CAMANJAC NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

MATHEMATICS 10 – QUARTER 1 - WEEK 4

Prepared by: MRS. ROXAN CREDO DAYAO

LESSON 4

POLYNOMIALS - DEFINITION, LONG DIVISION, SYNTHETIC DIVISION,

REMAINDER THEOREM AND FACTOR THEOREM

Worksheet No. 1(Defining Polynomial Expression)

NAME:____Ma. Nina O. Emaas___________________________ SCORE:

______________
GRADE & SECTION:_____10 - garnet_________________
DATE:________________

CONCEPT:
Polynomial Expression P(x) – expression in the form
anxn + an-1xn-1 + an-2xn-2 + … + a1x + a0

where an = 0 and the nonnegative integer(n) is called the degree of the polynomial and
coefficients a0, a1, … , an are real numbers.

Activity: Spot the Difference

Look at each pair of expressions below. Identify the expression that is not a polynomial from each. Give
reasons for your answers.
A B Reason
2
1. 2x + 1 +1 B – Polynomials cannot have division by a variable
x
________________________________________
-3 2 3 2
2. x + 2x – 7 x + 2x – 7 A – polynomials should not have a negative
exponent
________________________________________
3. 2√ x x√ 2 B – 2 is a constant number and it has 0 exponent
________________________________________
4. 2x3 – 3x½ + x – 4 2x3 – 3x2 + x - 4 A – polynomials cannot have a fractional
exponent
________________________________________
5. (x + 5)(9x + 1)2(x – 4) (x + 5)(9x + 1)-1 B – polynomials cannot have divison by a variable
(x – 4) ________________________________________

NOTE: The terms of a polynomial may be written in any order. However, we often follow the convention
of writing the terms in decreasing powers of the variable x. In this case, the polynomial expression is
said to be in standard form.

Worksheet No. 2(Dividing Polynomials Using Long Division)

Activity 1: Divide and Write
Divide the following and write an equivalent equation by following the given example.
4
Example: 19 ÷ 5 = 3 + 19 = 3(5) + 4
5

1. 29 ÷ 5 = ______5 4/5__________ ________29 = 5(5) + 4___________

2. 34 ÷ 7 = _______4 6/7___________ __34 = 4 (7) + 6_________________
3. 145 ÷ 11 = ______13 2/11____________ _145 = 13(11) + 2___________________
4. 122 ÷ 7 = _____17 3/7_____________ _____122 = 17(7) +
3________________
5. 219 ÷ 15 = ______14 9/15____________ ______219 = 14(15) +
9_______________
 CONCEPT:
The procedure above can be applied when dividing polynomials. You can see this in the
discussion below.

Example: Divide (2x2 + 5x – 23) by (x + 5).

2x – 5 Quotient
Divisor x+5 2x2 + 5x – 23 Dividend
2x2 + 10x
-5x – 23
Subtract
-5x – 23
2 Remainder
You can write the result as follows.

Dividend Quotient Remainder

Dividend Divisor
2
2
x + 5x – 23 = 2x – 5 + or 2
2x + 5x – 23 = (2x – 5)(x + 5) + 2
x+5
x+5
Remainder
Divisor Quotient

2
Hence, the final answer is 2x – 5 + .
x+5

In general, if P(x) and D(x) are polynomials with D(x) = 0, we can write
P (x) R (x)
= Q(x) + or P(x) = Q(x) • D(x) + R(x), where R(x) is either 0 or its degree is less than the
D( x) D( x)
degree of D(x). If R(x) = 0, then we say that D(x) is a factor of P(x).

NOTE: The procedure in dividing a polynomial by another polynomial is similar to the procedure used
when dividing whole numbers.

Activity 2: Divide and Write it in the Form

P (x)
Perform the indicated division using Long Division and write your answers in the form
D( x)
R (x)
= Q(x) + as shown in the following example:
D( x)

(x4 + x2 – 5) ÷ (x – 5) = x4 + x2 – 5 = x3 + 5x2 + 6x + 130 + 645

x-5 x-5

1. (5x2 – 17x – 15) ÷ (x – 4) 2. (6x3 – 16x2 + 17x – 6) ÷ (3x – 2)

Solution: Solution:

Hence, the final answer is 5x + 3 + -3/x-4 Hence, the final answer is 2x2 – 4x - 3

3. (2x4 + x3 – 19x2 + 18x + 5) ÷ (2x – 5) 4. (x2 + 5x + 6) ÷ (x + 2)

Solution: Solution:
 Hence, the final answer is x + 3

Hence, the final answer is x3 + 3x2 – 2x + 4 + 245/ 2x - 5

5. (4x5 + 6x4 + 5x2 – x – 10) ÷ (2x2 + 3)

Solution:

Worksheet No. 3(Dividing Polynomials Using Synthetic Division)

CONCEPT:
There is a shorter procedure when a polynomial is to be divided by a binomial of the
form (x – r). This method is called Synthetic Division. In this procedure, we write only the
coefficients.

