PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A – MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Category– A/B1

MODULE 7A: MAINTENANCE PRACTICES

Sub Module 7.1 - SAFETY PRECAUTIONS – AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP
Sub Module 7.2 - WORKSHOP PRACTICES
Sub Module 7.3 – TOOLS
Sub Module 7.4 – AVIONIC GENERAL TEST EQUIPMENT
Sub Module 7.5 – ENGINEERING DRAWINGS, DIAGRAMS & STANDARDS
Sub Module 7.6 – FITS AND CLEARANCES
Sub Module 7.7 – ELECTRICAL WIRING INTERCONNECTION SYSTEM (EWIS)
Sub Module 7.8 – RIVETING
Sub Module 7.9 – PIPES AND HOSES
Sub Module 7.10 – SPRINGS
Sub Module 7.11 – BEARINGS
Sub Module 7.12 – TRANSMISSIONS
Sub Module 7.13 – CONTROL CABLES
Sub Module 7.14 – MATERIAL HANDLING
Sub Module 7.15 – WELDING, BRAZING, SOLDERING AND BONDING
Sub Module 7.16 – AIRCRAFT WEIGHT AND BALANCE
Sub Module 7.17 – AIRCRAFT HANDLING AND STORAGE
Sub Module 7.18 – DISASSEMBLY, INSPECTION, REPAIR AND ASSEMBLY
Sub Module 7.19 – ABNORMAL EVENTS
Sub Module 7.20 – MAINTENANCE PROCEDURES

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

List of Amendments

Sub-Module &
Amendment No. Issue Date: Date Inserted: Inserted By: Date Removed: Removed By:
Pages:

Issue 01, Rev-00 All 31 March 2014

Issue 01, Rev-01 All 30 Nov 2017

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

MODULE 7A
Sub Module 7.1

SAFETY PRECAUTIONS – AIRCRAFT AND WORKSHOP

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Page Intentionally Left Blank

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - i Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Contents

INTRODUCTION .........................................................................1
GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS .........................................1
SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY ....................................................3
SAFETY WITH GASES ...............................................................7
SAFETY WITH OXYGEN ............................................................9
SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS .....................................14
SAFETY WITH FIRE .................................................................21
PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES ..............................27
INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE ..........................................33

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - ii Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

INTRODUCTION GENERAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Most accidents are, in the main, caused by human carelessness Aircraft, by their very nature and design, make for a dangerous
and accidents in the work place are among the main causes of working environment. The danger is further increased by the
death and disability. wide variety of machines, tools and materials required to
They are, additionally, the cause of a great loss of man-hours support and maintain aircraft.
and, thus, cost companies (and individuals) large amounts of
money.  Technicians should only operate equipment with which
All personnel should be aware, not only of the potential for they are familiar and can operate safely.
accidents and injury, wherever they work, but also of the
legislation and information that is available in an attempt to  Hand tools should be kept in proper working order.
prevent accidents actually happening.
While it is incumbent upon companies, to ensure that all  Technicians should know the location of the first aid box
personnel receive adequate training in Health and Safety and emergency equipment.
matters, this Module contains a reminder of some of the general
safety precautions which are necessary, when working in the  Good housekeeping in hangars, shops, and on the flight
aerospace industry. line is essential to safe and efficient maintenance. The
The Module continues with further topics, which are concerned highest standards of orderly work arrangements and
with the practices recommended for the safe and efficient cleanliness should be observed while maintaining an
maintenance of aircraft and aerospace components. aircraft. When a maintenance task is complete, the
technician should remove and properly store
maintenance stands, hoses, electrical cords, hoists,
crates, boxes, and anything else used to perform the
work.

 Pedestrian lanes and fire lanes should be marked and

used as a safety measure to prevent accidents and to
keep pedestrian traffic out of work areas.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 1 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 Power cords and air hoses should be straightened, It is very important, that all personnel know the location of the
coiled, and properly stored when not in use. fixed points where firefighting equipment and First Aid treatment
are available. They must also be aware of the types of
 Oil, grease, and other substances spilled on hangar or emergency that can occur in the workplace (whether in the
shop floors should be immediately cleaned or covered workshop, hangar or on the ramp), and of the procedures to be
with an absorbent material to prevent fire or personal followed in any emergency.
injury.

 Under no circumstances should oil or cleaning fluid be

emptied into floor drains. Fumes from this type of
disposal may ignite and cause severe property damage.

 Gasoline spills on the hangar floor should be flushed

away with water. Sweeping these fuel spills with a dry
broom could cause static electricity that might ignite the
fuel.

 Aircraft finishes should be applied in a controlled

environment (paint room) whenever possible. A
technician should never do this type of work near an
open flame or in the presence of lights that are not
explosion proof. No other work should be done on an
aircraft while it is being painted.

 Never use unstable piles of boxes, inadequate

scaffolding, or un-secured ladders for working at heights.
Always use designated ladders, work stands,
maintenance steps that are equipped with appropriate
handholds, handrails and safety railing.

 Always walk and never run, and never hurry when

engaged in hazardous work.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 2 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

SAFETY WITH ELECTRICITY

All electrical equipment must be regularly checked and tested
The human body conducts electricity. Furthermore, electrical for correct operation and electrical safety. To show that this has
current, passing through the body, disrupts the nervous system been done, a dated label should be attached, showing when the
and causes burns at the entry and exit points. The current, used equipment was last tested and when the next inspection is due.
in domestic 220-240 volt, 50Hz ac electricity, is particularly Any new item of equipment must have a test label attached.
dangerous because it affects nerves in such a way that a The presence of a test label does not, however, absolve the
person, holding a current-carrying conductor, is unable to user from checking the equipment for any external signs of
release it. Table 1 shows some typical harmful values and damage, such as a frayed power cord (or missing safety
effects of both ac and dc electricity supplies. devices) before use.
In the event of a person witnessing another person receiving an
Since water also conducts electricity, great care must be taken electric shock, the basic actions, to be followed by the witness,
to avoid handling electrical equipment of all kinds when are:
standing on a wet surface or when wearing wet shoes. The
water provides a path to earth and heightens the possibility of  Shout for help and ensure there is no danger of also
electric shock. To ensure that equipment is safe, the minimum becoming a victim
requirement is through the use of three-core cable (which  Switch off the electrical current or remove the victim from
includes an earth lead) and, possibly, a safety cut-out device. the supply by means of insulated material
In conjunction, more often than not, with ignorance or  If the victim has ceased breathing, initiate resuscitation
carelessness, electrical hazards generally arise due to one or  Call for professional medical help
more of the following factors:  If the victim is suffering from burns, exclude air from
wounds
 Inadequate or non-existent earthing  Treat for shock by keeping the victim warm
 Worn or damaged wiring, insulation, plugs, sockets and
other installations The approved methods of artificial resuscitation must, by law,
 Bad wiring systems and the misuse of good systems be displayed on wall charts in workplaces.
 Incorrect use of fuses
 Inadequate inspection and maintenance of power tools
and equipment

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 3 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Workshop electrical supply

Voltage/Current Possible Outcome
Every shop in which aircraft maintenance is performed depends
50V ac or 100V dc May give rise to dangerous shocks upon electrical power for its operation, and it is the responsibility
of every one that uses electrical power to be aware of the safety
1 mA Harmless tingle procedures associated with its use.

