Scribd
Upload
42 views4 pages

Lecture01 Simple Harmonic Motion

The document discusses different types of motion including rectilinear, circular, rotational, and periodic motion. It specifically focuses on simple harmonic motion (SHM), defining it as motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement from the equilibrium position, causing oscillation. SHM is characterized by amplitude, period, frequency, and angular frequency. Examples are given of calculating these values for oscillating systems like springs and ultrasonic transducers. Equations are provided relating displacement, velocity, and acceleration to the angular frequency and phase angle in SHM.

Uploaded by

VICTORIA OMEGA JARAMILLA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
42 views4 pages

Lecture01 Simple Harmonic Motion

The document discusses different types of motion including rectilinear, circular, rotational, and periodic motion. It specifically focuses on simple harmonic motion (SHM), defining it as motion where the restoring force is directly proportional to displacement from the equilibrium position, causing oscillation. SHM is characterized by amplitude, period, frequency, and angular frequency. Examples are given of calculating these values for oscillating systems like springs and ultrasonic transducers. Equations are provided relating displacement, velocity, and acceleration to the angular frequency and phase angle in SHM.

Uploaded by

VICTORIA OMEGA JARAMILLA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

MOTION:

- rectilinear – motion along a staight path (car, elevators, etc.)


- circular – motion along the circumference of a circle (fan blade, wheel spokes, etc.)
- rotational – motion along a fixed line (passing through the body) called the axis of
rotation (Earth on its axis, spinning top, fan, wheel, etc.)
- periodic motion *

PERIODIC MOTION - SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM)


- occurs when the restoring force F perpetually draws draws a body back toward the
equilibrium position, only to have the body overshot time after time (causing the
body to oscillate).
- motion of a body in which the restoring force is always directed towards the equilibrium
position or mean position and its magnitude is directly proportional to the displacement
from the equilibrium position. All simple harmonic motions are periodic in nature, but
not all periodic motions are simple harmonic motions.
- a body that undergoes a simple harmonic motion is called a harmonic oscillator.

Consider there is a spring that is fixed at one end. When there is no force applied to it, it is at its
equilibrium position. Now, if we pull it outwards, there is a force exerted by the spring that is
directed towards the equilibrium position. And, if we push the spring inwards, there is a force
exerted by the string towards the equilibrium position.

In each case, we can see that the force exerted by the spring is towards the equilibrium position,
this force is called the restoring force. Now, let the force be F and the displacement of the spring
from the equilibrium position be x.

Therefore, the restoring force will be,

F= – kx (the negative sign indicates that the force is in the opposite direction).

Here, k is the constant called the force (spring) constant. Its unit is N/m in S.I. system and
dynes/cm in C.G.S. system.

Engr. DDapiaoen, BSChE


Concepts of Simple Harmonic Motion (S.H.M):
amplitude (A) - the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position or
mean position is its amplitude, and its direction is always away from the mean or equilibrium
position. Its S.I. unit is the meter.
period (T) - the time taken by a particle to complete one oscillation is its period.
Therefore, the period of S.H.M. is the least time after which the motion will repeat itself. Thus,
the motion will repeat itself after nT, where, n is an integer.
frequency (f) - frequency of S.H.M. is the number of cycles/oscillations that a particle
performs per unit time. The S.I. unit of frequency is hertz or r.p.s(rotations per second). Named
in honor of the German physicist Heinrich Hertz, a pioneer in investigating electromagnetic
waves.
- low frequency – oscillatory motion
- high frequency - vibration
angular frequency (ω) – 2𝜋 times the frequency.
- tells how many radians per second the frequency corresponds to on a reference
circle.
ω = 2𝝅f
but,
T = 1/f ; f =1/T
so,
ω= 2𝝅 = √(k/m)
T

T = 2𝝅/ ω = 2𝝅 * √(m/k)

T = 2𝝅* √(L/g) -> for pendulum where,


L – length of string
g – gravitational acceleration
Problems:
1. An ultrasonic transducer (a kind of loudspeaker) used for medical diagnosis oscillates at
a frequency of 6.7 MHz (6.7 x 106 Hz). How much time does each oscillation take and
what is the angular frequency?

Given:
f = 6.7 x 106 Hz
Req’d:
a. period, T
b. angular frequency, ω
Sol’n:

a. T = 1/f
T = 1 / (6.7 x 106 Hz)
T = 1.5 x 10-7 s

Engr. DDapiaoen, BSChE


b. ω = 2𝜋f = 2𝜋 (6.7 x 106 Hz)
= (2𝜋 rad/cycle)( 6.7 x 106 cycles/s)
ω = 4.2 x 10-7 rad/s

2. A spring is mounted horizontally, with its left end held stationary. By attaching a spring
balance to the free end and pulling toward the right, we determine that the stretching
force is proportional to the displacemen and that a force of 6.0 N causes a displacement
of 0.030 m. We remove the spring balance and attach a 0.50 kg body to the end, pull it a
distance of 0.020 m, release it and watch it oscillate in SHM. Find the force constant of
the spring, the angular frequency, frequency and period of the oscillation.

Given:
F = 6.O N
x = 0.030 m
m = 0.50 kg
Req’d:
a. k
b. ω
c. f
d. T
Sol’n:
a. k = F/x = 6 N / 0.03 m = 200 N/m
k = 200 kg/s2

b. ω = √(k/m) = √(200 kg/ s2)/0.50kg


ω = 20 rad/s

c. f = ω/2𝜋

f = 20 rad/s_____
2 𝜋 rad/cycle

f = 3.2 cycles/s = 3.2 Hz

d. T = 1/f
T =1 / (3.2)
T = 0.31 s

Engr. DDapiaoen, BSChE


Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration in SHM
- certain quantities may be used to define and describe the particular motion of the
phasor (rotating vector).

displacement, x = A cos (ωt + ф )


ω – angular frequency
ф (phi) – phase angle
- the angle that the phasor makes with the positive x-axis at t=0.
Ѳ (theta) – sum of ф (phi) at t=0 and ωt at any later time t.

velocity, v and acceleration, a at any time:

v = - ω A sin (ωt + ф) -> A

a = - ω2 A cos (ωt + ф) -> B

Given the x0 and v0 at t0 we can determine the value of the phase angle ф and the A (amplitude)
of the SHM. Set t = 0 in A,

v = - ω A sin (ωt + ф)
v0 = -ω A sin (ф)

To solve for the phase angle , divide v0 and x0. This eliminates the A and gives an equation o
solve for ф.
v0 = -ω A sin (ф)
x0 A cos (ф)

v0 = -ω tan (ф)
x0

ф = arctan (-v0 / (ω x0 ))

A = √ (x02 + ((v02/ ω2)))

3. Consider the situation from the problem. This time we the body an initial displacement
of 0.015 m and an initial velocity of 0.4 m/s. Find the periodic amplitude, the phase
angle of the motion and write an equation for the displacement as a function of time.

Engr. DDapiaoen, BSChE

You might also like