GOVERNMENT OF TAMIL NADU

STANDARD FOUR
TERM - I
VOLUME 2

MATHEMATICS
SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCE

A publication under Free Textbook Programme of Government of Tamil Nadu

Department Of School Education

Untouchability is Inhuman and a Crime
Government of Tamil Nadu
First Edition - 2019

(Published under New Syllabus in

Trimester Pattern)

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possess all

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ii
MATHEMATICS

 iii
 INDEX
S.No UNITS Page
Unit-1 GEOMETRY
1.1 Properties of 2-D Shaped objects 1
1.2 Creating shapes by combining different 2-D shapes 11
1.3 Properties of 3-D objects 15
Unit-2 NUMBERS E-Book
2.1 Number Sequence upto 10,000 19
2.2 Comparing Numbers 27
2.3 Addition and subtraction 30
Unit-3 PATTERNS
3.1 Pattern in shape 39
3.2 Patterns in numbers 41
Unit-4 MEASUREMENTS Assessment
Understand relationship between meter and
4.1 49
centimeter
4.2 Conversion of Meter into Centimeter 53
4.3 Conversion of Centimeter into Meter 53
4.4 Solving problem involving length and distances 58
4.5 Estimation 59
Unit-5 TIME Digi-Links
5.1 Understand days and weeks 62
5.2 “Marking the dates” 64
5.3 Compute the number of weeks in a year 65
Correlate the number of days in a year with the
5.4 67
number of days in each month
5.5. Read clock time to the nearest hours and minutes 68
Unit-6 INFORMATION PROCESSING
6.1 Systematic Listing 72
6.2 Collect and represent data in the form of bar graphs 75
6.3 Representation of data in Pie-Chart 77

iv
 UNIT-1 GEOMETRY

1.1 Properties of 2-D Shaped objects

Learn, names of shapes like triangle, square,
rectangle, pentagon, circle etc.
Karan and his parents went to a village festival. He saw some play
articles. He can identify the shapes of some articles. He was not able to
identify few things. Shall we help him to identify the shapes.

CAN YOU GUESS THE SHAPES OF THESE THINGS

1
Recognising these shapes in the objects around them.
A shape that can be drawn on a plane surface is called a plane figure.

EXAMPLES

Square Rectangle Triangle

Semi circle
Circle Pentagon

Ask the children to go around and list down all the shapes of polygons,
quadrilaterals, circle, semi circle, oval, etc... and sort out them.

Group Activity 1

Tell the children to draw different shapes on the ground. When

teacher announces one shape all the students stand in the particular
shape. (Continue the game till the end)
Try This
Group Activity 2
Form shapes like
Make the children to stand in 3 or 4 quadrilateral, circle,
groups. Teacher points out a particular
oval, and semicircle.
group and asks them to form a shape.

2
 Exercise 1

Write down the names of shape in the following pictures.

(1) (2)

1. Write the number of squares and triangles in the given picture.

Square

Triangle

2. Write the number of rectangles and triangles in the given picture.

Rectangle

Triangle

3. Identify the cut shapes and write the names in the boxes
given below.

3
Draw circles using objects like bangles, coins etc.

Place a bangle or coin on a paper. Trace

along its boundary till your Pencil reaches
the starting point. This is a circle.

Activity

Let us draw the circle using a pencil and thread.

1. Mark a point A on a sheet. A

2. Fix one end of the thread on the point and put

the pencil on the other end of the thread as
shown in the figure.

3. Move the pencil by keeping the thread at A. Point A is called the

center of the circle.

1.1a Draw 2D shapes in free hand with geometry tools.

Quadrilateral D C

1. All closed four sided figures are called

quadrilaterals
2. It has four sides (AB,BC,CD,DA), four vertices
(A,B,C,D) and two diagonals (AC,BD)
A B

4
 EXAMPLES

Square Rhombus Rectangle Trapezium Parallelogram

Square S R

A square has four equal sides (PQ=QR=RS=SP),

four vertices (P, Q, R, S) and two diagonals (PR, QS).
The diagonals of a square are equal in length (PR = QS).
Examples P Q
Carom board Chess board One face of the dice

Rectangle
Z Y
A rectangle has four sides (WX, XY, YZ, ZW)
and four vertices (W, X, Y, Z). It has
two equal diagonals (WY = ZX) and opposite
sides are equal (WX = YZ ; XY = WZ). W X
Examples

O
Rhombus Mat Black Board
A rhombus has four equal sides
(LM = MN = NO = OL) , four vertices L N
(L, M, N, O) and two diagonals (LN, MO).
The diagonals are not equal in length.
M
Examples

Kite Tile

5
 Parallelogram.
H G
A Parallelogram has four sides
(EF, FG, GH, HE) and four
vertices (E,F, G, H). Opposite sides are parallel
and equal in length (EF=GH; FG=HE) E F

Activity

Use Geoboard and rubber band to form or deform or reform the

different shapes. Discuss similarities and differences among the
shapes.