1 – 12 mA Painful, but can be released Single phase supply

12 – 20 mA Very painful, cannot be released Most shop equipment operating on 110/230-volt single-phase
alternating current is connected with a three-conductor cord.
20 – 50 mA Paralysis of respiration
Of the three conductors one wire carries the power and is
> 50 mA Heart stoppage referred to as the 'Live' wire. The second wire is the 'Neutral'
and is connected to the earth ground where the power enters
the building or at the transformer. The third wire is the ‘Earth’
equipment ground and connects the housing of the equipment
to the earth ground.

Single phase wire/connector identification

Live Wire - The live wire is connected to the right-hand

connector of the 'Plug Base'.

Neutral Wire - The neutral wire is connected to the left-hand

connector of the 'Plug Base'

Earth Wire - Earth wire is connected to the larger sized top

center connector of the 'Plug Base'

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 4 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

The following table is a guide to different wire insulation color Three Phase Supply
combinations available for the above wires.
Three phase power supply may be available in certain
workshop to operate machinery that requires more power than
Insulator Color could be afforded by a single-phase supply or to repair and test
aircraft equipment.3-phase outlet is different in design to the
220V/240V 110V/120V single-phase outlet and will accept only compatible connectors.
Live Red Brown Black Safety issued regarding 3 phase supply is the same as for the
Neutral Black Blue White single phase supply, the only difference being that a failure in
one phase will result in isolation of power for all phases
Earth Green Green/Yellow Green provided that proper protective equipment (such as 3 phase
circuit breakers) are installed.

110v Single-phase Plug Top

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 5 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Path of an electrical circuit

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 6 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

SAFETY WITH GASES Compressed gas safety

Aircraft maintenance personnel are required to work with some Compressed gases are frequently used in the maintenance and
form of gas at one time or another. Therefore, a knowledge of servicing of aircraft. Most shop compressed air is held in the
the hazards involved and the safety precautions to be taken tanks and lines under a pressure of about 100psi. The use of
when working with such gases is mandatory. compressed gases requires a special set of safety measures.
The following rules apply for the use of compressed gases:
Here the discussion will be on:
 Handle cylinders of compressed gases as you would
Compressed Air – Compressed air is primarily used as a power high- energy sources and therefore potential explosives.
source for maintenance equipment and tools In addition
compressed air is also used for painting, as a pressure source  Always use safety eye-shields when handling and using
for carrying out leak checks, for purging of blocked plumbing, compressed gases.
etc.
 If a concentrated stream of compressed air is blown
Oxygen – Oxygen is available in the compressed form as across a cut in the skin, it is possible for air to enter the
Industrial Oxygen and Breathing oxygen. Industrial Oxygen is bloodstream and cause severe injury. For this reason,
primarily used for oxy-acetylene welding Breathing Oxygen air-dusting guns are usually equipped with a restrictor
issued in the crew emergency oxygen system. On some aircraft, that reduces the pressure at their discharge to 30psi or
breathing Oxygen is also used in the passenger emergency less.
oxygen system.
 Be very careful when using compressed air that you do
not blow dirt or chips into the face of anyone standing
Nitrogen – Used to inflate aircraft wheel assemblies, pre-charge
near by
accumulators, as a pressure source for testing of certain
equipment and systems and as a propellant.  Do not use compressed air to clean hands or clothing as
pressure can force debris into the flesh leading to
Other gases – Gases such as Argon, Acetylene, Carbon infection.
Dioxide, etc. have limited application in the aviation industry.
Argon and Acetylene is used in welding, CO2 as a fire  Never use a cylinder that cannot be positively identified
extinguishing agent and as a propellant. of its contents.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 7 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 When storing or moving a cylinder, have the cap Moving cylinders

securely in place to protect the valve stem.
The majority of accidents involving gas cylinders occur while
 When large cylinders are moved, strap them to a moving them from one location to another. The following control
properly designed wheeled cart to ensure stability. measures should be used to reduce the potential for an
accident:
 Use the appropriate regulator on each gas cylinder.
Adapters or homemade modifications can be dangerous.  The use of purpose-built trolleys or other suitable
devices for gas cylinder transportation.
 Do not use compressed gas or compressed air to blow
away dust or dirt, since the resultant flying particles are  Securing the gas cylinder’s valve, disconnecting and
dangerous. removing associated distribution equipment.

 Release compressed gas slowly; the rapid release of a  Shutting the cylinder’s valve, disconnecting and
compressed gas will cause an unsecured gas hose to removing associated distribution equipment.
whip dangerously and also may build up a static charge,
which could ignite a combustible gas.  A requirement that only properly trained personnel are
permitted to move cylinders.
 Inspect air hoses regularly for breaks and worn spots
and replace unsafe hoses immediately.  Use properly designed lifting equipment for the
movement of larger gas cylinders.
 All connections should be kept in a “no leak condition”

 Inline oilers, if installed, should be maintained in

operating conditions.

 The system should have water sumps/traps installed

and these should be drained regularly.

 Air hoses should be straightened, coiled, and properly

stowed when not in use.
ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 8 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

SAFETY WITH OXYGEN

Oxygen is a colorless, tasteless, and odorless gas. Gaseous

oxygen is chemically stable and is non-flammable; however,
combustible materials ignite more rapidly and burn with greater
intensity in Oxygen-rich atmosphere. In addition, oxygen
combines with oil, grease, or bituminous material to form a
highly explosive mixture, which is sensitive to impact.

Physical damage to, or failure of, Oxygen containers, valves, or

plumbing can result in explosive rupture, with danger to life and
property. It is imperative that the highest standard
housekeeping is observed in handling oxygen and that only
authorized persons are permitted to service aircraft.

In addition to aggravating the fire hazard, liquid oxygen will

cause severe "burns” (frostbite) if it comes in contact with the
skin because of its low temperature. (Oxygen boils at -297° F.)

Oxygen is often found in aviation maintenance shops stored in

steel cylinders under a pressure of around 2,000psi. These
cylinders have brass valves screwed into them, and if a cylinder
should be knocked over and the valve knocked off, the escaping
Fig. A – Compressed Gas Bottle with safety Cap fitted high-pressure gas will propel the tank like a rocket. Be sure that
all gas cylinders are properly supported, and that the cap is
screwed securely on any tank that is not connected into a
system to protect the valve from damage.

