PROJECT TITLE: TYPES OF FLUID FLOW

NAME: OMOHA REHOBOTH ARMSTRONG

DEPARTMENT: INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

MATRIC NUMBER: ENG1905450

Project Course Code: MEE361

Date: 13th September, 2021

INTRODUCTION
Fluid Definition:

A fluid is any substance that flows or deforms under applied shear

stress or a substance that has no fixed shape or yields easily to external
pressure.

Types of Fluids:

Fluids are classified into five different types:

1. Ideal fluid

2. Real fluid

3. Newtonian fluid

4. Non-Newtonian fluid, and

5. Ideal plastic fluid

There are several types of fluid flow which would be extensively

discussed as we proceed as well as their characteristics and properties
constituencies.

They are generally classified into:

i) Translational or Transitional Fluid Flow

ii) Oscillatory or Rotary Fluid Flow

iii) Deformation or Shear Fluid Flows

TRANSLATIONAL FLUID FLOW MOTION

Liquid Flow In A Steady Motion

When a liquid flows through a pipe in such a way that it completely fills
the pipe, and as much liquid enters one end of the pipe as leaves the
other end of the pipe in the same time, then the liquid is said to flow at
a steady rate. At any point of the pipe, the flow of the liquid does not
change with time. The path of any particle of liquid as it moves through
the pipe is called a streamline. We can map the flow of liquid through
the pipe by drawing a series of streamlines following the paths of the
particles of liquid, as shown in Figure 9-1. The instantaneous velocity of
a liquid particle is always tangent to the streamline. The rate of flow
may be represented by the density of streamlines, or the number of
streamlines passing through a surface of unit area perpendicular to the
direction of flow. Thus the streamlines will be close together where the
liquid is moving rapidly and farther apart in regions of the pipe where
the liquid is moving slowly. Similar conventions were used to represent
the direction and magnitude of the gravitational field intensity. Since
the liquid is incompressible and there are no places in the pipe where
the liquid can be stored, the volume of liquid which flows through any
plane perpendicular to the streamlines in any interval of time must be
the same everywhere in the pipe. Consider two typical planes whose
intersections with the pipe have areas A1 and A2 perpendicular to the
streamlines. The volume of liquid Q passing through area Al in unit time
is
Q = A1 x v1

Where VI is the velocity of the liquid at this point.

Similarly, the volume of liquid passing through A2 in unit time is

Q = A2 x V2.

Since these two quantities must be equal for steady flow, we have

A1v1 = A2 x V2

V1/V2 = A2/A1

Thus the velocity of the liquid at any point in the pipe is inversely
proportional to the cross-sectional area of the pipe.

In the steady or streamline flow of a liquid, the total quantity of liquid

flowing into any imaginary volume element of the pipe must be equal
to the quantity of liquid leaving that volume element. If we represent
the flow by streamlines, this implies that the streamlines are
continuous and do not pile up anywhere within the liquid. The same
number of streamlines enter a volume element as the number which
leave it, as shown in Figure 9-2. Another characteristic of streamline
flow is that it is layer like, or lamellar. There is no circulation of the
liquid about any point in the pipe. We might imagine a small paddle
wheel, as shown in Figure 9-3, placed in the pipe. When the flow is
lamellar, no rotation of the paddle wheel is produced by the flow of
liquid.

Bernoulli's Theorem

The fundamental theorem regarding the motion of fluids is due to

Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), a Swiss physicist and mathematician.
Bernoulli's theorem is essentially a formulation of the mechanical
concept that the work done on a body is equal to the change in its
mechanical energy, in the case that mechanical energy is conserved;
that is, where there is no loss of mechanical energy due to friction. Let
us consider the motion of an incompressible fluid of density p along an
imaginary tube bounded by streamlines, as shown in Figure 9-4. We
shall call such a tube stream tube. Since each streamline represents the
direction of motion of a particle of liquid in steady flow, no particle of
liquid may cross a stream tube. At the left-hand end of the tube, the
liquid has a velocity VI, the tube has cross-sectional area AI, the
pressure is PI, and the tube is at a height h above some reference level.
At the right-hand end of the tube, the velocity is V2, the cross-sectional
area is A2, the pressure is P2, and the height is h2. When a small
quantity of fluid of volume V is moved into the tube through the action
of the external fluid, an equal volume of fluid must emerge from the
stream tube against the force exerted by the pressure P2 of the fluid
outside the tube at the right-hand end of the stream tube. Let us
imagine that the flow of fluid in the stream tube takes place as the
result of the displacement 81 of a piston of area Al which just fits the
stream tube at its left-hand end such that the volume swept out by the
motion of the piston is A1s1 V, and of a corresponding displacement S2
of a piston of area A2 which just fits the stream tube at its right-hand
end such that the volume swept out by the second piston is A2 s2 = V;
that is, a quantity of fluid of volume V has just passed through the
stream tube. The piston at position 1 has done work on the fluid equal
to the product of the force exerted by the displacement of that force,
hence the work done on

The fluid is P1A1s1, while the fluid has pushed back the piston at
position 2 so that the fluid has done work on the second piston of
amount P2A2 s2• The net work done on the fluid is therefore equal to

P1A1s1 - P2A2 s2 .

