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Big Data for Smart Cities

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Table of Contents
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................4

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................5

Figure 1...................................................................................................................................................6

Figure 2...................................................................................................................................................7

Figure 3...................................................................................................................................................8

BENEFITS..................................................................................................................................................9

Figure 4...................................................................................................................................................9

Efficient Utilization of Resources.........................................................................................................9

Improves Life Quality...........................................................................................................................9

APPLICATIONS.....................................................................................................................................10

Smart Traffic Lights............................................................................................................................10

Figure 5.................................................................................................................................................11

Smart Grid...........................................................................................................................................11

REQUIREMENTS..................................................................................................................................12

Figure 6.................................................................................................................................................13

Figure 7.................................................................................................................................................15

Management of Big Data.....................................................................................................................15

The infrastructure of Smart Network................................................................................................16

Figure 8.................................................................................................................................................17
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ARCHITECTURE...................................................................................................................................17

Figure 9.................................................................................................................................................18

Figure 10...............................................................................................................................................19

Figure 11...............................................................................................................................................20

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE..........................................................................................................20

Figure 12...............................................................................................................................................21

Figure 13...............................................................................................................................................22

CONCLUSION........................................................................................................................................22

Figure 14...............................................................................................................................................23

RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................................................................23

REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................24
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ABSTRACT

Data are obtained from a range of sources, which lead to large data development. Big

data may also be used for various uses, including data analytics, market research, and data

mining for deeper understanding and for addressing problems from the sources in particular.

Since big data and smart cities are two important concepts, many people have begun to combine

the two to create smart city applications that provide increased sustainability and resource

management. In smart cities, data is the lifeblood of all businesses. Big data is being used in

almost every sector, including hospitals, financial services, banking, and government.

Big data will help any company that can assimilate data and addresses nagging questions

about their activities. Many who consider their market and challenges will find big data

technologies suitable for their needs in advance, giving them a strategic edge over their rivals.

The main features, implementations, and challenges of big data in the smart city and big data

sources and approaches used in the smart city are discussed in this report. This paper proposes

how big data experiences can be implemented in different ways, including a thorough

understanding of the advantages and benefits and the challenges that may occur when applying

those innovations in Johannesburg, South Africa.

Many jurisdictions are considering implementing the smart urban model in their

communities and big data technology to assist intelligent city constituents in achieving the

required degree of productivity and raising living standards. Smart cities use various innovations

to increase their residents' success in wellness, transit, electricity, education, and water resources.

It includes minimizing prices and consumption of resources and communicating with their

people more efficiently and actively. Big Data Analytics is one of the latest developments with
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enormous potential for improving intelligent public services. Digitalization becomes an integral

aspect of everyday life, and thus data collection has resulted in vast quantities of data being

collected which are available in numerous useful applications.

The productive exploration and use of Big Data is a key growth catalyst across various

industries and utilities, including the intelligent city market. This paper discusses large data

structures for the promotion of smart cities. It compares and contrasts various intelligent city

concepts with big data and the possibilities, difficulties, and advantages of integrating big data

technology into smart cities. It also seeks to provide guidelines for using Big Data technologies

to provide smart city services. According to the report, big data has many uses in smart cities, but

there is a slew of problems and roadblocks that must be addressed before this technology can

completely realize its potential.

INTRODUCTION

A smart city that uses technologies to automate its key infrastructure and maximize

resource exploitation is a knowledge-based framework that offers stakeholders real-time insights.

Intelligent cities are an evolving phenomenon of heterogeneous network connectivity,

omnipresent sensing instruments, large-data processing, and intelligent control systems. The

position of big data is crucial to provide such services. Big data is defined as a vast amount of

data that demands the extraction, storage, sorting, interpretation, and representation of big data

from emerging technologies and architectures. New big data sources provide location-specific

data from traffic control and the monitoring of personal devices such as smartphones. Hadoop

and MapReduce are essentially big data management technologies. It seems like any city in a

clever city is trying to change itself.

