IOT Applications

UNIT-5
 Future Factory Concepts
• The future factory represents the way in which manufacturers, of any
industrial sector, plan to enhance their production processes and plants.

• It's a place where people, machines and products communicate and interact
autonomously through an industry-grade cellular network.

• Everything in such a future factory will be operated by computer-controlled

robots.

• The technical staff will monitor activity of these machines via a central
control system. The experts in the field have already labelled the upcoming
wave of automation and digitization as “Industry 4.0”, the 4th industrial
revolution.
Mechanized industry robot and human worker working together in future factory .
Concept of artificial intelligence for industrial revolution
• “Lights-out manufacturing” refers to factories that operate autonomously
and require no human presence. Because they don’t need human
supervision, they don’t require lighting, and can consist of several
machines functioning in the dark.

• The Japanese robotics maker FANUC has been operating a “lights-out”

factory since 2001, where robots build other robots completely
unsupervised for nearly a month at a time.

• Without robots, it would take as many as 500 workers to fully staff this
40K square foot warehouse — instead, the factory requires only five
technicians to service the machines and keep them working.

• As industrial technology grows increasingly pervasive, this wave of

automation and digitization is being labelled “Industry 4.0,” as in the fourth
industrial revolution.
 Greenfield and Brownfield IoT
• In software development, Greenfield refers to developing a system for a totally new
environment and requires development from a clean slate – no legacy code around.

• It is an approach used when you’re starting fresh and with no restrictions or

dependencies.
• Some examples of Greenfield software development include: building a website or
app from scratch, setting up a new data center, or even implementing a new rules
engine.

• In IoT, Greenfield development refers to all these shiny new gadgets and devices
that come with internet connectivity.
• Connected washing machines, smart locks, TVs, thermostats, light bulbs, toasters,
coffee machines etc. that you see in tech publications and consumer electronic expos
.
• Advantages of Greenfield Software Development

• Gives an opportunity to implement a state-of-the-art technology solution

from scratch
• Provides a clean slate for software development
• No compulsion to work within the constraints of existing systems
or infrastructure
• No dependencies or ties to existing software, preconceived notions, or
existing business processes.

• Disadvantages of Greenfield Software Development

• With no clear direction, the degree of risk is comparatively higher.

• Since all aspects of the new system need to be defined, it can be quite time
consuming

• With so many possible development options, there may be no clear

understanding of the approach to take

• It may be hard to get everyone involved to make critical decisions in a

decent time frame
• In software development, Brownfield refers to the development and
deployment of a new software system in the presence of existing or legacy
software systems.

• Brownfield development usually happens when you want to develop or

improve upon an existing application, and compels you to work with
previously created code.

• Therefore, any new software architecture must consider and coexist with
systems already in place – so as to enhance existing functionality or
capability.

• Examples of Brownfield software development include: adding a new

module to an existing enterprise system, integrating a new feature to
software that was developed earlier, or upgrading code to enhance the
functionality of an app.
• In brownfield IoT development, developers inherit hardware, embedded
software and design decisions. They can’t deliberate on where they want to
direct their efforts and will have to live and work within a constrained
context.

• Brownfield is especially important in industrial IoT (IIoT), such as smart

buildings, bridges, roads, railways and all infrastructure that have been
around for decades and will continue to be around for decades more.

• Connecting these to the cloud , collecting data and obtaining actionable

insights might be even more pertinent than having a light bulb that can be
turned on and off with your Smartphone.
• Advantages of Brownfield Software Development

• Offers a place to start with a predetermined direction

• Gives a chance to add improvements to existing technology solutions
• Supports working with defined business processes and technology solutions
• Allows existing code to be reused to add new features

• Disadvantages of Brownfield Software Development

• Requires thorough knowledge of existing systems, services, and data on which the
new system needs to be built

• There may be a need to re-engineer a large portion of the existing complex

environment so that they make operational sense to the new business requirement

• Requires detailed and precise understanding of the constraints of the existing

business and IT, so the new project does not fail

• Dealing with legacy code can not only slow down the development process but also
add to overall development costs
Comparison Overview of Greenfield and Brownfield
Software Development
IoT platforms /middleware
 IoT platforms /middleware
• All elements of this architecture are described in the bottom up manner

• Sensors: Sensor consists of a hardware component capable of

acquiring information about physical environment. This acquired
information is transmitted inform of electrical signals to the connected
devices. Devices connectivity can be either wired or wireless.