Example: Divide (3x3 + 4x2 + 8) by (x + 2) using Synthetic Division.

Solution:
Step 1: Arrange the coefficients of P(x) in descending powers of x, placing 0s for the missing terms. The
leading coefficient of P(x) becomes the first entry of the third row.
3x3 + 4x2 + 8 3x3 + 4x2 + 0x + 8

Satisfying x – r as the standard format for the divisor, x + 2 becomes x – (-2).

Note: x + 2 = x – (-2)
x – (-2)

x - r
Hence,
3 4 0 8 First Row
Second Row
3 Third Row
Step 2: Place the value of r in the upper left corner.

-2 3 4 0 8

3
Step 3. The first number in the second row (-6) is the product of r or (-2) and the number in the third row
(3) of the preceding column. The second number in the third row (2) is the sum of the two numbers (4 and
-6) above it.

-2 3 4 0 8
-6
3 -2
Step 4: Repeat the procedure described in Step 3 until the last is obtained.

-2 3 4 0 8
-6 4 -8
3 -2 4 0

Step 5: Write the quotient Q(x). Note that the degree of Q(x) is one less than the degree of p(x). The
entries in the third row give the coefficients of Q(x) and the remainder R.
Therefore, (3x3 + 4x2 + 8) ÷ (x + 2) is 3x2 – 2x + 4 and the remainder is 0.
In symbols, Q(x) = 3x2 – 2x + 4 and R = 0.

Activity 1: Finding the Divisor, Dividend, and Quotient Using Synthetic Division
Identify the divisor, dividend, and quotient in each item below.

1.
1 5 0 3 -8
 5 5 8
5 5 8 0
Answer: Divisor: _____x-1______Dividend: _5x2 + 3x + 8_____ Quotient: __5x2 + 5x +
8______________

2.
-2 1
5 2 7 30
-2 -6 8 -30
1 3 -4 15 0
Answer: Divisor: ___x + 2__Dividend: __x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 + 7x + 30___ Quotient: __x3 + 3x2 – 4x + 15___

3.
3 2
0 0 -54
6 18 54
2 6 18 0
Answer: Divisor: ___x - 3____ Dividend: __2x3 - 54__ Quotient: ___2x2 + 6x + 18____
4.
-4 -3 1 0 -208
12 -52 208
-3 13 -52 0
Answer: Divisor: ___x + 4____ Dividend: __-3x3 + x2 - 208___ Quotient: ___-3x2 + 13x - 52___

5.
5 2 1 -7 -240
10 55 240
2 11 48 0
Answer: Divisor: ___x + 4_____ Dividend: __-3x3 + x2 - 208___ Quotient: ___=3x2 + 13x -
52___

Activity 2: Dividing Polynomials Using Synthetic Division

Find the quotient and the remainder by using synthetic division. Write your complete solution on the
space provided.
1. (x2 + 3x + 10) ÷ (x + 2) 2. (10x3 + 5x2 + 75x – 40) ÷ (2x + 1)
Solution: Solution:

Quotient:_______x + 1________________ Quotient:___10x2 + 75____________

Remainder: _____8______________ Remainder: _______-77 1/2____

3. (6x3 - 5x2 + 4x - 1) ÷ (3x - 1) 4. (2x4 – 9x3 + 9x2 + 5x – 1) ÷ ( 2x + 1)

Solution: Solution:

Quotient:_______6x2 – 3x + 3______ _Quotient:__2x3 – 10x2 + 14x -2_________________

Remainder: _________0_________ Remainder: ______________0__

5. (3x3 + x2 – 25) ÷ (x – 2) 6. (x3 + 4x2 – x – 25) ÷ (x + 5)

Solution: Solution:

Quotient:_______3x2 + 7x + 14____________ Quotient:___________x2 – x + 4______

Remainder: _________3_________ Remainder: ________-45_________

Activity 3: Apply Your Skills

Solve the following problems. You may apply any method.
1. The total cost of (3a – 2b) units of cell phone is (6a2 + 5ab – 6b2) pesos. What expression represents the
cost of one cell phone? _____18a3 + 12b3 + 3a2b - 28ab2____________
2. If one ream of bond paper costs (3x – 4) pesos, how many reams can you buy for (6x 4 – 17x3 + 24x2 –
34x + 24) pesos? ______2x3 – 3x2 + 4x - 6_____________
3. If a car covers (15x2 + 7x - 2) km in (3x + 2) hours, what is the average speed in km/hr?_ 5x -1
km/hr______
4. A tailor earns (12y2 + y – 35) pesos for working (3y – 5) hours. How much does he earn per hour?
_______4y + 7________