Since we have assumed the fluid to be incompressible, we have A1s1 =

A2s2 = V.

From the above equations, we find that the net work done on the fluid
within the stream tube is

P1V - P2V.

If there was no loss of energy of the fluid due to frictional forces, this
work done on the fluid in the stream tube must have resulted in a
change of mechanical energy of the liquid which flowed into the tube at
position 1 and out of the tube at position 2. The sum of the potential
and kinetic energies of the liquid flowing into the tube at position 1 is

pVgh1 + ½ pVv1²

while the sum of these energies of the liquid flowing out of the tube at
position 2 is pVgh2 + ½pVv2² Equating the work done on the fluid to the
difference in its energy, we find:

P1V - P2V = pVgh2 + ½pVv2² - (pVgh1 + ½pVv1²).

Dividing the equation through by V and transposing all quantities with

subscript 1 to the left-hand side and all quantities with subscript 2 to
the right-hand side of the equation, we find

P1 + pgh1 +½pv1²= P2 + pgh2 + ½pv2².

This equation expresses Bernoulli's theorem, which states that at any

two points along a streamline the sum of the pressure, the potential
energy of a unit volume of fluid, and the kinetic energy of a unit volume
of fluid has the same value. As indicated in the derivation, Bernoulli's
theorem holds rigorously only for frictionless, incompressible,
streamline flow. Bernoulli's theorem is a statement of the principle of
conservation of energy expressed in a form suited to the description of
fluids in steady frictionless flow. Although Bernoulli's theorem holds
rigorously only for an incompressible fluid, experience indicates that it
is valid for air in streamline flow at speeds up to about half the speed of
sound. (The speed of sound is about 740 mi tj\k;hr.) Actual fluids such
as water and air have internal fluid friction, or viscosity, so that, to be
strictly true, the equal sign of Equation (9-3a) should be replaced by a
greater than or equal sign (~), meaning that the work done on the fluid
in the stream tube is greater
than, or at least equal to, the

increase in mechanical energy. Some

of

the work done will be converted to

heat energy through the action of
internal friction. In examples and problems in the application of
Bernoulli's theorem, we shall neglect the effects of viscosity.
Fig-1: Streamlines of a liquid flowing through a pipe at a steady rate.

Fig-2: The number of streamlines entering a volume element is equal to

the number leaving the volume element when there is steady flow.

Fig-3: A small paddle wheel placed in a flowing liquid will not rotate
when the liquid is in steady or lamellar flow

ROTATIONAL OR OSCILLATORY FLUID FLOW

A fluid particle moving in a general three dimensional flow field may

rotate about all three coordinate axes. The particle rotation is a vector
quantity and in general

ω = ωx + ωy + ωz ; where ωx is the rotation about x axis.

To evaluate the components of particle rotation vector, we define the
angular velocity about an axis as the average angular velocity of two
initially perpendicular differential line segments in a plane
perpendicular to the axis of rotation. To obtain a mathematical
expression for ωz , the component of fluid rotation about the z axis,
consider motion of fluid in x-y plane. The components of velocity at
every point in the field are given by u(x,y) and v(x,y). Consider first the
rotation of line segment oa of length Δx.

Rotation of this line is due to the variation of ‘y’ component of velocity.

If the ‘y’ component of the velocity at point ‘o’ is taken as Vo , then the
‘y’ component velocity at point ‘a’ can be written using Taylor
expansion series as:
Under what conditions might we expect to have a flow without rotation
( irrotational flow ) ?

A fluid particle moving, without any rotation, in a flow field cannot

develop rotation under the action of body force or normal surface
forces. Development of rotation in fluid particle, initially without
rotation, requires the action of shear stresses on the surface of the
particle. Since shear stress is proportional to the rate of angular
deformation, then a particle that is initially without rotation will not
develop a rotation without simultaneous angular deformation. The
shear stress is related to the rate of angular deformation through
viscosity. The presence of viscous force means the flow is rotation. The
condition of irrotationality may be a valid assumption for those regions
of a flow in which viscous forces are negligible. (For example , such a
region exists outside the boundary

layer in the flow over a solid surface.)

