1module Pmls1 Unlocked
1module Pmls1 Unlocked
Introduction
The interlacing events of the medical technology of the past and the
advancements in science and technology up to the present day have
brought about remarkable changes in laboratory medicine services. With
the conceptualization of medical technology as an application of
science and technology, the scope of this subject has increased
tremendously to include a wide range of services and applications.
Medical technology has contributed significantly toward enhancing the
field of medicine and science. This module deals with the basic
concepts of medical technology including its history, nature, and
scope.
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Clinical laboratory science
Another term for medical technology
Medical Technology
It is a branch of laboratory medicine that deals with the diagnostic or
therapeutic applications of science and technology.
According to Walters,
"It is a health profession concerned with performing laboratory
analyses in view of obtaining information necessary in the diagnosis
and treatment of disease as well as the maintenance of good health."
Republic Act No. 5527 (also known as the Philippine Medical Technology Act of 1969)
stated that
"It is an auxiliary branch of medicine which deals with the examination
by various chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, and other medical
laboratory procedures or technique which will aid the physician in the
diagnosis, study, treatment, of disease and in the promotion of health
in general."
Ebers Papyrus
⎯ also known as Papyrus Ebers, is an Egyptian medical papyrus of 110-page
scroll, about 20 meters long, and of herbal knowledge dating to circa
1550 BC
⎯ It is written in hieratic Egyptian writing and represents the most
extensive and best-preserved record of ancient Egyptian medicine known.
⎯ It is a book for treatment of diseases which contains the description
of the three stages of hookworm infection and the disease it could
produce to human.
⎯ The source of the papyrus is unknown, but it was said to have been
found between the legs of a mummy in the El-Assasif district of the
Theban necropolis.
⎯ The papyrus remained in the collection of Edwin Smith until at least
1869 when there appeared, in the catalog of an antiquities dealer, an
advertisement for “a large medical papyrus in the possession of Edwin
Smith, an American farmer of Luxor.”
⎯ The Papyrus was purchased in 1872 by the German Egyptologist and
novelist Georg Ebers (born in Berlin, 1837), after whom it is named.
Anne Fagelson
⎯ Believe that medical technology started from the 14th century when a
prominent Italian doctor at the University of Bologna employed
Alessandra Giliani to perform different tasks in the laboratory.
Unfortunately, Alessandra Giliani, a young lady died due to a
laboratory acquired infection.
Hippocrates
⎯ Father of Medicine
⎯ Greek, physician who described the four "humors" or
body fluids in man which include Phlegm, Blood, Yellow
Bile, Black Bile
⎯ The four humors were felt to be the source of a
person's disposition and disease in ancient times
⎯ In 460 BC, he formulated the famous Hippocratic Oath
⎯ The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by
physicians, physician's assistants' and other
healthcare professionals swearing to practice medicine
ethically and honestly; The code of ethics for
practicing physicians
600 BC
⎯ Polyuria of diabetes was noted
William Harvey
⎯ Discovered blood circulation
Richard Lower
⎯ First physician to perform direct blood transfusion. Animal to animal
Jean-Baptiste Denys
⎯ Performed the first fully documented human blood transfusion. Animal to
human
Story Behind…
Denys administered the first fully
documented human blood transfusion on
June 15, 1667. He transfused about
twelve ounces of sheep blood into a 15-
year-old boy, who had been bled
with leeches 20 times. The boy survived
the transfusion. Denys performed
another transfusion into a labourer,
who also survived. Both instances were
likely due to the small amount of blood
that was actually transfused into these
people, which allowed them to withstand
the allergic reaction. Denys' third
patient to undergo a blood transfusion
was Swedish Baron Gustaf Bonde. He
received two transfusions, and died
after the second. In the winter of
1667, Denys administered transfusions
of calf's blood to Antoine Mauroy, a madman. Mauroy died during the
third transfusion. Much controversy surrounded his death. Mauroy's wife
asserted Denys was responsible for her husband's death, and Denys was
charged with murder. He was acquitted, and Mauroy's wife was accused of
causing his death. After the trial, Denys quit the practice of
medicine. It was later determined that Mauroy actually died
from arsenic poisoning. Denys' experiments with animal blood provoked a
heated controversy in France, and in 1670 the procedure was banned. It
wasn't until after Karl Landsteiner's discovery of the four blood
groups in 1902 that blood transfusions became safe and reliable.
