EFFECT OF SUGARCANE MOLASSES (SCM) AS ADMIXTURE ON

THE WORKABILITY AND COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF

CONCRETE WITH RICE STRAW ASH (RSA)
AS PARTIAL CEMENT REPLACEMENT
Student Number: 2015-01127 | Name: Robles, Mariecor Elsie, B. | Adviser: Engr. Maricel DC. Aquino
ABSTRACT
Rice straw is the stem of the rice plant which is obtained after the cultivation of rice.
When converted into ash, it becomes a pozzolanic material having properties comparable to
cement. A number of researches have tested RSA as a cement replacement and many have
reported that its usage yields to a less workable concrete. SCM which is a by-product in the
manufacture of sugar was verified by studies to be an effective admixture aiding the
workability of concrete. This research was formulated to investigate the effect of SCM as
admixture on the workability and compressive strength of concrete with RSA as partial
cement replacement. A partial cement replacement of 15% RSA by volume of cement while a
dosage of 0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.6% by weight of cementitious materials was used in this
study. Based on the standards set by the ASTM and ACI, the concrete specimens were
designed to obtain a slump within the range of 25 mm to 100 mm and a minimum compressive
strength of 31 MPa. The result shows that the workability and compressive strength increase
with increasing dosage of SCM. Furthermore, the incorporation of 0.6% SCM to a concrete
with 15% RSA as partial cement replacement yielded optimum results having a slump of
27.94 mm and compressive strength of 32.7 MPa satisfying both design slump and
compressive strength.
Keywords: rice straw, pozzolanic material, sugarcane molasses, admixture, workability,
compressive strength.