Oxygen must never be allowed to come in contact with

petroleum products such as oil or grease as oxygen will cause
the oil to ignite spontaneously and burn. Never use an oily rag
or tools that are oily or greasy to install a fitting or a regulator on
an oxygen cylinder.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 9 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Only oxygen marked "Aviators Breathing Oxygen" which meets Nitrogen and other gases
Federal Specification BB-O-925a.Grade A or equivalent may be
used in aircraft breathing oxygen systems. Nitrogen is a colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is widely
used in the aviation industry as a compressed gas for pre-
Before servicing any aircraft, consult the specific aircraft charging all types of accumulators, pneumatic reservoirs of
maintenance manual to determine the proper type of servicing standby systems and most importantly for inflating aircraft tires.
equipment to be used. Nitrogen is also used to pre-charge the potable water tank in
aircraft equipped with potable water system in case of normal
Two persons are required to service an aircraft with gaseous pressure supply failure.
oxygen. One man should be stationed at the control valves of
the servicing equipment and one man stationed where he can Nitrogen is usually supplied in compressed gaseous form in
observe the pressure in the aircraft system. Communication steel cylinders pressurized up to 2500psi. Nitrogen is also
between the two men is required in case of an emergency. supplied as liquid Nitrogen in cryogenic cylinders that is to be
installed in special Nitrogen carts that convert liquid Nitrogen to
Aircraft should not be serviced with oxygen during refueling, de- gaseous form for supply.
fueling, or other maintenance work, which could provide a
source of ignition. Oxygen servicing of aircraft should be Nitrogen is used in place of compressed air mainly due to two
accomplished outside hangars. reasons.

a. Nitrogen is much cleaner than compressed air drawn

from pneumatic system or a cart as it does not contain
moisture or lubricants such as oil.

b. Nitrogen is benign to most materials and reduces the fire

hazard especially at elevated temperatures. This is the
main reason why Nitrogen is used for charging aircraft
tires.

An important hazard associated with Nitrogen is that it tends to

displace Oxygen (in an enclosed area) resulting in asphyxiation.
It also causes frostbites if it comes in contact with the skin.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 10 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Carbon Dioxide, Argon, Acetylene are some of the other gases Material safety data sheets
that have various application in the aviation industry.
A material safety data sheet (MSDS) is a document provided by
Carbon Dioxide is supplied in compressed form stored in steel the material manufacturer or subsequent material processor
or aluminum cylinders and is used for inflating passenger life that contains information related to the material hazard and
jackets and Slide/Rafts. includes safe handling and disposal procedures.

Argon is used as the blanket medium in Tungsten Inert Gas The format of these sheets must be consistent with the
(TIG) Welding. Argon is used for this purpose as it is an inert requirements of the Hazard Communications Standard. MSDSs
gas and does not react with any substance even at such high should be provided by the manufacturer for each hazardous
temperatures. material supplied by them.

Nitrogen and Argon are not toxic to humans but may displace The Material Safety Data Sheet is the primary source of
air if released in large quantities in to a poorly ventilated information about hazardous chemicals used in your work site.
enclosure. Your employer is required to have an MSDS for every
hazardous chemical used or stored at your work site, and to
Acetylene gas is a flammable, colorless gas that has a make it available for review on request.
distinctive, disagreeable odor, readily detectable even when
heavily diluted with air. Acetylene is used as the fuel that is Material Safety Data Sheets repeat the hazard information
combined with Oxygen in oxyacetylene welding. Acetylene is required on a product's label, however, MSDSs are also
stable under low pressures and normal temperatures but required to specify other information such as emergency and
becomes dangerously unstable when compressed to a pressure clean-up procedures, chemical names, and a phone number for
greater than 15psi. Acetylene is therefore supplied in cylinders the manufacturer or importer.
containing asbestos and charcoal that is saturated with acetone.
Since acetone is capable of absorbing approximately 25 times The arrangement of information on the MSDSs may vary from
its own volume of Acetylene gas, this mixture can be manufacturer to manufacturer, but all MSDS' must contain the
pressurized up to 250psi. eight basic elements described on the following screens.

When working with acetylene gas, take necessary precaution as

with a highly combustible gas and also ensure proper ventilation
to prevent displacement of air in an enclosure.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 11 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Material safety data sheet data

Section VI - Health Hazard Information: Known health hazards
A Material Safety Data Sheet is divided into nine (9) sections. for the material are described in this section. Information is also
available to assist the user and the medical personnel to identify
Section I – Product Identification: Section I lists information overexposure and if so, the material involved, active ingredient
used by the manufacturer to identify the following: and known antidote. Emergency and First Aid procedures for
ingestion, skin contact, and eye contact.
 Manufacturer’s name, address, contact number and
Emergency contact number Section VII – Spill Leak and Disposal Procedures: Section VII
lists the procedures, in a general sense, that are to be followed
 Chemical name, Trade name, Chemical family, formula in case of an accidental spill or release. The procedure normally
includes information regarding containment, evacuation
Section II – Hazardous Ingredients: Section II describes the procedures, and disposal.
various hazardous ingredients contained in the product that are
more than 1 percent (1%) of the total, their percentages, and Section VIII – Special Protection: The required special safety
exposure limits. equipment when using the material is included in Section VIII.
The need for such equipment is dependent upon the exposure
Section III – Physical Data: Section III includes such important incurred when using the material and the duration of use.
physical properties as follows; Boiling point, Specific gravity,
Vapor pressure, Percent volatile, Vapor density, Evaporation Section IX – Special Precautions: Special handling and storage
rate, Solubility in water, Appearance and odor. information are listed in the section IX.

Section IV – Fire and Explosive Data: Section IV describes the

nature of the fire and explosion hazard data. Based upon the
flash point and other fire and explosive data, the appropriate
extinguishing agent for fires involving each material is listed.

Section V – Reactivity Data: Section V describes the ability of

the material to react and release energy or heat under specific
conditions.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 12 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 13 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop
Chemicals are categorized into four classes based on their
SAFETY WITH OIL AND CHEMICALS properties.

