GENERAL BIOLOGY 1 Cell Cycle

LESSON 6
Lesson Objectives

Characterize the phases of the cell

cycle and their control points
You will learn on The Phases of Cell
Cycle and their Control Points,
Stages of Mitosis/Meiosis,
Comparison and their Role in the
Cell Division Cycle.
 One of the distinct characteristics of living
things is being able to preserve
themselves.

Cell Cycle enables a living

Cells need to undergo thing to continue its
cycles as part of their existence by
growth and to repair or multiplying itself in
replace damaged parts. controlled and
systematic processes.
Cell Division
 Involves the distribution of identical genetic material or DNA to
two daughter cells.
 What is most remarkable is the constancy with which the DNA is
passed along, without dilution or error, from one generation to the
next.
 Cell Division functions in reproduction, growth, and repair.
Cell Cycle
Cell cycle is a series of
stages that cells pass through to
allow them to divide and produce
new cells. It is sometimes referred
to as the “cell division cycle” for
that reason.

Cell Division under a microscope

 The cell must complete the
Cell Cycle several important task like; it
must grow, copy its genetic
materials (DNA), and physically
split into two daughter cell. Cell
performs this task in an
organized, predictable series of
steps that make up the cell
cycle. The cell cycle is a cycle,
rather than a linear pathway,
because at the end of each go-
round, the two daughter cell
can start the same process over
again from the beginning.
Phases of Cell Cycle Cell Cycle
Phases of Cell Cycle
A cell spends most of its time in what is called INTERPHASE,
and during this time it grows, replicates its chromosomes, and
prepares for CELL DIVISION. The cell then leaves interphase,
undergoes MITOSIS, and completes its division. The resulting cells,
known as daughter cells, each enter their own interphase and begin a
new round of the cell cycle.
 Interphase
In this stage, the cell grows and makes a copy of
DNA.
3 steps in preparation for divisions.
1. G1 phase - also called first gap phase, the cell
grows physically larger, copies organelle, and
makes the molecular building block it will need in
later steps.
2. S phase - the cell synthesizes is a complete copy
of the DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicate the
micro-tubule organizing structure called
centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA
during M phase.
3. G2 phase - during the second gap phase or G2
phase , the cells grow more, makes proteins, and
organelles, and begins to reorganize its contents
in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when
mitosis begins.
 Mitotic Phase
In this part of the cycle, the cell divides its copied DNA and cytoplasm to
make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct division-related
processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. (Phases of the cell cycle, 2020)
a. Mitosis - nuclear DNA of the cell condenses into visible chromosomes and
is pulled apart by the mitotic spindle, a specialized structure made out of
microtubules. Mitosis takes place in four stages: prophase (sometimes
divided into early prophase and prometaphase), metaphase, anaphase,
and telophase.
b. Cytokinesis - the cytoplasm of the cell is split in two, making two new
cells. It usually begins just as mitosis is ending, with a little overlap.
Importantly, cytokinesis takes place differently in animal and plant cells.
 Some types of cell divides rapidly, and in these cases the daughter cells may
immediately undergo another round of cell division. For instance, many cell types
in an early embryo divide rapidly, and so do cells in a tumor.
 Other types of cells divide slowly or not at all. These cells may exit the G1
phase and enter a resting state called G0 phase. In G0 phase a cell is not actively
preparing to divide, it’s just doing its job.

 Different cells take different lengths of time to complete the cell cycle. A
typical human cell might take about 24 hours to divide, but fast-cycling
mammalian cells, like the ones that line the intestine, can complete a cycle every
9-10 hours when they're grown in culture.
 Different types of cell also split their time between cell cycle phases in
different ways.
MITOSIS Cell Cycle
 MITOSIS
Mitosis is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother)
divides to produce two new cells (the daughters) that are
genetically identical to itself.
In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division
process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus split into two equal sets
of chromosomes.
 MITOSIS
PROPHASE
 First and longest phase in mitosis.
 Chromatin condenses into
chromosomes, and the nuclear
envelope (the membrane surrounding
the nucleus) breaks down. In animal
cells, the centrioles near the nucleus
begin to separate and move to
opposite poles of the cell.
 As the centrioles move apart, a
spindle starts to form between them.
 MITOSIS
METAPHASE

 Spindle fibers attach to the centromere

of each pair of sister chromatids.
 The sister chromatids line up at the
equator, or center, of the cell.
 Some spindles do not attach with the
centromeres of chromosomes rather, they
attach with each other and grow longer.
 The elongation of spindles not attached
to the centromeres. They elongate the
whole cell.
 MITOSIS
ANAPHASE

 Sister chromatids separate and the

centromeres divide.
 Sister chromatids are pulled apart by
the shortening of the spindle fibers. This
is a little like reeling in a fish by
shortening the fishing line.
 One sister chromatid moves to one
pole of the cell, and the other sister
chromatid moves to the opposite pole. At
the end of anaphase, each pole of the cell
has a complete set of chromosomes.
 MITOSIS
TELOPHASE