Figure 1

Many aspects make a city clever. The emphasis is on water control, waste management,

transportation, and protection. Future intelligent communities have fundamental needs and

higher technology for efficient and primary life. Data scientists can process enormous volumes

of data using big data analysis methods that are not feasible for business intelligence or

traditional analytics software. The first to play with big data is Google, eBay, and LinkedIn. Big

data analysis has been used to verify if analytical models can be enhanced and promising results

have been obtained. The key purpose of this thesis was to examine the potential and impact of

big data in intelligent cities through studies in the literature on the philosophy and foundations of

big data and the most realistic uses of this emerging technology with examples of progress
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worldwide in its use. It also seeks to examine the capacity, advantages, challenges, and

opportunities in smart cities relating to this emerging technology.

Figure 2

After introducing the main smart city functions, cities were able to maintain the

guidelines, standards, and smart city implementation specifications. These values include

sustainability, resilience, governance, enhanced quality of life, and intelligent environmental and

municipal resources. Mobility, the government, the atmosphere, and citizens' applications and

services, such as healthcare, mobility, smart education, and energy, are also essential to an

intelligent society (Nuaimi, 2015). To sustain these applications and services, large storage and

computing facilities are essential. One approach to this platform is to rely on cloud infrastructure,
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which enables large-scale and intelligent city big data while benefiting from the many

advantages of cloud providers. Figure 1 shows how cloud computing can help the processing,

storage, and review of current data across various cloud nodes and systems.

Figure 3

There has been some study and work in this field, stressing the relevance of large-scale

data in support of intelligent community facilities and applications. Besides, several scholars

have explored some questions about using big data in intelligent cities (Nuaimi, 2015). The

paper's key contribution is the study of the usage of big data in intelligent towns and the

possibilities and problems connected with the use of big data in intelligent towns. The paper

explores the general criteria for designing and implementing large data structures for intelligent

community facilities and applications.

BENEFITS

Figure 4

Efficient Utilization of Resources

Given the scarcity or high cost of certain services, strategies must be combined to ensure

that these resources are properly handled(Batty, 2012). Via control systems at function, excess

points are simpler to track and efficiently dispose of capital while managing costs and reducing

energy and natural resources. Furthermore, optimizing interconnection, data management, and

coordination between systems and facilities is a key feature of smart city applications.

Improves Life Quality

Improved infrastructure, healthier work and livelihood, and less time and resources will

increase the life quality for smart city residents. It results from enhanced living/workplace
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architecture, stronger and faster transport networks, and the supply of sufficient information for

informed decision-making.

APPLICATIONS

Smart Traffic Lights

The efficient management of traffic in the area, which will boost rail networks and

increase public transportation routes and city patterns, is one of the most important aspects of

intelligent cities. New road hazards, pollution, and economic issues emerge (Nuaimi, 2015). The

use of intelligent lighting and signals was one of the most important methods for clever

communities to compete with heavy traffic and emissions. Smart traffic lights and signals can be

connected to provide more information on developments in traffic. Each sensor detects a specific

traffic flow parameter sort.

Figure 5

The computer specifies the values of these parameters and provides the light and signals

with adequate instructions. The more proof this machine has, the more logical it chooses. The

best way to deliver the best possible facilities for smart lights is by collecting data from all city

traffic lights and using this knowledge to build intelligent decision-making systems. It involves

the real-time application of large data analytics (Batty, 2012).

Smart Grid

The intelligent grid is an integral part of an intelligent city. It is a renewed power grid

infrastructure that uses ICT to gather and work automatically to apply those values to available

data such as providers' and customers' habits. It increases the productivity, stability, economy,
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and sustainability of electricity generation and distribution. With self-monitoring and reviews,

the smart grid utilizes two-way networking systems to improve grid stability and reliability

(Batty, 2012). This entails installing intelligent sensors and monitors on production,

transmission, distribution networks, and customer access points to gather granular data on actual

power usage, utilization, and faults in near real-time.

REQUIREMENTS

This section covers core components for implementing the design of intelligent city

applications using ICT and large-scale data[ CITATION Bat13 \l 1033 ]. To provide viable

strategies, a range of design and implementation goals must be chosen in a planned way, such as

modular design, rapid deployment, rigorous context, more comprehensive interconnections, and

intelligence.
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Figure 6

Big data offline apps and Big data real-time applications are the two types of big data

systems for intelligent cities. Big-data real-time applications are distinct in that they emphasize

immediate input and rapid interpretation to arrive at a decision or take steps in a brief period.