The aviation maintenance technician frequently must work in 1. Flammable

potentially dangerous environments. In many cases, particularly
when dealing with hazardous materials, the technician may not 2. Corrosive
easily recognize those hazards. Some of these dangerous
environments may be caused directly by the materials with 3. Toxic
which the aviation maintenance technician must work. In
addition, exposures may be caused by other activities occurring 4. Reactive
in the area that are not directly related to the technician's
activities. Flammable and reactive chemicals become hazardous primarily
after some outside event, condition, or substance interacts with
Hazardous materials are typically grouped into three categories: them. For example, the necessary components for a fire to
occur are fuel, oxygen, and heat. In that relationship,
 Chemical agents flammables are the fuel, and heat and oxygen are the outside
agents. Reactive material when combined with certain other
 Physical hazards materials, are capable of generating heat and/or gases, causing
an explosion.
 Biological hazards
Corrosives and toxins on the other hand, act directly on the
Chemical agents human body when exposure occurs. Exposing the skin, eyes,
and other mucous membranes (such as the nose) to these
A wide variety of oils and chemicals are used in the aviation elements can cause varying degrees of harm. Toxic agents
industry. Oils are mainly used as lubricants and hydraulic fluids. cause poisoning. Aviation maintenance technicians should be
Chemicals refer to myriad of categories from detergents to particularly concerned when using toxic agents, because the
sealants. Almost every process in aviation maintenance has ultimate effects of toxic poisoning are frequently delayed. It may
some involvement with at least one chemical. Therefore, it is take weeks, months, or even years for the poisoning to become
impossible to give detailed safety practices associated with their apparent; because the toxic materials are capable of using the
use. Always refer the appropriate manuals (especially chemical bloodstream to move through the body, the cause-and-effect
manufacturers’ manuals) for correct method fuse and necessary relationship may not be easily recognized.
precautions to take.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 14 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Flammables (and combustibles)  Store flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials
separately. The corrosive gases could attack the
Flammables are materials that may easily ignite in the presence flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
of a catalyst such as heat, sparks, or flame. They may be in any flammable materials.
of the three physical forms: solid, liquid, or gas. Combustible
liquids are very similar to flammable liquids, but they are not as Typical emergency procedures
easy to ignite.
 Turn off electrical equipment or any other potential
Frequently found flammable or combustible materials in the source of sparks.
aviation industry include fuels, paint-related products, alcohols,
acetone, toluene, and some metal filings.  Attempt to close shutoff valve(s).

Generally recommended personal safety equipment  Remove container(s) from the area.

 Fire-retardant clothing  For large spills, leave the area immediately and notify
your supervisor.
 Fire extinguisher
 In case of direct contact with skin or eyes, rinse
Handling and Storage immediately with water.

 Limit access to open flames, sparks, hot surfaces, etc.  If toxic substances are inhaled, go to a fresh-air area.

 Note: Static electricity may produce sparks. To avoid  If contact is made through clothing, remove wet clothing
sparks, containers should be grounded. and store it in a proper container.

 Limit quantities to the minimum needed to accomplish  Do not attempt to remove the substance with
the desired task. compressed air.

 Store the materials in approved containers only and in

designated areas only

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 15 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Corrosives Typical emergency procedures

Corrosive materials are materials that can react with metallic  Remove any corrosives that have come in contact with
surfaces and/or cause bumming of the skin. your skin or eyes by rinsing with fresh water
(approximately 15 minutes).
Frequently found corrosives in the aviation industry include
acids and bases, such as battery acids and metal cleaning  Remove any contaminated clothing-
solutions. Strong acids are most normally found in a liquid form,
whereas bases tend to come in powdered form.  Go to an area with fresh air.

Generally recommended personal safety equipment  Ventilate the area.

 Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,  Check safety equipment before attempting to stop the
sometimes, protective footwear. flow of spillage by creating a darn.
Handling and Storage If swallowed, DO NOT INDUCES VOMITING. Drink large
amounts of water. Seek medical attention immediately.
 Containers must be corrosive resistant.

 Eye (goggles and/or faces shields) and skin protection Toxins

(such as gloves) should always be worn.
Toxins are generally defined as any substance that can cause
 Never add water to acid. an illness or injury. The effects of toxins may appear all at once,
(called acute effects) or may build up over time with additional
 Acids and bases should be stored separately. exposure (chronic effects). Some toxins may dissipate over time
when further exposure is eliminated, while others remain in a
 Eye washes and showers should be easily accessible to human's system, even after death.
the work area.

 Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should

be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
flammable materials.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 16 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Frequently found toxins in the aviation industry may be grouped Generally recommended personal safety equipment
into eight categories.
 Gloves, aprons, respirator, face shield or goggles, and,
1 Solvents and thinners, paints, ketones, and adhesives. sometimes, protective footwear are recommended.

2 Solids such as metal dust or asbestos.  Be sure to use the environmental control systems that
may already be in place, such as ventilation fans and
3 Machine lubricants, cutting fluids, and oils. filters.

4 Gases such as carbon dioxide or nitrogen Handling and Storage

5 Polymers, epoxies, and plastics. Although not normally  Minimize the release of toxic agents into the
toxic environment by capping all containers and storing them
6 in their final form, these materials possess toxic in properly ventilated areas. When toxins are used in
properties during the fabrication process.
open containers, such as dip tanks and trays, their
7 Sensitizers, such as epoxy systems. Such materials surface areas should be kept to a minimum in order to
react with and may destroy portions of the body's reduce the rate of evaporation into the surrounding
immune system. The effects of sensitizers may be environment.
cumulative, so minimal levels of exposure are
recommended.  Flammable toxins and corrosive toxic materials should
be stored separately. The corrosive gases could attack
8 Carcinogens. Carcinogens may cause changes in the the flammable containers, eventually leading to a leak of
genetic makeup of a human cell, resulting in cancer. flammable materials.

9 Reproductive hazards, such as carcinogens. These

hazards are rare in the aviation industry. Such materials
may either interfere with the reproductive process or
affect the developing process of the fetus.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 17 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Typical emergency procedures Examples of incompatible reactive materials include

 If there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree  Cyanides (frequently used in plating) and acids;
of toxicity of the substance spilled, LEAVE THE AREA
IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR.  Chloride bleach and ammonia (this combination forms
high toxic chlorine gas).
 Generally speaking, if the spillage is less than 1 gal, it
may be cleaned up by wiping it up with absorbent Generally recommended personal safety equipment
materials.
 Gloves, aprons, respirator, and face shield or goggles
Reactive agents are suggested.

Reactive agents are those materials that react violently with  Be sure to use the environmental-control systems.
other materials (not necessarily solids). The reactions that may Handling and Storage
take place range from violent explosions to the emission of heat
and/or gases.  Store reactive materials in a location separate from other
materials. Always review the MSDS (material safety data
The following reactive agents are frequently found in the sheet) for incompatible materials.
aviation industry:
 Many reactive agents are both toxic and corrosive.
Oxidizers, which add oxygen to situations where high
levels of heat and burning are present Typical emergency procedures

a) Peroxides  Shut down electrical equipment whenever possible. If

there is any doubt in your mind regarding the degree of
b) Perchloric acid and chromic acid reactivity and toxicity of the substances involved,
c) Halogens, such as bromine and iodine LEAVE THE AREA IMMEDIATELY AND NOTIFY YOUR
SUPERVISOR.
Water-reactive materials, such as lithium, react with water and
form hydrogen gases, which are very explosive.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 18 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Safety practices – chemical agents

 Most of the oils and chemicals used in aviation are
Safety practices that are of general nature associated with the considered to be combustible especially in the presence
use of oils and chemicals are given below. of Oxygen. Therefore, special consideration should be
paid to working practices associated with such
 Identify the correct oil/chemical to be used. Improper chemicals.
and Incorrect use may result in injury or damage as
certain chemicals when mixed together form highly
combustible explosive mixtures.  Always try to keep working area free from spills and
clean up as soon as possible if spills do occur. Also try
 Follow manufacturer’s instructions printed on the to keep the lids and caps closed of containers that hold
container or leaflets accompanying the material. such chemicals at all times except when in use.