Exercise 1.1a

Fill in the blanks.

1. All closed four sided figures are called _________.
2. A _________ has four equal sides and equal diagonals.
3. The opposite sides of a _________ are equal.
4. A _________ has no sides.
5. Diagonals are equal in _________ and _________.

Write the name of the sides and diagonals.

H
D C
S R
Z Y
E G

A B W X P Q F
__________ __________ __________ __________
__________ __________ __________ __________

Activity

Draw different on the circles. Measure the distance between center and
a point on the circle. Find whether the distances are same or different.

6
1.1b How to draw a circle using compass?
Look at your geometry box and identify the compass.
A compass has 2 arms.

EXAMPLE
Draw a circle of radius 5cm using a compass.

Step 1 Take a compass and fix the

pencil in it.

Step 2 Measure 5cm on the compass

by using a ruler.

Step 3 Fix firmly the needle of the

compass on a point in the paper.
Step 4  M
 ove the pencil around it in
any direction till you return to the starting point.

Exercise 1.1b
Construct circles of the following radii using a compass.

a.  6 cm b. 5.5cm c. 8cm d. 6.8cm e. 8.6cm

1.1c Identifying center, radius and diameter of a circle

Circle is perfectly round in shape. It has no sides E
and no diagonals. 'O' is the center of the circle.
The distance from the center to each of these A O
B
points A, B, C, D,E is the radius of the circle.
Radius is equal in length (OA=OB=OC=OD=OE). C
D
All the radii are equal in length in a circle.

A Line segment AB passes through the center of L M

the circle O .AB is the diameter of the circle. The line B
A
segments XY and LM are the Chords (XY, LM, AB).
The longest chord of a circle is the diameter (AB). The X Y
radius is always half of the diameter.
Diameter is the longest chord.

7
 EXAMPLE

1. Find the diameter of a circle whose radius is 5 cm.

Diameter = 2 x radius
Diameter = 2 × radius
=2x5 Radius = Diameter
Diameter = 10 cm 2
2. Find the radius of a circle whose diameter is 88cm.
diameter 88
Radius = = 
2 2
Radius = 44 cm.

Activity

Measure the radius and diameter of the following circles.

o o o

Radius = --------- Radius = --------- Radius = ---------

Diameter = ------ Diameter = ------ Diameter = ------

Exercise 1.1c
Fill in the blanks.

1. All the radii of a circle are ___________.

2. The ___________ is the longest chord of a circle.

3. A line segment joining any point on the circle to its center is

called the ___________ of the circle.

4. A line segment with its end points on the circle is called a

___________.

5. Twice the radius is ___________.

8
 Find the diameter of the circle.
1.  Radius = 10cm 2.  Radius = 8cm 3.  Radius = 6cm

Find the radius of the circle.

1.  Diameter = 24cm 2.  Diameter =30cm 3.  Diameter = 76cm

Understand the properties of 2D objects.

Activity

Measure the sides and identify the names of different objects and
find the differences among them and fill the table given below.

(a) Chessboard (d) Paper (g) Kite

(b) Postcard (e) Newspaper
(c)  Window (f)  Maths Kit box.

Shapes Sides Vertices Diagonals

Two diagonals are

Four equal sides 4
equal
Square

Rectangle

Parallelogram

Rhombus

9
 Let us know Circle

XX A line segment joining any point on the circle to its center is

called a radius of the circle .
XX A line segment with its end points on the circle is called a chord.
XX A chord passing through the center of the circle is called the
diameter.
XX The diameter is the longest chord.
1.1d Identify the sides and find perimeter of a quadrilateral
Perimeter

The perimeter is the sum of all sides of a closed figure.

EXAMPLES

Finding the sides and perimeter of the following figures.

D 8 cm C P 8 cm Q In a given square all the

sides are equal.
m
2 c

A 6 c
m
m

Therefore, Perimeter of a
3  c

B
Sides = AB, BC, CD, DA R S square = PQ + QS + SR + RP
Perimeter = AB + BC + CD + DA = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 32
= 3 + 6 + 8 + 2 = 19
Perimeter of a square = 32cm
Perimeter= 19cm
O N In a given X
3 cm
rectangle opposite
sides are equal. 7 cm 7 cm

L 9 cm M
Perimeter = LM +MN + NO + OP Y 7 cm Z
= 9 + 3 + 9 + 3 = 24 Perimeter = XY +YZ + ZX
= 7 + 7 + 7 = 21
Perimeter = 24cm
Perimeter = 21cm
Activity: Find the Perimeter of Table, Desk, Black board and Door in your class room.