When a decision is difficult to reach within the timeline, it becomes futile in certain

cases[ CITATION Cha21 \l 1033 ]. It is also critical that all the evidence is required to make

such a decision available on time and that the review is carried out quickly and reliably. As a

consequence, Big Data systems in real-time typically need higher technical specifications. Big

data networks are designated offline for intelligent urban development in electricity, traffic,
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education, and healthcare. However, improvements and controls for smart apps are in real-time

implementations available for dynamic behaviors.

When considering smart city solutions focused on large data, some factors must be

addressed, which stem from the specific nature of smart city specifications and Big Data

characteristics. Here we would like to address some of the specifications to include an overview

of design and production (Cheng, 2015). (Cheng, 2015). Operation. The standards are dependent

on the type of big data systems and the sophistication of which these intelligent cities are

implemented. Some of these recommendations are technical, although others concern general

wisdom and government offices. Moreover, some of these standards are common and applicable

to all big data applications, whereas others are unique to intelligent city ecosystems.
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Figure 7

Management of Big Data

The main benefit of smart city applications is that they collect huge amounts of data

through various formats and fields like traffic, electricity, education, health, and manufacture.

This knowledge is obtained in huge quantities and consistently, such that you can see what is

happening in the field in real-time. It is essential to have appropriate and efficient wide-ranging

data collection tools to ensure proper and fruitful use of such data in smart urban applications.

Big data management means that architectures, standards, practices, and procedures are

developed and implemented in smart city environments to help handle the complete data
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lifecycle. Because the information comes from several sources and formats, special data

processing features are required to recognize and structure, handle, define and monitor all those

types and structures and several formats and sources. Big data analysis for Smart City projects

would also enable agile management of vast volumes of data, offline data service, and low latent

processing.

The infrastructure of Smart Network

In most Big Data implementations, smart networks bind elements of intelligent

collectivities, including vehicles, smart home appliances, and smartphones. This network should

be able to efficiently move data from its origins to where large data is collected, preserved, and

analyzed and deliver responses to the various organizations in the smart city that require it.

Network support for service efficiency (QoS) is becoming increasingly relevant for smart cities

in real-time big data deployment. Current remote device incidents can be sent in real-time to a

machine that can handle them. This activity may be conveyed as raw, mediated, or aggregated

occurrences based on the sources. Both existing events, screening and aggregated, may be

transported through a centralized processing point or scattered intermediate processing points on

an intelligent network before moving to the main decision-making facility for preprocessing or

further filters and aggregations.

Figure 8

If the number of current events is small and the network tools used to relay them are not

constrained, the unified approach is reasonable. The clustered method is best adapted for large

events where all produced events cannot be transferred to a single location within an optimum

production and period (Cheng, 2015). (Cheng, 2015). In this sense, filtering and integration are

particularly relevant for smart cities because they can help minimize network traffic and speed

up data collection.

At the case origins and intermediate stages, it may be performed through an open-loop or

closed-loop mechanism. Closed-loop policies for filtering and aggregation are interactively

specified based on recent incidents and behavior, existing networks, and network technology, or

external smart city policies. Open-loop policies are predefined for filtering and aggregation. Both

approaches can perform event filters and aggregation without compromising the outcomes'

credibility, accuracy, and correctness (Hashem, 2016). It is essential to ensure the accuracy of

real-time decision-making in big data applications.

ARCHITECTURE

Cities are the most common city to live in to. They represent a diverse system under which

communities must work effectively, despite current limitations, to satisfy citizens' demands and

solve economic, social, and environmental sustainability challenges. The term "Smart City" was

invented to define the need to comprehend citizens' demands for capital and their value in

participatory democracy (Kitchin, 2014). (Kitchin, 2014). Smart cities are renowned for their

human sophistication, like everyday computer use, also known as the Internet of Things (IoT).
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Figure 9

Devices may transmit events directly or through a field gateway to the cloud gateway. A

field portal is a specialized system or software which takes events to a cloud portal that usually

consists of the devices (Pal, 2018). The field gateway for raw interface events will carry out

preprocessing functions like selection, sorting, and protocol translation. Events enter one or more

stream processors after absorption and will either travel data (e.g., to storage) or carry out

analyzes and other analyses.

Figure 10

As these emergent cities produce huge volumes of high-value data, they can become one

of the wealthiest and most difficult networks to generate large data and take advantage of their

collection, integration, distribution, and public connectivity (Pramanik, 2017). (Pramanik, 2017).