 Check for conditions for use as some chemicals may be  If any combustible material is to be used then avoid
forbidden from use unless certain conditions are met taking large quantities to the work area, this can reduce
(E.g. proper ventilation, temperature etc.). the risk involved by trying to maintain a manageable
situation even if something does go wrong.
 Use protective equipment such as gloves, goggles,
masks, etc. Avoid contact at all costs with material such In an emergency – oil and chemicals
as sealants and lubrication compounds that are used in
the aviation industry as most of them are identified In case of a fire with oil or chemicals involved the type of
carcinogens, which means exposure to such material chemical involved will be a factor of how intense or how fast the
(inhalation, skin contact) can significantly increase the
fire may spread and how much danger it may pose to the
chance of developing malignant cancers.
personnel and property.
 After use make sure by-products and any leftover
material is disposed according to guidelines set by Most chemicals are likely to give off toxic fumes at elevated
manufacturer or local authority. temperatures, therefore it is most advisable to vacate and
isolate the area and let emergency services handle the
situation. Only try to extinguish such fires if personally not at risk
to do so and the fire is contained in a small area.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 19 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

If material that can react violently (explode) are present: vacate According to labor rules it is required that areas where such
the area immediately and move to a location remote enough to exposure exists be clearly marked and that individuals exposed
be considered safe, or to pre-designated assembly areas to be to these hazards be provided with the proper safety equipment.
used in case of such an emergency. Once assembled, a person
in charge or designated person should perform a ‘roll-call’ to In many cases this is easily accomplished, but in the aerospace
ensure all personnel have evacuated the area and that no one industry particular concern should be paid to portable
is missing. If possible cut off supply of all other types of fluids equipment that generates these hazards. Such equipment
and de- energize the electrical system in the area of results in the potential for hazards to exist in areas where
emergency. exposure is not usually a concern. X ray of aircraft structural
parts is an example of such a situation.
Physical hazards
The aviation maintenance technician should remain conscious
Physical hazards are those that are usually caused by the use that potentially hazardous equipment is portable and remain
of some type of equipment not directly controllable by the vigilant for possible exposure in the work area.
technician. Typically, this type of hazard is generated by the
operation of equipment that can be detected by the human
senses.

However, many physical hazards that fall into this classification

are not detectable by the human senses. These hazards include
X rays, microwaves, beta or gamma rays, invisible laser beams,
and high-frequency (ultrasonic) sound waves.

Compressed liquids and gases, such as welding oxygen and

acetylene, aviator's breathing oxygen, nitrogen, and hydraulic
accumulators, present another physical hazard to the aviation
maintenance technician. Although some of these substances by
themselves present hazards as chemical agents, placing them
under pressure may create another unique hazard.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 20 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

SAFETY WITH FIRE As can be seen, a fire requires three components to burn, and
the removal of any one of these components will extinguish the
Fire is one of humanity’s greatest discoveries. For all its many fire. The requirements of the three components, forming the
advantages, however, fire is capable of producing disaster in a ‘Fire Triangle’, are:
matter of seconds. Fires continue to take their toll even though
know how exists to prevent and retard fires.  Fuel: a combustible material, which may be a solid, liquid or
gas
The ‘fire triangle’  Oxygen: in sufficient volume to support the process of
Fire results from the chemical reaction that occurs when oxygen combustion
combines rapidly with fuel to produce heat, (and light). Three  Heat: of sufficient intensity to raise the temperature of the
essentials of this process form the ‘Fire Triangle’. fuel to its ignition (or kindling) point.

Classes of fire

Selection of Fire Extinguishers

There are a number of types of portable fire extinguishers. Each
type of extinguisher may be rated for one or more classes of
fire. In some cases, particular extinguishers are not only
considered ineffective against certain classes of fire, they can
be dangerous if used in those circumstances. The classes of
fire are:

Class A Ordinary Combustibles

Class B Flammable and combustible liquids
Class C Flammable gases
Class D Combustible metals
Class E electrically energized equipment
Class F Cooking oils and fats

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 21 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Portable fire extinguishers are distinguishable by their labels

and their coloring. In 1999 the standard colors of some portable
fire extinguishers were changed. It is therefore likely that you
may encounter two of the same type of extinguisher with
different colorings.

Spontaneous ignition

Aviation technicians need to be particularly aware of

spontaneous ignition caused by the lubricants and solvents that
are used in maintaining aircraft. Certain materials, such as rags
soaked with oil or solvents, are capable of generating sufficient
heat to cause combustion. These rags should be disposed of in
airtight cans.

1. Ordinary combustibles

"Ordinary combustible" fires are the most common type of fire,

and are designated Class A under both systems. These occur
when a solid, organic material such as wood, cloth, rubber, or
some plastics [1] become heated to their flash point and ignite.
At this point the material undergoes combustion and will
continue burning as long as the four components of the fire
tetrahedron (heat, fuel, oxygen, and the sustaining chemical
reaction) are available.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 22 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

This class of fire is commonly used in controlled circumstances, As these fires are the most commonly encountered, most fire
such as a campfire, match or wood-burning stove. To use the departments have equipment to handle them specifically. While
campfire as an example, it has a fire tetrahedron - the heat is this is acceptable for most ordinary conditions, most firefighters
provided by another fire (such as a match or lighter), the fuel is find themselves having to call for special equipment such as
the wood, the oxygen is naturally available in the open-air foam in the case of other fires.
environment of a forest, and the chemical reaction links the
three other facets. This fire is not dangerous, because the fire is 2. Flammable liquid and gas
contained to the wood alone and is usually isolated from other
flammable materials, for example by bare ground and rocks. A CO2 fire extinguisher rated for flammable liquids and gasses
However, when a class-A fire burns in a less-restricted Flammable or combustible liquid or gaseous fuels. The US
environment the fire can quickly grow out of control and become system designates all such fires "Class B". In the
a wildfire. This is the case when firefighting and fire control European/Australian system, flammable liquids are designated
techniques are required. "Class B", while burning gases are separately designated
"Class C". These fires follow the same basic fire tetrahedron
This class of fire is fairly simple to fight and contain - by simply (heat, fuel, oxygen, chemical reaction) as ordinary combustible
removing the heat, oxygen, or fuel, or by suppressing the fires, except that the fuel in question is a flammable liquid such
underlying chemical reaction, the fire tetrahedron collapses and as gasoline, or gas such as natural gas. A solid stream of water
the fire dies out. The most common way to do this is by should never be used to extinguish this type because it can
removing heat by spraying the burning material with water; cause the fuel to scatter, spreading the flames. The most
oxygen can be removed by smothering the fire with foam from a effective way to extinguish a liquid or gas fueled fire is by
fire extinguisher; forest fires are often fought by removing fuel inhibiting the chemical chain reaction of the fire, which is done
by back burning; and an ammonium phosphate dry chemical by dry chemical and Halon extinguishing agents, although
powder fire extinguisher (but not sodium bicarbonate or smothering with CO2 or, for liquids, foam is also effective. Some
potassium bicarbonate both of which are rated for B-class (fires) newer clean agents designed to replace halon work by cooling
breaks the fire's underlying chemical reaction. the liquid below its flash point, but these have limited class B
effectiveness.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 23 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