10
 Exercise 1.1d
Find the perimeter of the following figures.

1. D 5 cm
C 2. S 2 cm
R
6 cm 7 cm 5 cm
3 cm

A B P 10 cm
Q
8 cm

S R
H G
D 7 cm C
5 cm
3. 4 cm 4 cm 4. 5.
A 7 cm B E 10 cm F
P 11 cm Q

Answer the following Questions.

1.A side of a square-shaped sandbox in Gandhi Park measures
30 cm. Determine the perimeter of the sandbox.
2. Find the perimeter of a rectangle, whose sides are 12 cm and 8 cm.
3. Find the perimeter of the triangle, whose sides are 13 cm, 5 cm
and 14 cm.
4. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are 6 cm and 7 cm. What is
the perimeter of the parallelogram?
5. The sides of a trapezoid measures 8 cm, 7 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm
respectively. What is the perimeter of the trapezoid?

1.2 Creating objects by combining different 2-D shapes

Uses of tangram in combining different

2-D shapes.
Tangram is a thousand years old Chinese puzzle
consisting five or seven geometrical pieces called
tans put together to form objects.

11
 Playing with tangrams, can develop skills such as problem-solving,
logical thinking, perceptual reasoning, visual spatial awareness and
creativity.

EXAMPLES

1. Join the seven pieces of tangram to form the following picture.

1 5
4
2 3

6 7

2. Join the five pieces of tangram to form the following picture.

2 3

4
5

Activity

Arrange the tangram pieces (by using maths kit).

1.

2.

12
Fill the space with the given two or three geometrical
shaped tiles.

Let us choose and arrange this tiles to form meaningful

shapes.

Try This

Can we fill a circle with square tiles?

No. we can’t fill a circle with square tiles

because circle is curved figure.

13
 Exercise 1.2

Fill the appropriate tiles.

Fill the given region with appropriate tiles both intuitively

and experimentally.

Activity 1

Which tile can you choose to fill the space given below and find how
many tiles are needed to fill the given space.

a) b) c)
3 2 5
10 cm

2 2 2

15 cm
Activity 2

Which shape can you choose to fill the space given below and fill the
following the table.
36 cm
15 cm

14
Shape chosen How many can be fi t  Will it exactly fi t into the space provided 
into it? or not? (yes/no)

Eg: Triangle (4cm, 5cm, 5cm) 2 no

Eg: Rectangle (3cm, 6cm) 30 yes

1. Rectangle (6cm, 5cm)

2. Square (side 6cm)

3. Rectangle (5cm, 12cm)

4. Rectangle (6cm, 18cm)

5. Rectangle (3cm, 12cm)

5. Triangle (3cm, 4cm, 5cm)

1.3 Properties of 3-D objects

Create 3D objects using clay and paper folding.

A plane 2-dimensional shape that can be folded to form a
3-dimensional shape is called a net. Nets are used to make floor maps
of houses, layout planes of buildings, bridges and so on.

Cube
A cube has 6 plane faces, 12 edges and
8 vertices. All the six faces are equal.
Examples
Dice, ice cubes, building blocks, rubiks

Cuboid
A cuboid has 6 plane faces. 12 edges and
8 vertices. Its opposite faces are equal.
Examples
Match box, bricks, eraser, book, toothpaste box.

15
 Sphere
A sphere has only one curved surface.
It has no vertices and edges.
Examples
Shotput, ball, globe, laddu.

Cone
A cone has one plane face and one curved
surface. It has one vertex.
Examples
Cone ice cream, Joker‛s cap

Cone:
Cylinder Plane face
edge
A cone has has
cylinder one2plane
planeface and
faces one1 curved face.
and
It also has
curved one edge on vertex.
surface. Curved face
It has no edges and vertices.
Examples
edge Plane face
Examples
Cone ice cream, Joker‛s cap
straw, gas cylinder, pipe.

Activities

a. Fold and form cube from the following nets

1. 2. 3.
1 1 2 1 2

2 3 4 3 3 4 5

5 4 6

6 5 6

16
b.  Use these nets to form cuboids.

1. 2. 1
1
2 3 4

2 3 4 5

6
5 Try it

6
Make 3-D shapes using clay.
(Individual Activity)

c. Make a cone with semicircle. d. Make a cylinder using rectangle

sheet.

Exercise 1.3
Choose the correct answer.

1. A cuboid has ___________ edges.

a)  6 b) 8 c) 12
2. The shape of a dice is like a ___________ .
a) cuboid b) cube c) sphere
3. A ___________ has a curved surface and two plane faces.
a) cylinder b) cone c) sphere
4. I have one vertex and one plane face. I am a ___________ .
a) cone b) cylinder c) sphere
5. A cube has ___________ vertices.
a) 8 b) 12 c) 6

17
Compare and differentiate 2D and 3D objects.

Concept 2-D 3-D

Definition Two dimension Three dimension
Dimensions Length and breadth Length, height and width.
Examples Square, rectangle, circle, Cube, cuboid, cone,
triangle, rhombus, parallelograms, cylinder.
trapezium, quadrilateral

Find out 2-D and 3-D objects from the given pictures.