Karl Landsteiner
⎯ Noted for having first distinguished the ABO blood group system
17th century
⎯ Progression of laboratory science due to his invention -- the compound
microscope
Malphigi (1628-1694)
⎯ Described as the greatest of the early microscopists. His contributions
to embryology and anatomy made him known as the FOUNDER OF PATHOLOGY.
Rudolph Virchow
⎯ One of the youngest of the medical specialists;
⎯ founder of the Archives of Pathology in Berlin in 1847
Jules Duboscq
⎯ Developed the first visual colorimeter based on Beer's Law
Louis Pasteur
⎯ Pasteurization
Robert Koch
⎯ PTB and cholera
Alexander Flemming
⎯ Penicillin
George Papanicolaou
⎯ Developed pap smear for discovering cancer from vaginal swabs
Ferdinand Widal
⎯ Test for Typhoid organism
1919 census
⎯ 100 technicians (all male) were employed in the United States
⎯ This increased to 3500 technicians in 1920, and in 1922, 3035 hospitals
had clinical laboratories
1923
⎯ American Society of Clinical Pathologist (ASCP) was organized
University of Minnesota
⎯ One of the first schools for training laboratory workers
⎯ A course bulletin entitled, “Courses in Medical Technology for Clinical
and Laboratory Technicians” was issued in 1922.
⎯ First to offer a degree level program in 1923
1931
⎯ Denver Society of Clinical Pathologists was organized
1936
⎯ American Medical Technologist (AMT) was formed
1967
⎯ Clinical Laboratory Improvement Act of 1967 (CLIA) was formed
1975
⎯ Medical Technologists were required to have a bachelor's degree
1999
⎯ Term Clinical Laboratory Science is adopted
December 7, 1941
⎯ Pearl Harbor was invaded by Japan. Three days later, Japan invaded the
Philippines causing wrath of the US to flare up.
1944
⎯ US bases were built in Leyte (around 75 miles away from Manila Bay).
This made possible for the US to bring in members of the health care
team to the Philippines to resolve the health problems of soldiers and
Filipinos.
January 9, 1945
⎯ 850 US ships of the 6th US Army began a roundabout Lingayen Gulf
attempting to mislead the Japanese. Manila was taken and Corregidor was
liberated, and finally, real medical facilities were made available to
the Philippines.
February 1945
⎯ Training of the civilians to become members of the health care team was
already being done.
June 1945
⎯ The US Army left and the laboratory was endorsed to the National
Department of Health, but the department didn’t seem to be interested
in pursuing the objectives of the laboratory.
⎯ The DOH rendered the laboratory non-functional for sometime
1954
⎯ Because trainees were not motivated, Dr. Pio de Roda instructed Dr.
Prudencio Sta. Ana to prepare a formal syllabus of the training program
⎯ Six months laboratory training with certificate upon completion was
given to trainees
⎯ However, the training program offered by Dr. Pio de Roda did not last
long because during that same year, the formal education of Medical
Technology in the Philippines began.
Philippine Union College (which is now, Adventist University of the Philippines) and
Manila Sanitarium Hospital
⎯ Offered the first four-year degree of Medical Technology in the
Philippines
⎯ After 2 years, PUC produced its first BS Medical Technology graduate in
the Philippines in March 1955, Dr. Jesse Umali, who is now a successful
OB Gynecologist and an owner of Omega Lab, Vito Cruz, Manila
S.Y. 1957-1958
⎯ Dr. Antonio Gabriel and Dr. Gustavo Reyes, faculty of Pharmacy at the
University of Santo Tomas offered medical technology as an elective to
4th and 5thyr BS-Pharmacy students.
June 1960
⎯ Permit for the internship program was issued
1966
⎯ Year where MT started in SLU and its first graduates in the year 1970
1970
⎯ Imelda Marcos clinical Laboratory offered training for MT students
PAMET
⎯ Philippine Association of Medical Technologists
⎯ The only accredited professional organization of all registered medical
technologists in the Philippines
⎯ PAMET was organized by Mr. Crisanto Almario at the Manila Public health
Laboratory in Sta. Cruz, Manila on September 15, 1963
⎯ The first national convention of PAMET was held at FEU (Far Eastern
University) on September 20, 1964
⎯ The year of the first PAMET election was on 1964
⎯ Father of PAMET: Mr. Crisanto Almario
⎯ First PAMET President: Mr. Charlemagne Tamondong
⎯ Music of PAMET hymn: Francis Franco
⎯ PAMET hymn lyrics: Hector Gayares
February 1974
⎯ Dr. de Roda and Dr. Sta. Ana began training medical technicians