3. Electrical 4. Metal

Electrical fires are fires involving potentially energized electrical Certain metals are flammable or combustible. Fires involving
equipment. The US system designates these "Class C"; the such are designated "Class D" in both systems. Examples of
European/Australian system designates them "Class E". This such metals include sodium, titanium, magnesium, potassium,
sort of fire may be caused by, for example, short-circuiting steel, uranium, lithium, plutonium, and calcium. Magnesium and
machinery or overloaded electrical cables. These fires can be a titanium fires are common, and 2006-7 saw the recall of laptop
severe hazard to firefighters using water or other conductive computer models containing lithium batteries susceptible to
agents: Electricity may be conducted from the fire, through spontaneous ignition. When one of these combustible metals
water, the firefighter's body, and then earth. Electrical shocks ignites, it can easily and rapidly spread to surrounding ordinary
combustible materials.
have caused many firefighter deaths.

Electrical fire may be fought in the same way as an ordinary With the exception of the metals that burn in contact with air or
combustible fire, but water, foam, and other conductive agents water (for example, sodium), masses of combustible metals do
are not to be used. While the fire is, or could possibly be not represent unusual fire risks because they have the ability to
electrically energized, it can be fought with any extinguishing conduct heat away from hot spots so efficiently that the heat of
agent rated for electrical fire. Carbon dioxide CO2, Halo and dry combustion cannot be maintained - this means that it will
chemical powder extinguishers such as PKP and even baking require a lot of heat to ignite a mass of combustible metal.
soda are especially suited to extinguishing this sort of fire. Once Generally, metal fire risks exist when sawdust, machine
electricity is shut off to the equipment involved, it will generally shavings and other metal 'fines' are present. Generally, these
become an ordinary combustible fire. fires can be ignited by the same types of ignition sources that
would start other common fires.

Water and other common firefighting materials can excite metal

fires and make them worse. The NFPA recommends that metal
fires be fought with 'dry powder' extinguishing agents. Dry
Powder agents work by smothering and heat absorption. The
most common of these agents are sodium chloride granules
and graphite powder. In recent years powdered copper has also
come into use.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 24 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Some extinguishers are labeled as containing dry chemical 5. Cooking oil

extinguishing agents. This may be confused with dry powder.
The two are not the same. Using one of these extinguishers in Laboratory simulation of a chip pan fire: a beaker containing
error, in place of dry powder, can be ineffective or actually wax is heated until it catches fire. A small amount of water is
increase the intensity of a metal fire. then poured into the beaker. The water sinks to the bottom and
vaporizes instantly, ejecting a plume of burning liquid wax into
Metal fires represent a unique hazard because people are often the air.
not aware of the characteristics of these fires and are not
properly prepared to fight them. Therefore, even a small metal Fires that involve cooking oils or fats are designated "Class K"
fire can spread and become a larger fire in the surrounding under the US system, and "Class F" under the
ordinary combustible materials. European/Australasian systems. Though such fires are
technically a subclass of the flammable liquid/gas class, the
special characteristics of these types of fires are considered
important enough to recognize separately. Saponification can
be used to extinguish such fires. Appropriate fire extinguishers
may also have hoods over them that help extinguish the fire.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 25 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Fire Extinguisher
ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 26 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

PRINCIPLES OF EXTINGUISHING FIRES Class ‘C’ Agents – Class ‘C’ fires are fires involving electrical
wiring and equipment, responds best to carbon dioxide
Depending on the nature of a class of fire the best method for (CO2).CO2displaces the oxygen in the atmosphere, making
suppression may be one of the following: combustion impossible.

a. Cooling the fuel below its kindling point The CO2 extinguisher must be equipped with a nonmetallic horn
to be approved for use on electrical fires. Two reasons for this
b. Excluding the Oxygen supply requirement must be considered:

c. Separating the fuel from the Oxygen  The discharge of CO2through a metal horn can generate
static electricity. The static discharge could re-ignite the
These methods have led to the development of different types fire.
of extinguishers for different types of fires.
 The metal horn, if in contact with the electric current,
Fire extinguishing agents would transmit that current to the extinguisher's
operator.
Class ‘A’ Agents – Class ‘A’ fire extinguishers are water or
water-type extinguishers as they are the most suited for Halogenated hydrocarbons are very effective on Class C fires.
suppressing class A fires. These extinguishers cool the fuel The vapor reacts chemically with the flame to extinguish the fire.
below combustion temperatures, which is the most effective Dry chemicals are effective but have the disadvantage of
method in containing class A fires. Class B and C extinguishers contaminating the local area with powder. Also, if used on wet
and energized electrical equipment, they may aggravate current
are effective but not equal to the wetting/cooling action of the
leakage. Water or foam are not acceptable agents for use on
Class A extinguisher. electrical equipment, as they also may aggravate current
leakage.
Class ‘B’ Agents – Class ‘B’ fires respond to carbon dioxide
(CO2), Halogenated hydrocarbons (halons), and dry chemicals, Class ‘D’ Agents – Class ‘D’ fires respond to the application of
all of which displace the oxygen in the air, thereby making dry powder, which prevents oxidation and the resulting flame.
combustion impossible. Foam is effective, especially when used The application may be from an extinguisher, a scoop, or a
in large quantities. Water is ineffective on Class B fires and in shovel.
fact will cause the fire to spread.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 27 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Special techniques are needed in combating fires involving Types of extinguishing agents
metal. Manufacturers' recommendations should be followed at
all times. Areas, which could be subjected to metal fires, should Dry chemical
have the proper protective equipment installed. Under no
conditions should a person use water on a metal fire. It will Powder based agent that extinguishes by separating the four
cause the fire to burn more violently and can cause explosions. parts of the fire tetrahedron. It prevents the chemical reaction
between heat, fuel and oxygen and halts the production of fire
The most common types of extinguishers are:
sustaining "free-radicals", thus extinguishing the fire.
Water -solid red
 Ammonium phosphate, also known as "tri-class",
Suitable for Class A fires. Not considered effective for Class "multipurpose" or "ABC" dry chemical, used on class A,
Band Class C fires, and dangerous if used for electrically B, and C fires. It receives its class A rating from the
energized equipment or cooking oils or fats. agent's ability to melt and flow at 177 °C (350 °F) to
smother the fire. More corrosive than other dry chemical
Foam -red with blue band or label (previously solid blue) agents. Pale yellow in color.