18
 UNIT-2 NUMBERS

2.1 Number Sequence upto 10,000

The transport department on Thursday announced that 10, 000

special bus services will be operated from November 3 to 5 to
accommodate the passengers during the Diwali season.
Of 9, 967 special services, 6, 367 buses will run from Chennai to
other districts and 3,600 will run within the districts.

Children,

From the above paragraph, let us discuss the following questions.

What does this text talk about?

What is special about the festival?

How many of you will go to your relatives home?

How many of you would travel to other places during festivals?

What do these numbers convey us?

19
Can you group numbers as.

Odd Even

Just like everything in the world, numbers too have a number name.

Numbers have names.

In 1st grade, you have studied number names up to 20. Now we will
learn names of larger numbers. You have already learnt the number-
names from 1 to 20 and also number-names of 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,
90 and 100.

EXAMPLE

Write 1283 in words.

Solution
First write the given number in expanded form and write the name
of each number below it and then combine that name.

1283 = 1000 + 200 + 80 + 3

= One Thousand + Two hundred + Eighty + Three

So the number-name of 1283 is one thousand two hundred and

eighty three.

Exercise 2.1

Write the following number in words.

a. 1006 - _____________
b. 6327 - _____________
c. 9097 - _____________

20
 d. 10,000 - _____________
e. 8906 - _____________

Write the numeral for each of the following.

1.  Seven thousand and sixty four - ______
2.  Nine thousand three hundred and forty - ______
3.  Five thousand six hundred and seventy three - ______
4.  Ten thousand - _______
5.  Four thousand three hundred and six - _______
Answer the following questions.
1. Ramu went to a bank to deposit Rs. 7500. In the deposit form,
he has to fill up the amount in words. Could you please help
him?
2. Find the sum of the greatest two digit and the greatest three
digit numbers. Write the number names of that sum.

2.1a  ODD NUMBERS and EVEN NUMBERS

ODD NUMBERS

The numbers ending with 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 in one's place are called odd
numbers.

EXAMPLE

1001, 1003, 1005, 1007, 1009

2371, 4863, 5605, 3787, 1239

EVEN NUMBERS
The numbers ending with 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 in one's place are called even
numbers.

EXAMPLE

2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 9960

21
 Remember:

To identify whether the given number is odd or even, it is enough

to look at the digit in ‘ones‛ place.

Activity

Circle the odd numbers box and write their names in the following
boxes.

4132 8841 7483

2973 1045

8123 5667 4646

6566 3990 3132

S.No. Number Number Name

1. 8123 Eight thousand one hundred and twenty three.

Exercise 2.1a

1. Encircle the odd numbers from the following.

9001, 8002, 7603, 6542, 4875, 3882, 3217.

2. Encircle the even numbers from the following.

6231, 5920, 4812, 2121, 1234, 9528, 3946.

22
3. Choose the even numbers from the following and write the
number and number names.

a. 6501 b. 4706 c. 3999 d. 4001 e. 3848

Number Number Name

4. Choose the odd numbers from the following and write the
numbers and number names.

a. 4703 b. 3206 c. 2003 d. 4017 e. 2001

Number Number Name

2.1b  W
 rite number with respect to place value
expansion.
Let us recall the expanded form of a number.

The expanded form of 534 is 500 + 30 + 4

We read it as five hundred and thirty four.

Similarly,

2936 = 2000 + 900 + 30 + 6 = Two thousand nine hundred and thirty six.

The digits of a number express the values of their own when the
number is given in expanded form and read in words.

23
In the number 5269

The place value of 5 is 5000 (five thousand)

The place value of 2 is 200 (two hundred)

The place value of 6 is 60 (sixty)

The place valued of 9 is 9 (nine)

Thus, the place value of a digit in a number is the value it holds to be at

the place in the number. If 5 is at Thousandth place in a number, its value
will be 5000, if it is at Hundredth place, its value will be 500, etc.

The face value of digit is the digit itself, at whatever place it

may be. It is unchangeable and definite. But place value changes
according to the digit‛s place.

Place value of a digit = Face value of the digit × value of the place

EXAMPLE

In the number, 2745.

Place value of 5 = 5 × 1 = 5 ones, face value of 5 is 5.

Place value of 4 = 4 × 10 = 40 = 4 tens, face value of 4 is 4.

Place value of 7 = 7 × 100 = 700 = 7 hundreds, face value of 7 is 7.

Place value of 2 = 2 × 1000 = 2000 = 2 thousands; face value of 2 is 2.