A term vorticity is defined as twice of the rotation as:

The circulation, is defined as the line integral of the tangential velocity

component about a closed curve fixed in the flow ;

where elemental vector tangent to the curve , a positive sense

corresponds to a counter clock-wise path of integration around the
curve. A relation between circulation and vorticity can be obtained by
considering the fluid element as shown:

DEFORMATION OR STRESS FLUID FLOW

 A fluid at rest can not resist shearing forces. Under the action of
such forces it deforms continuously, however small they are. The
resistance to the action of shearing forces in a fluid appears only when
the fluid is in motion. This implies the principal difference between
fluids and solids. For solids the resistance to a shear deformation
depends on the deformation itself, that is the shear stress τ is a
function of the shear strain γ. For fluids the shear stress τ is a function
of the rate of strain dγ/dt. The property of a fluid to resist the growth of
shear deformation is called viscosity. The form of the relation between
shear stress and rate of strain depends on a fluid, and most common
fluids obey Newton’s law of viscosity, which states that the shearstress
is proportional to the strain rate:

τ = µdγ/dt

Such fluids are called Newtonian fluids. The coefficient of

proportionality µ is known as dynamic viscosity and its value depends
on the particular fluid. The ratio of dynamic viscosity to density is called
kinematic viscosity

ν =µ/ρ

Let us consider the parallel motion of fluid where all particles are
moving in the same direction, but different layers have different
velocities. After a small time ∆t the fluid volume abcd moves to a′b′c′d′
(figure 1), where |aa′| = |bb′| = u(y + δy)∆t and |cc′| = |dd′| = u(y)∆t.
The corresponding shear strain is:

Let a surface C : y
= yc is parallel to
the flow and the
velocity gradient is positive (figure 2). The flow above y = yc will apply
the positive shear force on the upper surface of C, and the equal
negative shear force will act on the lower surface of C from the fluid
behind y = yc. Both of these forces are due to the same shear stress τ ,
which is considered as positive in this case. On a rigid surface (y = 0,
figure 2) the fluid velocity is equal the surface velocity (no-slip
condition), and the shear force on a solid wall can be found from the
value of the velocity gradient on the wall (figure 2). For a uniform flow τ
is constant along the wall, and the value of the shear force acting on
area A of the wall is:

The causes of viscosity

One of the causes of viscosity is the

interchange of momentum
between layers of fluid moving with different velocities due to the
chaotic molecular motion. The motion of molecules in a flowing fluid is
the superposition of the motion of the fluid media and of the chaotic
motion of molecules due to thermal agitation (figure 3). Molecules are
transferred from one layer to another. Thus molecules with higher
momentum (layer A on figure 3) moving into layer with lower
momentum (layer B). There they mix with slowe molecules and
increase the overall momentum of the layer B. Similarly, molecules with
lower momentum moving from the layer B moving into the higher
momentum layer

A mix and reduce the overall momentum of the layer A. Both processes
tend to reduce the relative velocity between the layers. This
momentum exchange generates an effective shear force between the
two layers. This mechanism is the
principal viscosity mechanism for
gases, when forces between molecules
are small. When the temperature of a
gas increases the chaotic molecular
motion becomes more intensive and
the molecular interchange increases.
As the result, the viscosity µ of a gas
will increase as the temperature
increases, and it is practically
independent on pressure. For liquids molecules are closer packed and
therefore intermolecular forces also play a part in generation of
viscosity in addition to molecular interchange. Viscosity µ is then
reduces with the temperature, and is essentially independent of
pressure.

Examples of laminar viscous flows

1. Couette flow

A gap h between two parallel horizontal plates is filled by a viscous

fluid, and the upper plate moves with velocity V (figure 4). The
dimensions of the plates are much larger then the distance h between
them. Find the velocity distribution and the force applied to the upper
plate if the area is A.
Solution:

Edges of the plates will influence

the flow on a finite distance from
the edges, comparable with h. If
the distance between the plates is much smaller then their other
dimensions the main part of the flow will be parallel, and velocity will
not depend on the horizontal coordinate x: u = u(y). For constant
pressure on the plate edges the pressure remains the same everywhere
between the plates. Then the only force acting on a fluid element
shown on figure 4 is

due to shear stresses on its boundaries: F = A (τ (y + δy) − τ (y)), and for

a steady flow this force should be zero and the shear stress τ is
constant. For a Newtonian fluid we have:
and the force required to move the plate is:

F = τ A = µVA/h

2. Laminar flow in a circular pipe

Calculate the velocity profile and the friction factor for a fully
developed steady flow in a circular pipe.
Solution:

For a fully developed steady parallel flow pressure does not change
across the flow, and the velocity profile (and shear stress) does not
change along the pipe. That is:

P = P(x); u = u(y); τ = τ (y).

Let us consider a cylindrical fluid volume with the internal radius r,

external radius r + δr and length δx (figure 5). For a steady flow the
total horizontal force acting on the fluid in this volume should be zero:

(P(x) − P(x + δx)) 2πr δr − τ (r) 2πr δx + τ (r + δr) 2π(r + δr) δx = 0 .