Suitable for Class A and Class B fires, with limited effectiveness  Sodium bicarbonate, "regular" or "ordinary" used on
for Class F fires. Not considered effective for Class C fires, and class B and C fires, was the first of the dry chemical
dangerous if used for electrically energized equipment. agents developed. It interrupts the fire's chemical
reaction, and was very common in commercial kitchens
Powder - red with a white band or label before the advent of wet chemical agents. White or blue
in color.
These extinguishers are rated as either ABE or BE. ABE rated
 Potassium bicarbonate , used on class B and C fires.
extinguishers are considered suitable for Class A, Class B, and
About two times as effective on class B fires as sodium
Class C and Class E fires. They are not considered effective for
bicarbonate, it is the preferred dry chemical agent of the
Class F fires. BE rated extinguishers are considered suitable for
oil and gas industry. The only dry chemical agent
Class B, Class C and Class E fires, and may be used with
certified for use in ARFF by the NFPA. Violet in color.
limited effectiveness on Class F fires. They are considered
effective for Class A fires., or replacement, should be carried
out annually.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 28 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 Potassium bicarbonate & Urea Complex used on Class Foams

B and C fires. More effective than all other powders due
to its ability to decrepitate (where the powder breaks up Applied to fuel fires as either an aspirated (mixed & expanded
into smaller particles) in the flame zone creating a larger with air in a branch pipe) or non-aspirated form to form a frothy
surface area for free radical inhibition. blanket or seal over the fuel, preventing oxygen reaching it.
Unlike powder, foam can be used to progressively extinguish
 Potassium Chloride, or Super-K dry chemical was fires without flashback.
developed in an effort to create a high efficiency,
protein-foam compatible dry chemical. For B and C fires,  AFFF (aqueous film forming foam), used on A and B
white in color. fires and for vapor suppression. The most common type
in portable foam extinguishers. It contains fluoro ten
 Foam-Compatible, which is a sodium bicarbonate (BC) sides which can be accumulated in human body. The
based dry chemical, was developed for use with protein long-term effects of this on the human body and
foams for fighting class B fires. Most dry chemicals environment are unclear at this time.
contain metal stearates to waterproof them, but these
will tend to destroy the foam blanket created by protein  AR-AFFF (Alcohol-resistant aqueous film forming
(animal) based foams. Foam compatible type uses foams), used on fuel fires containing alcohol. Forms a
silicone as a waterproofing agent, which does not harm membrane between the fuel and the foam preventing the
foam. Effectiveness is identical to regular dry chemical, alcohol from breaking down the foam blanket.
and it is light green in color. This agent is generally no
longer used since most modern dry chemicals are  FFFP (film forming fluoroprotein) contains naturally
considered compatible with synthetic foams such as occurring proteins from animal by-products and synthetic
AFFF. film-forming agents to create a foam blanket that is more
heat resistant than the strictly synthetic AFFF foams.
FFFP works well on alcohol-based liquids and is used
widely in motor sports.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 29 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 CAFS (compressed air foam system) Any extinguisher  Water Mist uses a fine misting nozzle to break up a
that is charged with a foam solution and pressurized with stream of deionized water to the point of not conducting
compressed air. Generally used to extend a water electricity back to the operator. Class A and C rated. It is
supply in wild land operations. Used on class A fires and used widely in hospitals for the reason that, unlike other
with very dry foam on class B for vapor suppression. clean-agent suppressants, it is harmless and non-
contaminant. These extinguishers come in 1.75 and 2.5-
gallon units, painted white in the United States and red
in Europe.
 Arctic Fire is a liquid fire extinguishing agent that
emulsifies and cools heated materials more quickly than
water or ordinary foam. It is used extensively in the steel Wet chemical and water additives
industry. Effective on classes A, B, and D.
 Wet Chemical (potassium acetate, carbonate, or citrate)
 FireAde, a foaming agent that emulsifies burning liquids extinguishes the fire by forming a soapy foam blanket
and renders them non-flammable. It is able to cool over the burning oil and by cooling the oil below its
heated material and surfaces similar to CAFS. Used on ignition temperature. Generally, class A and F only,
A and B (said to be effective on some class D hazards, although newer models are outfitted with misting nozzles
although not recommended due to the fact that fireade as those used on water mist units to give these
still contains amounts of water which will react with extinguishers class B and C firefighting capability.
some metal fires).
 Wetting Agents Detergent based additives used to break
Water the surface tension of water and improve penetration of
Class A fires.
Cools burning material.
 Antifreeze Chemicals added to water to lower its
 APW (Air pressurized water) cools burning material by freezing point to about -40 degrees Fahrenheit. Has no
absorbing heat from burning material. Effective on Class appreciable effect on extinguishing performance.
A fires, it has the advantage of being inexpensive,
harmless, and relatively easy to clean up. In the United
States, APW units contain 2.5 gallons (9 litres) of water
in a tall, stainless steel cylinder. In Europe, they are
typically mild steel lined with polyethylene, painted red,
containing 6-9 litres (1.75-2.5 gallons) of water.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 30 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Clean agents and carbon dioxide Class D

Agent displaces oxygen (CO2 or inert gases), removes heat There are several Class D fire extinguisher agents available,
from the combustion zone (Halotron, FE-36) or inhibits chemical some will handle multiple types of metals, others will not.
chain reaction (Halons). They are labeled clean agents because
they do not leave any residue after discharge, which is ideal for  Sodium Chloride contains sodium chloride salt and
sensitive electronics and documents. thermoplastic additive. Plastic melts to form an oxygen-
excluding crust over the metal, and the salt dissipates
 Halo (including Halo 1211 and Halo 1301), a gaseous heat. Useful on most alkali metals including sodium and
agent that inhibits the chemical reaction of the fire. potassium, and other metals including magnesium,
Classes B: C for lower weight fire extinguishers (2.3 kg ; titanium, aluminum, and zirconium.
under 9 lbs) and A:B:C for heavier weights (4.1-7.7 kg ;
9-17 lbs). Banned from new production, except for  Copper based powder developed by the U.S. Navy in
military use, as its properties contribute to ozone the 70s for hard-to-control lithium and lithium-alloy fires.
depletion and long atmospheric lifetime, usually 400 Powder smothers and acts as a heat sink to dissipate
years. Halon 1301 and 1211 are being replaced with
heat, but also forms a copper-lithium alloy on the surface
new halocarbon agents which have no ozone depletion
which is non-combustible and cuts off the oxygen
properties and low atmospheric lifetimes, but are less
effective. Currently Halotron I, Halotron II, FE-36 Clean supply. Will cling to a vertical surface-lithium only.
guard and FM-200 are meant to be replacements with
significantly reduced ozone depletion potential.  Graphite based extinguisher contains dry graphite that
smothers burning metals. First type developed, designed
 CO2, a clean gaseous agent that displaces oxygen. for magnesium, works on other metals as well. Unlike
Highest rating for 7.7 kg (20 pound) portable CO2 sodium chloride powder extinguishers, the graphite
extinguishers is 10B:C. Not intended for Class A fires, as powder fire extinguishers can be used on very hot
the high-pressure cloud of gas can scatter burning burning metal fires such as lithium, but unlike copper
materials. CO2 is not suitable for use on fires containing powder extinguishers will not stick to and extinguish
their own oxygen source, metals or cooking media. flowing or vertical lithium fires. Like copper
Although it can be rather successful on a person on fire, extinguishers, the graphite powder acts as a heat sink
its use should be avoided where possible as it can as well as smothering the metal fire.
cause frostbite and is dangerous to use as it may
displace the oxygen needed for breathing, causing
suffocation.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 31 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 Sodium carbonate based extinguisher used where