Exercise 2.1b
1. Find the face value and place value of the coloured digit in the
given numbers.
a) 1 3 7 9 b) 9 8 7 6 c) 5 1 3 6 d) 8 9 6 5
e) 2 0 10 f) 4 0 3 8

24
2. Complete the table with the numbers in expanded or short
form.
Try This
a 6785
b 4000 + 200 + 90 + 6 Who am I?

c 3000 + 300 + 20 + 7   i Tens place is 7

ii Thousandth place is 4 less
d 9999
than 10
e 5000 + 70 + 1
iii Hundredth place is between
f 2934 3 and 5
iv One's place is 2 more than 6
3. Circle the correct answer.

a 5 thousands + 3hundreds + 2 ones 5320, 5302

b The place value of 5 in 3758 50, 500
c Three thousand six hundred and sixty 3060, 3660
d 4000 + 600 + 90 4690, 4609

Activity

Take number cards from 1 to 9, plain sheets and pens for each
group.

Method:
1. Divide the class in groups of 5.

2. Form a number using number cards.

3. Write its number name.

4. Write its expanded form.

5. Write the place value of each digit.

The teacher will keep checking the work done by the groups.

25
2.2 Comparing Numbers

2.2a Able to sequence an arbitrary array of numbers in

ascending and descending order.
Ascending order

Ascending order is arranging numbers from smallest to biggest.

EXAMPLE

4278 4875 4923 4717

Since the digits at the thousandth place are same in all the
numbers, we compare the digits at the hundredth place.

Thus, the numbers in ascending order is,

4278 < 4717 < 4875 < 4923.

4278, 4717, 4875, 4923.

Descending order

Descending order means arranging numbers from biggest to smallest.

EXAMPLE

5234, 6271, 4234, 5172, 4871

Thus, the number in descending order is,

6271 > 5234 > 5172 > 4871 > 4234

6271, 5234, 5172, 4871, 4234.

Do You Know?
The reverse of ascending order is descending order.

26
 Exercise 2.2a

1. Write the following numbers in ascending order.

a) 7631, 9987, 7634, 5436, 8918

b) 4096, 3096, 3099, 2473, 3172

c) 5201, 5627, 4325, 9999, 9801

2. Write the following numbers in descending order.

a) 3435, 3670, 139, 3267, 6544.

b) 2785, 3605, 2782, 236, 9801.

c) 6998, 6987, 6898, 7801, 8979.

3. Choose the correct milestone and place it.

(a) 495 (b) 0

KM KM

Activity

1. Write the total number of students class wise in your school.

Write them in ascending and descending orders.

27
2. From place To place Approximate Distance in km
Chennai Pondicherry 132
Chennai Hyderabad 511
Chennai Kolkata 1363
Chennai Delhi 1757
Chennai Mumbai 1025
Chennai Guwahati 1891

Locate it in the map and find out feasible way to travel to all the
places.

a) Beginning with the shortest place, plan your route.

b)  Beginning with the longest place, plan your travel route.

c)  Which place do you reach in shorter time on road?

d)  Which place will take longer time for you to reach on rail?

e)  Can you guess, between __________ and __________ the

ticket fare would be the least?

2.2b F
 orming the smallest and the largest numbers
using the given digits.

1. To write the smallest number using the given digits only once.

a) When none of the digits is zero, we arrange the digits in

ascending order and form the number.

EXAMPLE

The smallest 4 digit number using the digits

4, 2, 9 and 7 is 2479

28
 b) When one of the digits is zero, we arrange the digits
in ascending order and put zero at second place from
extreme left while forming the number.

EXAMPLE

The smallest 4 digit number using the digits

1, 7, 5, 0 is 1057.

2. To write the greatest number using the given digits only once,
we arrange the digits in descending order and form the number.

EXAMPLE

The greatest 5 digit number using the

digits 5, 1, 7 and 9 is 9751.

Exercise 2.2b

1. Form the greatest and smallest numbers using the given digits
only once.

Digits Greatest number Smallest number

a 1, 4, 3, 7
b 5, 0, 9, 3
c 6, 7, 1, 5
d 3, 2, 0, 9
e 7, 3, 2, 8
f 4, 6, 0, 2
g 9, 1, 4, 0

29
2. circle the smallest number and tick () the greatest number:

a) 2715, 2175, 2517, 2157, 2275

b) 6238, 2386, 3862, 8623, 9378

c) 9345, 9646, 3408, 1425, 2000

d) 5931, 1370, 4000, 2000, 3000

e) 6000, 7000, 5000, 4000, 9000

f) 2468, 4279, 5090, 7906, 6270

g) 7692, 8296, 3241, 9276, 4291

2.3 Addition and subtraction

EXAMPLE

In a school, 1232 students travel by cycle, 2430 students travel by

school bus, and 1235 walk to the school. How many students
are there in the school?
In a school

No. of students travel by cycle = 1232

No. of students travel by school bus = 2 4 3 0 (+)
No. of students by walk = 1235
Total no. of students = 4897