1. INTRODUCTION (Ramachandran, 1995). Molasses which is one of

1.1. Background of the study the by-products in the manufacture of sugar contains
Common among studies on cement replacement sugars which are efficient retarders (Singh &
is the use agricultural residues due to their Sharma, 2016). Retarding admixtures are used to
comparable components and properties to cement. delay the hydration of the concrete to lengthen the
Rice straw is one of the wastes produced after the workable state of the concrete (Claisse, 2016).
harvesting of rice. When subjected to burning, it Although RSA holds a great potential as a
becomes an ash containing high percentage of silica cement replacement, the workability and strength of
(Nigam & Pandey, 2009) which is a compound the concrete are compromised. Hence, it is essential
responsible for the strength development of to study on alternatives for chemical admixtures like
concrete. However, numerous studies investigating SCM that would aid the workability problems
the use of rice straw ash (RSA) as a cement associated with the partial cement replacement by
replacement reported problems on the workability of RSA in concrete.
the fresh concrete due to the high amount of
unburned carbon in the ash yielding an increase in 1.2. Significance of the Study
the water requirement of the concrete (El-Sayed & This study would pave way in the development
El-Samni, 2006). of new alternatives in the production of concrete
One solution for this is the addition of through the utilization of agricultural wastes such as
admixtures. Admixtures aid in reducing the mixing rice straw which possesses the propensity of being a
water, increasing the workability, controlling the cement replacement. Furthermore, the functionality
setting time, accelerating the hardening, improving of SCM as an admixture needs to be further studied
the strength and durability, obtaining the desired because of its great potential in aiding the problems
color and volume changes of the concrete regarding the workability and strength of concrete.
The partial replacement of cement with RSA and the Concrete is widely used because of its
substitution of chemical admixtures by SCM would availability, durability, and ability to withstand
be beneficial not only to the environment but also extreme environments. It is composed of fine and
economically. coarse aggregates held by a binding material which
is the cement. Cement develops the binding property
1.3. Objectives when chemically reacted with water. Moreover,
The general objective of the study is to concrete of good quality is made up of aggregates of
investigate the effect of SCM as an admixture on the varying sizes which are classified as fine aggregates
workability and compressive strength of concrete and coarse aggregates. Aggregates has a great
with RSA as partial cement replacement. influence on the property of concrete either freshly
Specifically, this study aims to: mixed or hardened as they influence the strength,
1.3.1 Measure the workability of concrete with stiffness, rigidity, and gives the long-term
15% RSA as partial cement replacement and deformation property of the concrete (Alexander &
varying dosage of SCM as admixture; Mindess, 2005).
1.3.2 Evaluate the compressive strength of
concrete with 15% RSA as partial cement 2.2. Concrete Properties
replacement and varying dosage of SCM as 2.2.1. Workability
admixture; Workability is the ease with which a freshly
1.3.3 Determine the significant differences among mixed concrete or mortar can mixed, placed,
concrete groups through statistical analysis; compacted and finished. It is affected by various
and factors namely water and cement content, aggregate
1.3.4 Establish an optimal dosage of SCM suitable grading, admixtures, temperature, and time (Mehta
to be used in a concrete with 15% RSA as & Monteiro, 2006).
partial cement replacement.
2.2.2. Unit Weight
1.4. Scope and Limitations Concrete can be classified in terms of its unit
This study is limited to investigating the effect weight namely normal-weight concrete, light-weight
of the addition of SCM on the workability and concrete, and heavyweight concrete (Mehta &
compressive strength of concrete with RSA as Monteiro, 2006). Unit weight is affected by air-
partial cement replacement. The SCM and RSA entrainment which results in a decrease in solid
used in the study were acquired from Universal material yielding a low-density concrete. Entrained
Robina Corporation (URC) in Balayan, Batangas air can be reduced with the use of admixtures and
and International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in fine filler materials (Gambhir, 2009).
Los Baños, Laguna, respectively. A water-to-binder
ratio of 0.5 was considered in the concrete mix 2.2.3. Strength
proportioning which yielded a design strength of 31 The strength of the concrete is not solely
MPa. Type I Portland cement was used in the study depended on how is it able to resist a type of loading
and was partially replaced with 15% RSA by that acts on it but also all the components it is made
volume of cement. Moreover, the concrete with 15% up of and the processes it underwent. The two most
RSA was added with increasing dosage of SCM by important factors affecting the strength of concrete
weight of cementitious materials (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, are the water-to-cement ratio and porosity because
and 0.6%). Furthermore, this study is limited to of their relation to the matrix of the concrete
investigating the workability and compressive (Gambhir, 2009).
strength of concrete measured through the
performance of a slump test and compressive 2.3. Pozzolans
strength test in agreement with ASTM C143 and In order for a material to be classified as a
ASTM C39, respectively. pozzolan, the chemical composition should conform
2.REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE to the standards set. Shown in Table 2-1 are the
2.1. Concrete and its Components
chemical composition requirements stated in ASTM the Class N pozzolan were satisfied by RSA.
C618-12a. Furthermore, in the study of El-Sayed and El-Samni
(2006), El-Sayed et al. (2017), and Ogbonnaya
Table 2-1. Chemical composition requirements. (2018), they have reported a fresh concrete slump
lower than 25 mm when cement is partially replaced
CLASS by 15% and above which is the minimum acceptable
CONSTRAINTS value for a concrete slump in accordance with ACI
N F C
SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 min 70 70 50 standards.
SO3 max 4 5 5
Moisture content max 3 3 3 Table 2-2. Chemical composition of RSA.
LOI max 10 6 6
Source: ASTM C618-12a, 2012. CONSTITUENTS CONCENTRATION
(%w/w) A B C
2.4. Rice Straw SiO2 65.92 76.00 61.50
Rice straw which is the stem of the rice plant is Al2O3 1.78 0.69 4.67
the third most abundant crop residue in the Fe2O3 0.20 0.63 3.08
Philippines. In a worldwide setting, million metric CaO 2.40 4.96 15.45
tons of rice straw is produced annually. Rice straw MgO 3.11 2.65 1.89
is obtained when paddy is harvested. It constitutes SO3 0.69 1.90 2.18
about 50% of the whole rice plant (Caparino, 2018). LOI 9.71 - 9.79
Sources: A: El-Sayed & El-Samni, 2006, B: Munshi
2.5. Admixtures et al, 2013, C: Dabai & Muhammad,
Admixtures are incorporated to concrete 2017.
mixtures in order to alter one or more properties of
concrete whether in its fresh or hardened state. 2.7.2. Molasses in Concrete
Some properties of concrete that are greatly affected In the study of Thomas and Birchall (1983) as
by admixtures are workability, air content, cited by Al Khafaji and Ruddock (2018), the
acceleration and retardation of hydration, strength, mechanism between retarders like sugar and cement
corrosion resistance, dry shrinkage resistance, and is governed by the adsorption theory which states
durability (Jawaid et al., 2017). that a protective layer is made due to the adsorption
of the retarding admixture by the cement particles.
2.6. Sugarcane Molasses This layer inhibits the contact between the water and
Sugarcane or Saccharum officinarum is cement particles which results in the delay in the
commonly planted at warm regions of the earth. hydration process. Sugars are powerful retarders
Sugarcane molasses is one of the by-products in the where addition of a large amount of sugar may
production of sugar. It is the thick syrup that result to excessive retardation (Singh & Sharma,
remains when the sugarcane juice is crystallized by 2016). Yildirim and Altun (2012) and Somawanshi
means of boiling. Molasses contains about 60% et al. (2016) confirmed the usage of molasses in
sugars specifically sucrose, glucose, and fructose concrete as a water-reducing and retarding
(Gmbh, 2006 as cited by Singh & Sharma, 2016.) admixture classifying it as a type D admixture.

3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.7. Past Studies The materials that were used for this study are
2.7.1. RSA in Concrete Type I Portland cement, gravel, S1 sand, mixing
Listed in Table 2-2 are the past researches on water, RSA, and SCM. The material properties were
the chemical composition of RSA. Based on Table first obtained. Subsequently, the concrete mix
2-1 which shows the chemical composition proportioning was done in accordance with ACI
requirements stated in ASTM C618-12a for a 211.1-91. The considered and computed values are
material to be a pozzolan, the requirements under summarized in Table 3-1. Moreover, there were five
batches of concrete specimens, each batch having
five test specimens. The percent replacement of
cement by RSA and dosage of SCM added for each RSA 0 49 49 49 49
concrete group is shown in Table 3-2. Water 226 226 225 224 223
Table 3-1. Values used in concrete mix SCM 0 0 0.8 1.6 2.4
proportioning.
Sand 593 593 593 593 593
PROPERTY VALUE Gravel 963 963 963 963 963
Slump 25 mm -100 mm
MSA 19 mm
Water Content 205 kg/m3 The data gathered were subjected to statistical
Air Content 0.02 analysis using a statistical software called Number
Wate-to-Binder Ratio 0.5 Cruncher Statistical Systems (NCSS) and Microsoft
Compressive Strength 31 MPa Excel to evaluate the properties of the concrete
RSA Replacement 15% specimens and to determine a dosage of SCM
SCM Dosages 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% suitable to be used in a concrete with 15% RSA
replacement to cement.
Table 3-2. Percent RSA and SCM for each
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
concrete batch.
4.1 Initial Findings
4.1.1. Material Properties
No. BATCHES RSA (%) SCM (%) Summarized in Table 4-1 are the obtained
1 Control 0 0 specific gravity (SG), percent absorption (%A),
2 15R-0A 15 0 fineness modulus (FM) and dry-rodded unit weight
3 15R-0.2A 15 0.2 (DRUW) in kg/m3 of the materials.
4 15R-0.4A 15 0.4
5 15R-0.6A 15 0.6 Table 4-1. Material properties.
Furthermore, shown in Table 3-3 are the
computed weight of the materials used for each MATERIALS SG %A FM DRUW
concrete batch mixing. Concrete batches were RSA 1.90 - - -
mixed in accordance with the computed mix Cement 2.40 - - -
proportioning. In testing the workability of the fresh Gravel 2.65 2.67 - 1542.39
concrete, the slump was determined in accordance Sand 2.56 3.39 2.76 -
with ASTM C143. Subsequently, the unit weight of
the concrete specimens was determined in 4.1.2. Chemical Composition of RSA
accordance with ASTM C138. The fresh concrete In order to determine the chemical composition
was placed into the molds. As the concrete in the of RSA an XRF analysis was done as shown in
molds hardened, they were removed from the molds Table 4-2. Based from the result, RSA has a high
and cured for 28 days. Lastly, the compressive concentration of Silica having 77.98%. Based from
strength of the concrete specimens was tested using Table 2-1 and the XRF analysis result, RSA that was
a UTM in accordance with ASTM C39. used in the study is verified to be a pozzolanic
material since it satisfies the ASTM standards and is
Table 3-3. Weight of the materials used for concrete classified to be a Class N pozzolan.
batch mixing (in kg/m3).
Table 4-2. Chemical composition of RSA.
MATE CONCRETE BATCH NO.
RIALS 1 2 3 4 5
Cement 410 349 349 349 349
 38.100 0.2% resulted in an increase in the slump of the
CONCENTRATION RSA mixed concrete. This is caused by the delay in
OXIDES 27.940
hydration due to the incorporation of SCM. Hence,
(%w/w)
Slump (mm)

SiO₂ 16.510 77.98 as the dosage of molasses increases, the workability

Fe₂O3 1.54 of the concrete increases.
7.620
Al₂O 0.00
TiO₂ 0.000 0.07 Figure 4.1 Slump of concrete groups.
K₂O₃
Control 15R- 15R- 15R- 15R- 15.39
15-0.8 15-1.0
0A 0.2A 0.4A 0.6A
CaO % RSA - % SCM 3.56 4.3 Fresh and Hardened Unit Weight
Mg 0.00 Summarized in Table 4-4 are the average unit
Na₂O 0.00 weight of each concrete group with varying dosage
of SCM. The 15R-0A group has the lowest
4.1.6. Concrete Hardening computed fresh and hardened unit weight which is
Summarize in Table 4-3 are the period of due to the air entrapped voids formed because of its
hardening of the concrete groups. It is evident that unworkable mixture which made it difficult to be
as the dosage of molasses increases, the number of placed into the mold. On the other hand, upon
days for the concrete to fully harden also increases. addition of SCM, the succeeding concrete groups
The interaction between sugar and calcium yields were more flowable. This is due to SCM inhibiting
insoluble hydroxide complexes slowing the the hydration process of the cement particles that
hydration process (Hewlett et al., 2019). The delay resulted to lengthening the workable state of the
in the hydration of the concrete due to the sugar fresh concrete and aiding the compaction of the
content of the SCM and calcium content of both concrete mix into the molds. Hence, the unit weight
cement and RSA resulted to the delay in the of an RSA mixed concrete decreases with increasing
hardening of the fresh concrete. dosage of SCM.