stainless-steel piping and equipment could be damaged
by sodium chloride based agents to control sodium,
potassium, and sodium-potassium alloy fires. Limited
use on other metals. Smothers and forms a crust.

 Some water based suppressants may be used on

certain class D fires, such as burning titanium and
magnesium. Examples include the Fire Blockade and
FireAde brands of suppressant. Some metals, such as
elemental Lithium, will react explosively with water,
therefore water-based chemicals should never be used
on such fires due to the possibility of a violent reaction.

Most Class D extinguishers will have a special low velocity

nozzle or discharge wand to gently apply the agent in large
volumes to avoid disrupting any finely divided burning materials.
Agents are also available in bulk and can be applied with a
scoop or shovel.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 32 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

INSTRUCTIONS INCASE OF FIRE

 Select the appropriate type of fire extinguisher, check for
Action that an individual take in case of an emergency can contents and activate to check for proper operation.
make the difference between life and death. Therefore, a
proper training program can avert a disaster as personnel can  If compartments or enclosed spaces need to be checked
take the right decisions and make the right actions to minimize always use the back of the hand against the door to
damages and save lives. sense the temperature of the door, this is to ensure that
a raging fire is not present within the compartment.
 In case of an emergency that requires the involvement
of emergency services (e.g. fire): always sound the  Fire in an enclosed area can be in a state of hibernation
alarm first. This can either be by activating a fire alarm because of lack of oxygen within the compartment and
lever/pushbutton or calling the emergency desk number could instantly intensify if oxygen is reintroduced; this is
by phone. Give following details, Name, Location of called ‘Flash back’. Therefore, it is advisable to open any
emergency, Type of emergency and number of people if door slowly and just wide enough to get the extinguisher
any involved. nozzle in to extinguish any fire.
 If danger exists of any physical harm to the people in the
area take necessary action to vacate the area.  When using an extinguisher aim at the base of the
flames, at the near edge and bottom of the fire first, and
 Isolate electrical, compressed air gas supply if continued then progress forward and upward. The discharge
supply can aggravate the situation or endanger rescue nozzle should be moved rapidly with a side-to-side
personnel. sweeping motion. (Fig. B & D)

 Identify the type of fire and the extent before taking any  In case of a fire on a person, smother flamed with a coat
action to extinguish the fire. or blanket, do not fan the flames and never use a fire
extinguisher on a person. Give medical attention
 Put on any protection clothing available in the area immediately.
provided for such purposes.
 If you had been successful in extinguishing the fire,
 When searching for fire source or survivors, stay low if maintain vigil in case the fire re-ignites.
not wearing portable breathing equipment

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 33 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 34 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

 You can fight fire with your back to a safe escape route.

 Your extinguisher is rated for the type of fire you are

fighting, and is in good working order.

 You have had training in use of the extinguisher and are

confident that you can operate it effectively.

 If you have the slightest doubt about whether or not to

fight the fire- DON'T! Instead, get out, and close the door
behind you.

Do not fight a fire if:

 The fire is spreading beyond the immediate area where

it started, or is already a large fire.

 The fire could block your escape route.

 You are unsure of the proper operation of the

extinguisher.

 You are in doubt whether the extinguisher you are

Firefighter holding is appropriate for the type of fire.

Fight a fire only if:  If any of these conditions are true, leave immediately,
close off the area, and leave the fire to the Fire
 The Fire Department has been called. Department.

 Everyone has left or is leaving the building.

 The fire is small and confined to the immediate area

where it started.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 35 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

Inspection and maintenance

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) sets the f. Examination for obvious physical damage, corrosion,
standard for fire extinguishers in the regulation NFPA 10. leakage, or clogged nozzle.
This section will briefly explain the inspection and maintenance
requirements for fire extinguishers. g. Pressure gauge reading or indicator in the operable
range or position. Note: Internal pressure is affected by
Inspection temperature.

h. Condition of tires, wheels, carriage, hose, and nozzle

An inspection is a "quick check" that an extinguisher is available
checked (for wheeled units).
and will operate. It is intended to give reasonable assurance
that the fire extinguisher is fully charged and operable. This is Personnel making inspections should keep a record of
done by verifying that it is in its designated place, that it has not inspections, including those found to require corrective action.
been actuated or tampered with, and that there is no obvious or The record should include the date the inspection was
physical damage or condition to prevent its operation. Fire performed, and the identity of the person conducting the
extinguishers should be inspected when they are initially placed inspection.
in service and thereafter at 30-day intervals. They may require
more frequent inspections if circumstances dictate. Maintenance
Inspection procedures: Maintenance intervals begin on the date of manufacture, which
can usually be found on the extinguisher nameplate.
a. Located in designated place

b. No obstruction to access or visibility

c. Operating instructions on nameplate legible and facing

outward

d. Safety seals and tampers indicators not broken or

missing.

e. Fullness determined by weighing or "hefting".

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only
PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 36 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 37 Nov 2017
 PIA TRAINING CENTRE (PTC) Module 7A– MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
Category – A/B1 Sub Module 7.1 – Safety Precautions – Aircraft and Workshop

It's easy to remember how to use a fire extinguisher- simply

follow the steps- "P-A-S-S"

Pull the Pin: Pull the pin at the top of the extinguisher that
keeps the handle from being pressed. Break the plastic seal as
the pin is pulled.

Aim: Aim the nozzle or outlet toward the fire. Some hose
assemblies are clipped to the extinguisher body. Release the
hose and point.

Squeeze: Squeeze the handle to release the extinguishing

agent. The handle can be released to stop the discharge at any
time. Before approaching the fire, try a very short test burst to
ensure proper operation.

Sweep: Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it is
out. After the fire is out, watch for remaining smoldering hot
spots or possible reflash of flammable liquids. Make sure the
fire is out.

ISO 9001:2008 Certified For Training Purpose Only

PTC/CM/B1.1 Basic/M7A/01 Rev. 01
7.1 - 38 Nov 2017