30
 Exercise 2.3

1) Fill in the boxes.

 i 4634 + = 4634

ii 2134 + 1 =

iii 5349 + 0 =

iv 1435 + 1923 = 1923 +

v 3457 + = 3458

2) Add
(i) Th H T O (ii) Th H T O
3 2 5 4 2 1 3 5
+ 1 4 2 4 + 3 3 4 2

(iii) Th H T O (iv) Th H T O
3 7 6 2 1 4 3 3
+ 3 1 3 7 + 4 5 5 2

3. Add: 2713 + 104 + 1172 + 6010

4. A man visited a furniture shop. He bought a bed for Rs 2100,

a dining table for Rs 3500, and six chairs for Rs 4200. How
much money did he pay to the shop keeper?

5. Create word problem for the addition facts given below.

(a)  3094 + 7923 = 11,017 (b)  8309 = 2309 +

31
6. Create addition stories using the pictures and numbers given
below.

(a)

(b) Child birth between 2017 and 2018 are given below
District Children
Urban 1032
Trichy
Rural 2030

Urban 1205
Ariyalur
Rural 4097

Urban 2104
kanchipuram
Rural 4034

Urban 1430
Chennai
Rural 1023

(a)

(b)

7.  Fill in the circles using 1400, 1500, 1600,1700,1800 and 1900 so
that the three numbers along each line add up to 5000.

5000

32
8. Fill in the box with a number 1732

2051

?
2.3a Adding 4 digit Numbers with regrouping
(sum should not exceed 10000)

EXAMPLE

1. Add: Find the sum of 1957, 2376 and 4697

Th H T O
2 2 2
+ 1 9 5 7
2 3 7 6
4 6 9 7
Sum = 9 0 3 0

Activity

Write the missing numbers

(i) Th H T O (ii) Th H T O

2 1 7 3 3 9 7

2 3 2 4 4

1 9 7 7 1

8 3 7 4 9 2 7 6

33
 Exercise 2.3a

1. Write the following numbers in vertical order and add.

a) 216, 3422, 4019, 497

b) 1002, 2347, 1976, 2005, 2007

c) 1978, 1965, 2704, 473

2. Add the total amount of the following 4 piggy banks.

Rs 978 Rs 3796 Rs 2374 Rs 1957

3. The sum of 1215 + 2367 + 1673 + 3120 = ______

a) 8585 b) 8225 c) 8375 d) 8285

4. 2076 + 276 + 2974 + 1751 =

a) 9561 b) 7077 c) 7377 d)  none of these

5. What is the sum of five hundreds and fifteen tens?

a) 650 b) 550 c) 5150 d) 6150

6. The sum of the greatest 3 digit number and the smallest 4

digit number is

a) 1999 b) 1099 c) 1990 d) 9999

7. 9999 + 1 = ________

a) 10,000 b) 1000 c) 1001 d) 10001

34
8 In a village the number of males is 4154 and the number of
females is 4221. Find the total population in the village?
9 A refrigerator costs Rs 6543 and a DVD player costs Rs 3412.
What is the total cost?

2.3b Subtraction without Regrouping.

Let us Know
When 0 is subtracted from a number, the difference is the
number itself.

When a number is subtracted from itself, the difference is 0.

EXAMPLES
Subtraction without grouping
1) Th H T O Step1: Subtract the ones
9 8 6 5 Stet 2: Subtract the tens
− 2 3 3 4 Step3 : Subtract the hundreds
7 5 3 1 Step4: Subtract the thousands

2) Roja‛s monthly income is Rs 8950. She spends Rs 6750 and

saves the rest. How much does she save?

Solution: Th H T O
Monthly income = 8 9 5 0
She spends = − 6 7 5 0
She saves = 2 2 0 0

She saves Rs 2200.

Exercise 2.3b
1) 9 7 6 4 2) 7 9 8 6 3) 4 7 8 5
− 3 4 2 3 − 4 5 2 4 − 2 4 6 2

35
2.3c Subtraction with Regrouping.

EXAMPLES

1. Subtract 3285 from 5657

Step: 1
Arrange the numbers in columns as shown below.

TH H T O
Step 1: It is not possible to
5 6 5 7 subtract 8 tens from 5 tens.
− 3 2 8 5 So, borrow 1 hundred from the
hundreds column.

Step 2: 6 hundreds = 5
Step: 2 hundreds + 1 hundred. Transfer
Subtract column wise. 1 hundred to the tens place.
1 hundred = 10 tens. So,
TH H T O 10 tens + 5 tens = 15 tens.
5 15
Step 3: Now subtract 2
5 6 5 7 hundreds from 5 hundreds.