 The chromosomes reach the opposite

poles and begin to decondense (unravel),
relaxing into a chromatin configuration.
 The mitotic spindles are depolymerized
into tubulin monomers that will be used
to assemble cytoskeletal components for
each daughter cell.
 Nuclear envelopes form around the
chromosomes, and nucleosomes appear
within the nuclear area.
 MITOSIS
CYTOKINESIS

 The second main stage of the

mitotic phase during which cell
division is completed via the physical
separation of the cytoplasmic
components into two daughter cells.
 Division is not complete until the
cell components have been
apportioned and completely
separated into the two daughter cells.
FUNCTION OF MITOSIS
There are four key reasons why a cell may be required to divide
mitotically: (Functions of Mitosis, 2020)
1. Tissue repair or replacement - damaged or aged cells replaced
with identical healthy ones.
2. Organismal growth - multicellular organisms derived new cells
via mitosis.
3. Asexual reproduction - vegetative propagation in plants occurs in
via mitotic division.
4. Development ( of embryos) - zygotes undergo mitosis and
differentiate to become embryos.
MEIOSIS
 MEIOSIS
Meiosis is also called reduction division, division of a
germ cell involving two fissions of the nucleus and
giving rise to four gametes, or sex cells, each
possessing half the number of chromosomes of the
original cell.
Phases of Meiosis Cell Cycle
 MEIOSIS

Meiosis is a lot like mitosis in many ways. The cell goes through similar
stages and uses similar strategies to organize and separate chromosomes.
However, in meiosis the cell has a more complex task. It still needs to
separate sister chromatids (the two halves of a duplicated chromosome), as
in mitosis but it must also separate homologous chromosomes, the similar
but nonidentical chromosome pairs an organism receives from its two
parents.
 MEIOSIS I: First Division
Process
a. Homologue pairs separate during a first round of cell division.
b. Before entering Meiosis I, a cell must first go through
interphase. As in mitosis, the cell grows during G1 phase copies
all of its chromosomes during S phase, and prepares for division
during G2 phase.
 PROPHASE I
Differences from mitosis begin to appear. As in
mitosis, the chromosomes begin to condense, but in
meiosis I, they also pair up. Each chromosome
carefully aligns with its homologue partner so that
the two match up at corresponding positions along
their full length.
In the image on the right, the letters A, B, and C
represent genes found at particular spots on the
chromosome, with capital and lowercase letters for
different forms, or alleles, of each gene. The DNA is
broken at the same spot on each homologue—here,
between genes B and C—and reconnected in a
crisscross pattern so that the homologues exchange
part of their DNA.
 METAPHASE I
Homologue pairs—not individual chromosomes—line up at the metaphase plate for separation. When the
homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, the orientation of each pair is random.
 ANAPHASE I
Homologues are pulled apart and move apart to opposite ends of the cell. The sister chromatids of each
chromosome, however, remain attached to one another and don't come apart.
 TELOPHASE I
The chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell. In some organisms, the nuclear membrane re-forms and the
chromosomes decondense, although in others, this step is skipped—since cells will soon go through another round
of division, meiosis II. Cytokinesis usually occurs at the same time as telophase I, forming two haploid daughter
cells.
 MEIOSIS II: The Equational
Division
 A shorter and simpler process than meiosis I, and you may find it
helpful to think of meiosis II as “mitosis for haploid cells."
 The two sperm cells split again producing four sperm cells, each
with 23 or n chromosomes. Metabolically active cell with a diploid
nucleus (2n=6).
 The sister chromatids separate, making haploid cells with non-
duplicated chromosomes.
 PROPHASE II
Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope breaks
down, if needed. The centrosomes move apart, the spindle
forms between them, and the spindle microtubules begin to
capture chromosomes.
 METAPHASE II
The chromosomes line up individually
along the metaphase plate.
 ANAPHASE II
The sister chromatids separate
and are pulled towards opposite
poles of the cell.
 TELOPHASE II
Nuclear membranes form around each set of
chromosomes, and the chromosomes decondense.
Cytokinesis splits the chromosome sets into new cells,
forming the final products of meiosis: four haploid cells
in which each chromosome has just one chromatid. In
humans, the products of meiosis are sperm or egg cells.
How Meiosis The two main reasons we can get many
"mixes and genetically different gametes are:
matches" Genes 1. Crossing over - The points where
homologues cross over and exchange
According to the article genetic material are chosen more or
written from Khan less at random, and they will be
Academy the different in each cell that goes
gametes produced in through meiosis. If meiosis happens
meiosis are all haploid, but many times, as in humans, crossovers
will happen at many different points.
they're not genetically
identical. Each gamete has 2. Random Orientation of Homologue
a unique "sample" of the Pairs - allows for the production of
genetic material present in gametes with many different
the starting cell. assortments of homologous
chromosomes
Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis
Meiosis compared to Mitosis