• · Actuator: It is a hardware component, which receives command in

form of electrical signals from connected device and performs some kind
of physical action. Like sensor, it can also be connected to device either in
a wired or wireless manner.

• · Device: A Device is a hardware component consisting of processor

and storage. It is connected to sensors and actuators. By the help of
software, it can establish connection to IoT Integration middleware.
• Gateway: Sometimes gateway is required to connect device to IoT platform.
Gateway is an interface that provides technologies and mechanism to interconnect
between communication technologies and protocols.
• All devices can access gateway if they are IP enabled. Gateway is also able to store,
filter and process received data before sending to cloud.

• IoT Platform: Main responsibilities of this layer are:

• a. It integrates data received from different kind of connected devices.
• b. Process the received data.
• c. Control devices
• d. Provide received data to various applications.
• IoT cloud Platform can also directly communicate with device if both are
using compatible technologies and protocols.

• IoT Cloud Platform layer is also responsible for providing functionalities

such as time series database or graphical dashboards, aggregation and
utilization of data received from devices. Mostly, IoT platforms are
accessed through HTTP-based REST APIs.

• Application: Applications are built on top of various IoT Cloud

Platforms to provide services to some real-life scenario such as Smart
Cities, Smart Healthcare, Smart Industry, etc.
 Categorization of IoT Middleware Platforms
• IoT Middleware platforms can be categorized into following four
categories

• Publicly Traded IoT Middleware Platforms: This category consists of

platforms developed and maintained by large public traded companies
such as AWS IoT Platform , Microsoft Azure IoT Hub , IBM Watson IoT
Platform , Google IoT Platform , Oracle IoT Platform .

• Open source IoT Middleware Platforms: This category consists of

platforms that provide data management services under open licenses
such as Kaa , Thing-Speak .

• Developer Friendly IoT Middleware Platforms: This category of

platforms is developer friendly and can be easily integrated with Arduino,
Raspberry etc. to develop users’ applications. Some of the platforms
belonging to this category are Carriots, Temboo .
• End to End Connectivity IoT Middleware Platforms: Platforms
designed based on supplied hardware and required solution such as
Samsara , Particle Cloud
 Open sources/Data formats
• An application programming interface (API) is a set of protocols and
tools for building application software. It is a set of clearly defined methods
of communication between various software components. Most companies,
especially tech companies, have built APIs for their customers or for
internal use.

• A software development kit (SDK) is a set of software development tools

that allows the creation of applications for a certain software package,
software framework, hardware platform, computer system, video game
console, operating system, or similar development platform.

• To put it simply, an SDK is a tool box that often includes APIs, pieces of
code, or other rules for developing software. Companies make their SDKs
available to developers in order to help them easily integrate with their
services.
 Difference between an SDK and an API
• When a developer uses an SDK to create systems and develop applications,
those applications need to communicate with other applications.

• An SDK includes an API to make that communication possible. On the

other hand, while the API can be used for the communication, it cannot
create a brand-new application.

• The real difference is that an API is really just an interface for a service,
while an SDK is the tools/components/code fragments that have been
created for a specific purpose.
 Example
• Like baking a cake
• To help you better understand, think about baking a cake. When you bake a
cake, you more or less need a recipe that gives you the instructions and
guidelines.
• An API can be thought of as this recipe. It is a set of programming
instructions that can be used when accessing an online application or
database.

• A premade cake mix provides you with the main ingredients, already
measured out, and only requires you to add one or two additional
ingredients before you bake and serve. That is, in the simplest terms, what
an SDK is.
• It provides you with all the tools, including pieces of code, that you need to
build a product or application.
 JSON and CSV
• JSON: JSON refers to JavaScript Object Notation. It is a
language-independent, human-readable language used for its
simplicity and is most commonly used in web-based applications.

• The JSON extensions end with a .json. JSON is a user-friendly

substitute for XML as it is lightweight and easy to read. It supports
data structures like array and objects and the JSON documents that
are rapidly executed on the server.
• CSV: CSV refers to Comma-Separated Values. It holds plain text as a series of
values (cells) separated by commas (, ) in a series of lines (rows). CSV file can
actually open in a text editor and read it.

• There are lots of applications for reading CSV files, and many languages provide
built-in functions that simplify reading/writing CSV format. These files are
majority used by professionals in data analysis or visualizations.
END