− 3 2 8 5 Step 4: Then 3 thousand

from 5 thousand.
2 3 7 2

5657 - 3285 = 2372

2. 
The sum of two numbers is 4204,one number is 1207. Find the
other number.
Th H T O
Solution:
9
3 11 10 14
Sum of two number = 4204 1
4 2 0 4
One number = 1207
− 1 2 0 7
Other number = 2997 2 9 9 7

36
 Exercise 2.3c
A. Subtract

1. TH H T O 2. TH H T O
3 4 4 5 4 9 6 5
− 1 3 4 8 − 2 4 4 6

3. TH H T O 4. TH H T O
6 5 7 0 8 9 5 3
− 3 3 9 7 − 5 9 6 4

B. Find the difference between given numbers.

a)  4352 and 5020 c)  2526 and 8431

b)  1438 and 3370 d)  3361 and 9000

C. Answer the following questions.

1. The sum of two numbers is 7036, one number is 3168.
Find the other number.
2. A man had Rs 9200 in the bank. He withdrew Rs 2756. How
much money does he have in the bank now?
D. Create the subtraction story problems for the details given
below.
  a)  1997 – 1968 c)

b)

37
 (a)

(b)

(c)

Activity Number puzzle

Solve the subtraction problems. Now write the differences. One
has been done for you.
TH H T O
8 11 6 16
9 1 7 6
(−) 3 5 5 8
5 6 1 8

TH H T O TH H T O TH H T O
2 3 5 3 1 2 2 8 9 6 3 0
− 1 9 0 1 − 2 8 6 − 1 5 9 0

TH H T O TH H T O TH H T O
4 8 0 0 6 5 8 9 9 8 5 4
− 3 1 6 2 − 5 8 0 6 − 3 6 4 4
1 6 3 8

TH H T O TH H T O TH H T O
1 8 6 9 5 4 5 6 9 2 2 3
− 1 3 7 9 − 1 3 2 5 − 3 8 9 9

38
 UNIT-3 PATTERNS

3.1 Patterns in shapes

Observing shapes sequence from Kaleidoscope.

is
Kaleidoscope "Kaleidoscope"
e
derived from th
word
Ancient Greek
l,
(kalos) "beautifu
beauty", (eidos)
"that which is
seen: form,
peō),
A kaleidoscope consists of a tube shape"and (sko
containing mirrors and pieces of coloured "to look to, to
e
glass or paper, whose reflections produce examine", henc
changing patterns when the tube is rotated. "observation of
beautiful forms.

39
 Activity

Colour the given picture Complete the picture

Identifying the patterns in a sequence of shapes.

EXAMPLES

1.

2.
           

3.

Exercise 3.1
Fill in the shapes.
1.

2.

3.

40
 4.

5.

Let us Know
Spirograph is a mathematical toy which can be used for
drawing pattern
Do your self
1. Draw a spirograph by using bottle caps
2. Draw a spirograph by using scale

3.2 Patterns in numbers

Identify the patterns in multiplication and
division (multiples of 9).

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100

The multiples of 6 is coloured in orange for you.

Similarly, Colour the multiples of 5 in blue, Multiples of 9 in

Red, Multiples of 10 in Green, Multiples of 11 in Pink.

41
 Let us Know
Multiply any number by 9, the sum of all the digits of the
product is 9.

Example:1 Example:2 Example:3

84 x 9 = 756 43 x 9 = 387 123 x 9 = 1107
7 +5 + 6 = 18 3 +8 + 7 = 18 1 +1 + 0 + 7 = 9
=1+8 =1+8
=9 =9

Activity

Make patterns based on the multiples of 9.

multiple of 9 Product Sum of all the digits of product
9x9 81 8+1=9
81 x 9 729 7 + 2 + 9 = 18 = 1 + 8 = 9
__ x 9
__ x 9
__ x 9

__ x 9

Remember:
If the sum of all digits of a number is 9 or divisible by 9, then
the number is called multiple of 9.

Do you know

12345679x 9 =111111111
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 x 18 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 x 27 = 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 x 36 = 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 x 45 = 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

42
3.2.a Cast out nines from a given number to check if it is a
multiple of nine.

EXAMPLE

Is 46908 multiple of 9?
46908 = 4+6+0+8
= 18
=1+8
=9

Let us Know
Any number or combination of digits in that number
which add to 9 can be cast out from the given number.
Then the sum of remaining digits of the number is
divisible by 9 or multiple of 9.

In addition problem, we can check the sum by casting out nines.

EXAMPLE 1

Check the following numbers whether it is a multiple of 9 or not

24689 = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 = 20 (It's not a multiple of 9.)
9108 = 0 (It's a multiple of 9.)
3165 = 1 + 5 = 6 (It's not a multiple of 9.)

EXAMPLE 2
Check the addition fact
3356 + 4729 = 8085
3356 + 4729 = 8085
8 + 4 = 21
12 = 21
1 + 2 = 2+1
3 = 3

43
 In subtraction problem, we can check the difference by
casting out nines method.
(Remember that subtraction is nothing more than addition
in reverse).

