Camarines Sur National High School

LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEET IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE

Worksheet No. 2, Second Semester
Name: Score:
Grade and Section:
BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
I. LEARNING SKILLS

MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

Explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acid and proteins determine their properties
and functions. (S11/12PS-IIIe-22)
❖ SPECIFIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. identify the four types of biological macromolecules; and
2. explain how the structures of biological macromolecules such as carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acid and proteins determine their properties and functions.
3. Make an infographic of the importance of the biological macromolecules to living
organisms.

II. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

All organisms, from small to large, are composed of diverse molecules essential for
survival. When an organic molecule is especially large, it is referred to as biological
macromolecules. Macromolecules are massive organic molecules composed of several atoms and
very large masses for a molecule. Small organic molecules, when combined, can turn into large
macromolecules forming a higher level in the biological hierarchy. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
and nucleic acid are the four types of biological macromolecules that play important role in building
material, storing, transmission and hereditary information.
These organic molecules share the following characteristics.
a. All biological macromolecules contain carbon.
b. Biological macromolecules are formed from the combination of few elements to form
small molecules. These small molecules bond together to form larger molecules.
c. Each kind of organic molecules is formed from a single type of building block. Sugar is
the building block of carbohydrates, fatty acids is the building block of lipids, amino acids
is the building block of protein and nucleotide is the building block of nucleic acid. Just
like how bricks joined together to form a wall, larger molecules called polymer can also
be formed when these building blocks are joined together.
d. The functions of biological molecules are determined by their form. Their shape
determines their behavior and reaction when combined with other molecules.
All living organisms needed nutrients to survive and grow but not all organisms can
produce such kind of molecules. Humans and animals get nutrients by eating food while plants draw
it from the soil. Thus, various essential nutrients are biological macromolecules.
 To know more about the different types of biological macromolecules, continue
reading and perform the tasks prepared for you.
TYPES OF BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES
A. CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates are the main energy source of the human body. They are called
saccharides which means sugar. They have a chemical make up of carbon C, hydrogen H and
oxygen O in the formula of (CH2O)6. Notice the ratio of elements to one another is 1:2:1,
respectively. Carbohydrates are classified into simple and complex sugar. Simple sugars are
monosaccharides and disaccharides while complex sugar is called polysaccharide.
1. Monosaccharides - It is the simplest form of carbohydrates which is made of
one type of sugar and consist of carbon rings.
Examples: Glucose, Galactose and Fructose

Figure 1. Chemical
structures of the
monosaccharides.

These three monosaccharides all have the same chemical formula of C6H12O6 but they
have different chemical structures which lead to their different properties.

2. Disaccharides – It is formed when two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic

bonds. A water molecule is released when two saccharides are combined.

Figure 2. Chemical
structures of different
disaccharides.

3. Polysaccharides – Polysaccharides are long chain of monosaccharides. Examples are

starch / amylose, glycogen, cellulose and amylopectin.

Figure 3a. Chemical structure of cellulose as disaccharide.

 Figure 3b. Chemical
structures of cellulose,
starch/amylose, and
glycogen as
disaccharides.

Figure 4. Chemical
structures of
amylopectin as
disaccharide.

B. PROTEIN
Protein is a long chain of amino acids. It gives structure to membranes, builds cartilages and
connective tissues, transports oxygen in blood and muscles, directs biological reactions as
enzymes, defends the body against infection, and regulates metabolic processes as hormones.
Proteins are composed of carbon C, hydrogen H, oxygen O and nitrogen N (CHON).
Each amino acid is linked to another amino acid through a covalent bond called peptide
bond. Protein is formed through the combination of many amino acids. This long chain of amino
acids is also called polypeptide.
Parts of Amino Acids
1. Central carbon atom (α-Carbon)
2. Carboxyl group (-COOH)
3. Amine group (-NH2)
4. Hydrogen (H)
Figure 5. Sample protein structure with peptide bond. 5. Variable R group
There are about 20 kinds of amino acids and they only differ in the R group. Some R groups
are very small, others are large and even form chains and rings. The sequence and shapes of the
R groups control the shape and function of the protein.
Examples of Proteins:
1. Keratin – It is a structural protein found in hair, skin, and nails.
2. Fibroin – It is found in silk.
3. Collagen – It is a major insoluble fibrous protein found in connective tissues such as tendons,
ligaments, skin, cartilage and the cornea of the eye. It comprises as much as 30% of proteins in
animals.
 4. Enzymes – It functions to catalyze
chemical reactions. They either
d speed up a reaction, lower the
needed energy for a reaction to take
place, or bind substances to their
b specific partners.
a 5. Myoglobin – It is a polypeptide that
stores oxygen in muscles. This is
c e
where the oxygen is stored.
6. Hemoglobin. It is a globular protein
Figure 6. Parts of amino acid: a.) α-carbon, b.) carboxyl group, that carries oxygen from the lungs
c.) amine group, d.) hydrogen, and e.) R group. to the bloodstream.
C. LIPIDS 7.