Worksheet No. 4(Remainder Theorem)

Activity 1: Message under the Table
Evaluate the polynomial at the given values of x. Next, determine the letter that matches your answer.
When you are done, you will be able to decode the message.
Example for evaluation:
P(x) = x3 + 5x – 6 ; x=2
Solution:
P(2) = (2)3 + 5(2) – 6
P(2) = 8 + 10 – 6
P(2) = 18 – 6
P(2) = 12

A. P(x) = x3 + x2 + x + 3
x -2 -1 0 1 2
P(x) -3 2 3 6 17
message C D M P A

B. P(x) = x4 - 4x3 - 7x2 + 22x + 18

x -2 -1 0 1 5
P(x) -6 -1 18 30 78
message S S I O N
A. 17 C. -3 E. 5 I. 18
M. 3 N. 78 O. 2 O. 30
P. 6 R. 0 S. -6 T. 23

CONCEPT:
The Remainder Theorem
If the polynomial P(x) is divided by (x – r), the remainder R is a constant and is equal to
P(r).
In symbols,
R = P(r)

Thus, there are two ways to find the remainder when P(x) is divided by
(x - r), that is:
1) use synthetic division, or
2) calculate P(r).
Similarly, there are two ways to find the value of P(r):
1) substitute r in the polynomial expression P(x), or
2) use synthetic division.
NOTE: Again, P(r) is the Remainder.
Example: Find the remainder when (5x2 – 2x + 1) is divided by (x + 2).
Solution:
Transform the divisor, x + 2 into x – r.
x+2 x – (-2).
Hence, r = -2.

a. Using the Remainder Theorem

P(x) = 5x2 – 2x + 1 ; x=r
P(-2) = 5[(-2)2] – 2(-2) + 1
P(-2) = 5(4) – (-4) + 1
P(-2) = 20 + 4 + 1
P(-2) = 25
Therefore, the remainder when P(x) = 5x2 – 2x + 1 is divided by x + 2 is 25.

b. Using Synthetic Division(To verify the answer)

-2 5 -2 1
-10 24
5 -12 25 Thus, the remainder is 25.
Activity 2: Applying the Remainder Theorem
Use the Remainder Theorem to find the remainder when the given polynomial is divided by each
binomial. Verify your answer using synthetic division.

1. P(x) = x3 -7x + 5
a) x – 1 ; Remainder __3__ b) x + 1 ; Remainder __5___ c) x – 2 ; Remainder __41__
Solution: Solution: Solution:

2. P(x) = 4x4 - 3x3 – x2 + 2x + 1

a) x – 1 ; Remainder _3___ b) x + 1 ; Remainder ___5__ c) x – 2 ; Remainder __41___
Solution: Solution: Solution:

Worksheet No. 5(Factor Theorem)

CONCEPT:
The Factor Theorem
The polynomial P(x) has x – r as a factor if and only if P(r) = 0.
 Factor – a number is a factor of a given if it can divide the given number with a zero(0)
remainder.
Example: 4 is factor of 8 since 4 can divide 8
5 is a factor of 20 since 5 can divide 20

Proof: There are two parts of the proof of the Factor Theorem, namely:
1. If (x – r) is a factor of P(x), then (r) = 0. (Meaning, remainder is 0)
2. If P(r) = 0, then (x – r) is a factor of P(x). (Using the remainder theorem)

Example:
Show that x – 1 is a factor of 3x3 – 8x2 + 3x + 2.
Solution:
Using the Factor Theorem, we have:
P(1) = 3(1)3 – 8(1)2 + 3(1) + 2
=3–8+3+2
=0
Since P(1) = 0, then x – 1 is a factor of 3x3 – 8x2 + 3x + 2.

Activity 7: Factor Theorem

Use the Factor Theorem to determine whether or not (Answer: Yes or No) the first polynomial is a
factor of the second. Then, give the remainder if the second polynomial is divided by the first polynomial.

1. x – 1 ; x2 + 2x + 5 4. x–4 ; 2x3 – 9x2 + 9x – 20

Answer: __no____ Remainder: __8____ Answer: __yes____ Remainder: 0
Proof/Solution: Proof/Solution:

2. x – 1 ; x3 – x -2 5. a–1 ; a3 – 2a2
+a–2
Answer: _no_____ Remainder: __-2____ Answer: ___no____ Remainder: -2
Proof/Solution: Proof/Solution:

3. y + 3 ; 2y3 + y2 – 13y + 6 6. x–3 ; -4x3 + 5x2 + 8

Answer: __yes____ Remainder: __0____ Answer: __no_ Remainder: __-55___
Proof/Solution:

Proof/Solution: