ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

EARTHS CURVATURE AND ATMOSPHERIC REFRACTION CORRECTION ( Hcr )

hcr K Horizontal line

Level line

hcr (m) = 0.067 K

2 Vertical Line
 elevation correction
K (km) = level distance

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
16. An observer standing on the shoreline of a lake can just see the top of a tower on an island. If the eye of the observer is 1.655m above
lake level and the top of the tower is 15.220m above lake level, how far is the tower from the observer?

h1 K1 K2 h2

m
er as
co
h cr  0.067K 2  K 
h cr
eH w
o.
0.067
rs e
1.655
K1   4.97m
ou urc

0.067
15.22
K2   15.072m
0.067
o

K T  K 1  K 2  20.042 m
aC s
vi re

17. Point A is in between points B and C, the distances of B and C from point A are 1000m and 2000m respectively. Measured from point A
the angle of elevation of point B is 18o13’ while that of C as Ф. The difference in the elevations of B and C is 44.4m. Considering the
y

effects of curvature and refraction, what is the value of Ф?

ed d

B
ar stu

44.4 m
C

yB yC
o A
18 13’ Ф
is

hb hC
1000 2000
Th

yB
tan 1813'   y B  329 .106 m
1000
2
hB  0.067 1  0.067 m
sh

2
h C  0.067 2  0.268 m

Assume that pt. B is higher :

El. B  y B  hB  h C  y C  El. C
44.4  329.106  0.067  0.268  y C  0
y C  284.505 m
  tan 1284.505 2000   8.1

But if pt. C is higher :

El. B  El. C  44.4 m
 44.4  329.106  0.067  0.268  y C  0
y C  373.305 m
  tan 1373.305 2000   10.6
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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

LEVELING – The process of finding elevations of points o difference in elevations of points.

SENSITIVENESS OF BUBBLE
18. The rod reading on a rod held at a distance of 30m from the instrument is 1.55m. After causing the level bubble to move 4 divisions of the
tube, the reading is 1.51. What is the angular value in seconds of arc divisions of bubble tube. What is the radius of curvature if one
division equals 2mm?
4 DIV @ 2 mm = 8 mm

R θ R

30 m
0 .04
tan      275 " in 4 arcs
30
275 "
S  68 . 75 " per arc
4
0.008
tan  
R
0.04 0 . 008

m
but   R  6m
30 R

er as
19. In the two peg test of a dumpy level, the following observations are taken.

co
Instrument
eH w
o.
at A at B
rs e
Rod rdg. on A 1.508 0.938
ou urc

Rod rdg .on B 2.024 1.449

What is the true difference in elevation between A and B? Find the error in the line of sight?
o

Situation 1:
aC s

e
vi re

1.508 2.204
x1
h A
B
y
ed d

h  1.508  2.024  e
h  e  0.516  eq.1
ar stu

Situation 2:

e
is

0.938
x2
Th

1.449
h A
B
h  0.938  e  1.449
sh

h  e  0.511  eq.2

h  e  0.516 h  e  0.516
 h  e  0.511  h  e  0.511
2h  1.027 2e  0.005
h  0.5135 e  0.0025

*correct assumption
 x 1  2.024  e
x 1  2.0215
x 2  0.938  0.0025  0.9355

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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING

20. The following data were taken from PEG method of adjustment.
Instrument
at 1 at 2
Rod rdg. on A 3.0 2.75
Rod rdg .on B 2.0 1.50
Point 1 is midway between A and B. Point 2 is 20m to the left of A, 120m from B. Find the difference in elevation bet. point A and B.
Determine the correct rod reading at A and B for horizontal sight if the instrument is set at point 2.
Situation 1:
Instrument is at midway bet. A & B
 h  Elev .  BS  FS
h  3  2.0  1.0m

Situation 2:
Assumed line of sight
e1
e2
1.5

m
2.75

er as
B
h

co
A
20 m
eH w
120 m

o.
rs e
e1 e
ou urc

 2  e 2  6e1
20 120
2. 7  5e 1  h  1. 5  e 2
2.75  e1  1  1.5  6e1
o

5e 1  0.25  e 1  0.05
aC s

*wrong direction of line of sight but the magnitude of “e” is correct.

vi re

21. In leveling across a deep wide river, reciprocal level readings were taken between two points A and B, as follows:
y

With the instrument set up near A, rod reading on A is 3.477 while at B is 2.143. With the instrument set up near B, the rod reading on A
ed d

is 2.620 while at B is 1.284.

ar stu

Determine the following

a. true difference in elevation between the two points
is

b. elevation of A if the elevation of B is 188.747

Solution for (a):
Th

3.477
2.143 2.620 1.284

A B
sh

Elev.2   2.620  1.284  1.336

Elev.1  Elev.2 
Elev .1  3.477  2.143  1.334  Elev 
2
1.334  1.336
  1.335m
2
22. Using the following notes, what is the elevation of BM14?
STATION B.S. F.S. ELEV.
BM12 4.64 209.65
1 5.80 5.06
2 2.25 5.02
BM13 6.02 5.85
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 ELEMENTARY SURVEYING
3 8.96 4.34
4 8.06 3.22
5 9.45 3.71
6 12.32 2.02
BM14 1.98
a) Find the elevation of BM14
b) Find the difference in elevation between BM13 and BM14

FSB
FS2
FS1 BS2 B
BS1
BSA ΔElev
2
1
A

Solution:
BS  FS  el.B  el.A
BS  FS  Elev .
BS from BM12 to TP6 = 57.5 m

FS from TP1 to BM14 = 31.2 m

m
er as
co
BS from BM13 to TP6 = 44.81 m

BS from TP3 to BM14 = 15.27 m

eH w
o.
 44.81  15.27  el.BM14  el.BM13
rs e
Elev .  29 .54
ou urc
o
aC s
vi re
y
ed d
ar stu
is
Th
sh

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