Table 4-3. Period of hardening of concrete groups. Table 4-4. Fresh and hardened unit weight of
concrete groups.
CONCRETE GROUPS DAYS
Control 1 FRESH HARDENED
15R-0A 1 CONCRETE UNIT UNIT
15R-0.2A 3 GROUPS WEIGHT WEIGHT
15R-0.4A 4 (kg/m3) (kg/m3)
15R-0.6A 6 Control 2425.32 2450.07
15R-0A 2271.01 2290.54
15R-0.2A 2440.83 2443.92
4.2 Workability 15R-0.4A 2386.13 2382.77
Figure 4-2 presents the measured slump of the 15R-0.6A 2377.48 2368.31
concrete groups in millimeters (mm). Upon the
replacement of cement by 15% RSA by volume, the 4.4 Compressive Strength
slump decreased to 0 mm. This is caused by the The average compressive strength of the
carbon content of the ash. The LOI measures the specimens for each group was reported as the
amount of unburned carbon in the ash. Based on compressive strength for the whole concrete group
Table 2-3, the LOI of RSA is about 9.7 to 9.8 which as shown in Figure 4.2. The compressive strength of
is high compared to the LOI of an ordinary Portland the concrete groups incorporated with SCM
cement of 0.64. A high unburned carbon content or improved relative to the 15R-0A group which can be
high LOI results in an increase in water demand of attributed to the increase in workability of the
the concrete (Levy, 2012). This yielded to an concrete. Although the compressive strength of the
unworkable concrete mixture having a 0 mm slump. concrete groups added with SCM are lower than the
Meanwhile, the addition of SCM in increments of control group, their compressive strengths are higher
than the design strength of 31 MPa which is based from Table 4-4 and Table 4-5, it can be seen that the
on ACI 211.1-91. Therefore, the compressive decrease in fresh unit weight of 15R-0.2A and 15R-
strength of the concrete incorporated with 15% RSA 0.4A concrete groups was not significant while the
increased upon the addition of increasing dosage of fresh unit weight of 15R-0A and 15R-0.6A concrete
SCM. groups significantly decreased relative to the control
group. Moreover, for the hardened unit weight, only
37.344 37.062 15R-0.2A showed an insignificant difference from
32.230 32.700
Compressive Strength (MPa)

the hardened unit weight of the control group while

the hardened unit weight of all other groups is
19.646 significantly lower from the control. Lastly, for the
compressive strength, the 15R-0.2A concrete group
showed an insignificant decrease in compressive as
compared to the control group while all other
Control 15R-0A 15R-0.2A 15R-0.4A 15R-0.6A
concrete groups showed a significant decrease in
% RSA - % SCM
compressive strength relative to the control group.
The concrete groups are designed to sustain a load
of 31 MPa based from AC1 211.1-91. Although the
Figure 4.2 Compressive strength of concrete groups. compressive strength of the 15R-0.4A and 15R-0.6A
concrete groups of 32.23 MPa and 32.70 MPa
4.5 Failure Modes showed a significant decrease relative to the control
The actual photos of the failure of each concrete group, their compressive strengths still surpassed the
group are presented in Figure 4-5. Based on the designed strength of the concrete. Meanwhile, only
appearance of the concrete specimens representing the 15R-0A concrete group failed to satisfy the
each group, the control, 15R-0.2A, and 15R-0.4A strength requirement with a compressive strength of
concrete groups exhibited a type 5 failure mode 19.65 MPa.
while 15R-0A and 15R-0.6A concrete groups
exhibited a type 4 failure. The failure type of all Table 4-5. Comparison of fresh unit weight,
concrete groups agreed upon the suggested type of hardened unit weight, and compressive
failure patterns stated in ASTM C39. strength to the control group by t-test.

FRESH UNIT WEIGHT

VARIABLE p-VALUE REMARKS
15R-0A 0.0001 Significant
15R-0.2A 0.3794 Not significant
15R-0.4A 0.0666 Not significant
15R-0.6A 0.0376 Significant
HARDENED UNIT WEIGHT
VARIABLE p-VALUE REMARKS
15R-0A <0.0000 Significant
15R-0.2A 0.6021 Not significant
Figure 4.3 Failure pattern of each concrete group: a. 15R-0.4A 0.0006 Significant
Control, b. 15R-0A, c. 15R-0.2A, d. 15R- 15R-0.6A <0.0001 Significant
0.4A, and e. 15R-0.6A. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
VARIABLE p-VALUE REMARKS
4.6 Statistical Analysis 15R-0A 0.0019 Significant
Summarized in Table 4-5 are the p-values 15R-0.2A 0.7515 Not significant
obtained after comparing the fresh unit weight, 15R-0.4A 0.0007 Significant
hardened unit weight, and compressive strength of 15R-0.6A 0.0002 Significant
the control group to each concrete group. Based
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