Lipids are one of the biological macromolecules that have various structures. Lipid comes from
the Greek word “lipos” meaning fat or lard. Just like carbohydrates, it is also composed of carbon C,
hydrogen H, but lesser oxygen 0. Fatty acid, the building block of lipids, is a chain of carbons with
hydrogen attached to each side.
Types of Fatty Acids
a. Saturated Fatty Acids. Its molecules are
straight chains that are packed together
very tightly because its carbon atoms
bonded to as many hydrogen atoms
possible. This form allows them to store Figure 7. Structures of saturated and unsaturated fatty
acids.
energy in a compact form.
b. Unsaturated Fatty Acids. Unlike the saturated fatty acids, other carbon atoms couldn’t bond
to as many hydrogen atoms possible because of the presence of one or more double bonds
in the carbon chain. Instead, they are bonded to other groups of atoms which causes the
chains to bend. The bent chains cannot be packed tightly so it is liquid at room temperature.

Figure 8. Saturated fatty acids have only single bonds while monounsaturated fats have one double
bond and polyunsaturated fats have more than one double bond.

Lipids are grouped together because of their hydrophilic property (water-fearing) which means
that they can only be dissolved using nonpolar solvent such as ether, acetone and benzene but
insoluble in water. They are the structural component of cell membrane, energy storage, and
chemical messenger of the cell.
 Four Categories of Lipids
1. Wax – It is a long chain of nonpolar lipid which are synthesized by many animals and plants.
Natural waxes are usually composed of esters of fatty acids and long chain alcohol. It is
important to plants and animals because of it hydrophobic nature which helps them become
water resistant and prevents water from
setting on surfaces.

2. Triglycerides – It is another category of

lipids which is an ester derived from
glycerol combined with three fatty acid
molecules. Due to its long carbon
chains, it is nearly nonpolar molecules
which makes it hard to dissolve in polar
solvents. Triglycerides helps our body Figure 9. Combination of glycerol and fatty acids to form
triglyceride.
store energy longer.
Solid triglyceride is refer as fat but if it is in liquid form, it is refer as oil.

3. Phospholipids – Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules,

meaning it has hydrophobic part and hydrophilic part, that make up
the major component of cell membrane. It has two parts: hydrophilic
head phosphate group) and
hydrophobic tail (fatty acid group).
This dual property allows them
to form a phospholipid bilayer. The
hydrophilic head sticks out while the
Figure 10. Structure of phospholipid:
hydrophobic tail is tucked in and away
hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail from the watery environment which
phospholipids are suitable as cell membrane. Figure 11. Phospholipid
bilayer.

4. Steroids – Steroids are important in

reproduction, absorption, regulation of
metabolism and brain activity. It is somehow
different from other lipids because of its fused
ring structure but it is also hydrophobic and
insoluble in water that’s why it is categorized as
lipids. All steroids have four linked carbon rings
and have short tail. Many steroids have -OH functional Figure 12. Chemical structure of cholesterol.
group called sterols. The most common steroid is
cholesterol.
D. NUCLEIC ACID
Nucleic acids are informational molecules made of polymers of nucleotide combined by
phosphodiester bonds. It is important in storage, transfer, and expression of genetic information.
Its building blocks are known as nucleotides that’s why nucleic acid is also called
polynucleotides.
Parts of Nucleotides Figure 13. Parts of nucleotide.

a. Nitrogenous base
b. Five – carbon carbohydrate (sugar)
c. Phosphate group
Friedrich Miescher, a 24-year-old Swiss physician,
discovered an unknown substance in white blood cells in
1868. He was able to separate the substance from the
nucleus and initially called it nuclein. He eventually was
able to break down nuclein into protein and nucleic acids. He found out that nucleic acids contain
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
Types of Nucleic Acids
1. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic
acid) – It is the blueprint of
life because it carries the
genetic code of an
organisms. The DNA of
every individual is unique
because each of us has a
unique set of proteins. It is
the reason why we have
distinct characteristics
from the others.

2. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – It

is a duplicate of DNA. It
carries the instructions of
the instructions from the
DNA to the cytoplasm
where protein is made.
Figure 14. Difference between DNA and RNA.

Summary of Differences Between DNA and RNA

1. DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose, while RNA contains the sugar ribose. The only
difference between ribose and deoxyribose is that ribose has one more -OH group than
deoxyribose, which has -H attached to the second (2') carbon in the ring.
2. DNA is a double-stranded molecule, while RNA is a single-stranded molecule.
3. DNA is stable under alkaline conditions, while RNA is not stable.
4. DNA and RNA perform different functions in humans. DNA is responsible for storing and
transferring genetic information, while RNA directly codes for amino acids and acts as a
messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.
5. DNA and RNA base pairing is slightly different since DNA uses the nitrogenous bases
adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine; RNA uses adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
Uracil differs from thymine in that it lacks a methyl group on its ring.

Retrieved April 15, 2021 https://www.thoughtco.com/dna-versus-rna-608191

 III. LEARNING ACTIVITIES
TASK A.
IDENTIFICATION. Identify the biological macromolecules present in the
following food we eat. Write your answer on the space provided.
1.
6.

_________________________ _________________________

2.
7.

_________________________ _________________________

3. 8.

_________________________ _________________________

4. 9.

_________________________ _________________________

5. 10.

_________________________ _________________________
TASK B.
COMPARISON OF MACROMOLECULES. Complete the table below. (15 POINTS)

CARBOHYDRATES PROTEINS LIPIDS NUCLEIC ACIDS

MONOMER /
STRUCTURE
Draw the
structure of the
monomer /
building blocks
of each
macromolecule.
Structure of the
amino acids
(monomer of
proteins) is
already given.
POLYMER
Write the name
of the polymer of
each
macromolecule.
BOND NAME
Identify bond
name of each
macromolecule.
FUNCTIONS IN
ORGANISMS
Based on the
structure you
have drawn,
explain the
functions of each
macromolecule.

TASK C.
MAKING INFOGRAPHIC. Give the importance of each biological macromolecules by making an
infographic.

An infographic is a form of visual communication meant to capture attention and enhance

comprehension. SOURCE: https://www.columnfivemedia.com/infographic
 IV. SCORING RUBRIC
TASK C: MAKING INFOGRAPHIC
5 POINTS 4 POINTS 3 POINTS
The topic/purpose of The topic/purpose was The topic/purpose of
the infographic was somewhat broad and the infographic was not
TOPIC clear and concise. did not allow viewer to clear and concise.
understand the
purpose.
Data of the infographic Data of the infographic Data of the infographic
was accurate and was somewhat accurate was not accurate and
DATA
relevant to topic and relevant to topic. was not relevant to
topic.
The infographic had a The graphics were The graphics had
great layout, with somewhat applicable to nothing to do with the
LAY OUT applicable graphics. the infographic, creating topic and had a poor
an average layout. layout. There was an
overload of text.
The font was legible, The font was somewhat The font was not legible
and the color scheme legible and the color and the color scheme
COLOR / FONT
enhanced the scheme didn't effect the detracted from the
infographic infographic. infographic.
Citations for the Citations for some of No citations of the
SOURCING infographic's sources the sources used were infographic’s sources
were included. included. were included.
SOURCE: Retrieved April 16, 2021 https://www.uen.org/rubric/previewRubric.html?id=30103

V. REFERENCES
Self – Learning Module from Region V
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in-your-diet
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https://www.sarapnow.com/products/ligo-sardines-in-tomato-sauce

PREPARED BY:
RIKKI ROSE BIANCA S. FAUSTO
Teacher 1