This paper provides BASIS, a big data architecture for Smart Cities with a specification on the

construction of various levels of abstraction, from the most metaphysical to the most technical,

which addresses the lack of technological knowledge of the literature. BASIS also pays special

consideration to the public's accessibility of outcomes. The findings suggest that the vast data in
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smart cities can be gathered, stored, evaluated, and rendered public, as seen by a demonstration

event.

Figure 11

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

The constant advancement in technology and the massive rise of connected devices in

urban areas have resulted in an increase in the sophistication of data sources and the number of

data forms available, posing problems for cities wishing to become smart cities[ CITATION

Cha21 \l 1033 ]. Suppose these increasing quantities of data are not regulated. In that case, they
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can become extremely uncertain and difficult to analyze, so it is important to understand the

resources that are available for this reason. This proposal addresses the connection between Big

Data and Smart Cities, focusing on resources for efficient data collection and thereby improving

the functioning of the community (Hashem, 2016). The Smart City and Big Data principles are

discussed in the first segment, along with the specifications and uses of Big Data in Smart Cities.

In the second segment, we address the most basic tool for monitoring, analyzing, and processing

vast quantities of data, outlining the advantages and instances of improved usage and solutions.

Figure 12

For some time, there has been a lot of activity around the Smart City idea. Cities are

known as potential intelligent cities[ CITATION Cha21 \l 1033 ]. In theory, at least, intelligent

cities will transform our lives radically at several levels, such as lower noise, waste, parking

issues, and greater energy savings. While the promise seems mouthwatering, at best, the

introduction of the idea of the clever city worldwide has been erratic for many reasons. Whatever
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the stage of implementing smart cities worldwide, Big Data and the Internet of Things (IoT) will

accelerate adoption. Big data and IoT will collaborate alongside other apps and hardware to

realize the vision of the clever city. The way ahead, though, is full of obstacles.

Figure 13

CONCLUSION

Therefore, many have begun combining Smart Cities and Big Data with building Smart

City solutions that can help achieve growth, greater resilience, good infrastructure, improved

quality of life, and smart city asset management. Our analysis investigated both terms and their

various meanings and identified some similar attributes[ CITATION Bat12 \l 1033 ]. In terms of

the different meanings, every term has a set of features that characterize it uniquely. With these

common features in mind, we have seen the general advantages of using Big Data to plan and

sustain intelligent city applications.

Figure 14

The implementation and deployment of the effective smart city big data systems would

include the management of problems and open questions, strict design and development models,

the use of well-educated human capital, modeling models, and the preparation and support of

regulatory bodies. A smart and enhanced community with smarter models and facilities, with all

the success drivers in place and a deeper understanding of the ideas, would be an achievable and

sustainable target.

RECOMMENDATIONS

If we conclude this discussion, we will have confirmed the importance of big data for

intelligent city applications. We were also shown many explanations of the use and gain of big

data. However, to use big data efficiently for smart city applications, such transparent problems

must be tackled and overcome. Several of these open concerns derive from the various problems

we addressed before, while others refer to other things that we have not taken into account.

However, all of these open topics are being examined and investigated by business and academic

communities.
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REFERENCES

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cities. Cities, 89, 80-91.

Batty, M. (2012). Smart cities, big data.

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274-279.

Chang, V. (2021). An ethical framework for big data and smart cities. Technological

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Cheng, B., Longo, S., Cirillo, F., Bauer, M., & Kovacs, E. (2015, June). We are building a big

data platform for smart cities: Experience and lessons from Santander. In 2015 IEEE

International Congress on Big Data (pp. 592-599). IEEE.

Hashem, I. A. T., Chang, V., Anuar, N. B., Adewole, K., Yaqoob, I., Gani, A., ... & Chiroma, H.

(2016). The role of big data in a smart city. International Journal of Information

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Kitchin, R. (2014). The real-time city? Big data and smart urbanism. GeoJournal, 79(1), 1-14.

Pal, D., Triyason, T., & Padungweang, P. (2018). Big data in smart-cities: Current research and

challenges. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Informatics (IJEEI), 6(4),

351-360.
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Pramanik, M. I., Lau, R. Y., Demirkan, H., & Azad, M. A. K. (2017). Smart health: Big data-

enabled health paradigm within smart cities. Expert Systems with Applications, 87, 370-

383.