

7 Comprehensiveexplanationsaboutoneofthetechnologieswaspresentedmasterfullyinavideo

5 Partialexplanationswerepresentedinavideobutnotmasterfully,ortheotherwayaround
3 Partialexplanationwaspresentedinavideobutnotmasterfully,ortheotherwayaround
0 Noexplanationsweremade
Pts Timeliness
5 5minutes
4 4minutes
3 3minutes
2 2minutes
1 ≤2or>5 minutes
 20

FEEDBACK
Fortheimprovementofthisinstructionalmaterial,pleasegiveyourhonestfeedbackbyans
weringthequestionsbelow.Every answerwillbetakenasimportant. Thankyou.
1. How was I learned how technology works and how science helps us to make the
yourlearningexperie works easier
nce?

2. Can you describe it affects some of my knowledge that whatever technology or whatever we
theeffect of the parts do there is always a scientific explanations.
ofthe module in
yourlearning
experience?(sequence,
discussions,required
readings ifthere’s any,
main
tasks,andassessment)
3. Can you point out I have no one
thestrength
andweaknessesof
eachpart for
consideration inthe
improvement of
thismaterial?
4. What did you learn Yes, through this lesson I be able to know some things that involves science.
inthis lesson? Did Since it focuses in technology, still the chosen technology begans from a
yousuccessfully acquire scientific method and experimentation
thelearningoutcomes?

5. How can you usewhat PMake a hypothesis on how I can be able to contribute to improve our
you learned in reallife environment such as the global warming.
situation or even
inthefuture?

Suggestions, if there's none

there’sany…

Thankyouverymuch!
 21

References
1. Assessment Topics Website athttp://assessment.aaas.org/topics. Retrieved
athttps://scied.ucar.edu/sites/default/files/images/activity/misconceptions_1.pdf7/21/20
2. Collier'sEncyclopedia(vol.20)(1987).NewYork:MacmillanEducationalCompany.
3. ConciseEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnology,(3rded)(1994)NewYork:McGrawHill.
4. EncyclopedicDictionaryofArt,LiteratureandScience(vol.2)(1989).NewDelhi:DeepandDeeppublication.
5. Locke,[email protected]/21/20
6. McGrawHillDictionaryofScientificandTechnicalTerms,(vol.16)(18thed)(1997),NewYork:McGrawHill.
7. McGraw-HillDictionaryofScientific&TechnicalTerms,(1983),NewYork:McGrawHill
8. McGrawHillEncyclopediaofScienceandTechnology,(1997).NewYork:McGrawHill.
9. Macmillan'sScience&TechnologyEncyclopedia,(1998).Banglore:RajivBeri.
10. McNamara,S.J,et.al.,(2018).Science,TechnologyandSociety.Philippines:C&EPublishing,Inc.
11. Merriam-Webster'sCollegiateDictionary(10thed)(2001).USA:MerriamWebsterIncorporation.
12. NewStandardEncyclopedia(vol.3)(1983)Chicago:StandardEducationalCorporation.
13. NewWebster'sDictionaryandThesaurus(1991)NewYork:BooksEssentialsIncorporation.
14. Santos,N.B,andSierto,M.E.,(2019).Science,TechnologyandSociety.Philippines:St.AndrewPublishingHouse

15. Science,[email protected]/22/20
16. Serafica,JPJ,et.Al.,(2018).Science,TechnologyandSociety.Philippines:RexBookstore
17. Taguiling,MLG.,(2019).Science,TechnologyandSociety.Philippines:St.AndrewPublishingHouse
18. UnderstandingScienceWebsiteathttp://undsci.berkeley.edu/teaching/misconceptions.phpandAAAS18
20. https://quizlet.com/344470880/unit-1-quiz-3-science-and-technology-general-science-ii-flash-cards/retrieved
:7/21/2
21. https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/awake-no6-2017-december/alhazen-called-first-true-scientist/
retrieved8/25/20

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