EXAMPLE
Let us Know
4897 - 2186 = 2711
Think of a two digit number say
4897 - 2186 = 2711 52, then subtract the reverse
19 - 8 = 2 of its digits, 25 from 52.
10 - 8 = 2 Difference = 52 - 25 = 27
2 = 2
27 is a multiple of 9.

Activity

Number Reverse Number Difference Sum of the digits

92 29 92 - 29 = 63 6+3=9
14 - =27
- 38
17 5+4=9

Exercise 3.2
1. Circle the multiples of 9 (by using casting out nine).

a) 9443 b) 1008 c) 24689 d) 23769 e) 13476

2. Circle the correct addition fact (by using casting out nine).

a) 4355 + 5369 = 9724

b) 7632 + 2213 = 9845
c) 6023 + 3203 = 9220
d) 2436 + 5315 = 7701

44
3. Circle the correct subtraction fact (by using casting out nine).
a) 7420 - 3625 = 3795 c) 6732 - 4361 = 2371
b) 2362 - 632 = 1720 d) 3264 - 1063 = 2200
3.2.b   To check any multiplication problem using the casting out
of nines method.

EXAMPLE Note:
Cross out
Multiplicand Multiplier Product the 9 and
components
3 2 7 X 4 2 = 13734 of 9.
3 4 + 2 = 1+3+7+3+4
3 X 6 = 18

18 = 18

1 + 8 = 1+8

9 = 9

In division problem, we can check the quotient by costing out

nines method.
(Remember that division is nothing more than the reverse of
multiplication).

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

EXAMPLE

525 ÷ 15 = 35
↓↓ ↓↓ ↓↓ Note:
5 + 2 + 5  1 + 5  = 3 + 5 If the problem has
12 ÷ 6 = 8 remainder, we will
subtract it from the
12 = 8 × 6
Dividend.
12 = 48
12 = 12
1 + 2 = 1 + 2
3 = 3

45
 Exercise 3.2b
1. C
 ircle the correct multipliction fact (by using casting out nine
method).

a) 312 × 36 = 11232 c) 132 × 43 = 5676

b) 723 × 24 = 17508
2. Circle the correct division fact (by using casting out nine method).

a) 728 ÷ 4 = 182 c) 7785 ÷ 9 = 865

b) 1580 ÷ 20 = 78
Able to identify patterns in multiplication and division by 10s
and 100s.

EXAMPLES

10 ÷ 2 = 5
57 × 10 = 570
100 ÷ 2 = 50
57 × 100 = 5700
1000 ÷ 2 = 500
9 × 400 = 3600
10000 ÷ 2 = 5000
80 × 700 = 56000

Activity 1

x 200 x3 x 10 x9

3→ 60 → 7 → 20 →
2→ 200 → 60 → 400 →

4→ 30 → 6→ 30 →

5→ 500 → 100 → 500 →

     

46
 Activity 2

Complete the following.

a. 54 ÷ 9 = 6 b. 540 ÷ 9 = 60

c. 5400 ÷ 9 = d.  ÷ 9 = 6000

Exercise 3.3
  Fill in the blanks.
i. 90, 180, 270, , , .
ii. Z90, A81, Y72, B63, , , .
  Circle the multiples of 9

25, 27, 35, 36, 45, 46, 54, 55

  Complete the following sequence.

1. 125, 150, 175, , , .

2. 100, 400, 700, , , .

3. A100 C300 E50

4. 200 400 600

D Complete the following sequence.

1. 9 × 6 = 54

9 × 66 = 594

9 × 666 = 5994

9 × 6666 = 5 4

9 × 666666 =

47
2. 9 × 111 = 999 9 × 222 = 1998

9 × 333 = 2997 9 × 444 =

9 × 555 = 9 × 666 =

E   Answer the following questions.

1. The school bell rings once in an hour, to indicate that the session
ends/next session begins. And for break, it will be 20 minutes.
Shall we try to fill this up.

Here is the time table.

Period 1 Period 2 Break Period 3 Period 4 Break Period 5 Period 6

9:00 10:00 11:00 2:40

2. Imagine you are a traffic inspector. You are asked to design the
traffic signal timings.Can you design it?

Red Yellow/orange Green Red Green

7:30 am

3. A city is planned in such a way that every 5km has a circle and
has 4 signals around.

So, can you guess where the signals and circle are there?
How many signals are needed for a 20 km distance?

F  Create a magic square by using multiples of 10, 20,

30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90.

Try This
20 90 40
70 50 30 150 Create magic squares by using,
60 10 80 1. Multiples of nine
150 2. Multiples of hundred

48
 UNIT-4 MEASUREMENTS

4.1 Understand relationship between metre

and centimetre.

Introduction

Children can measure their foot size and find out the slipper size.
Or sleeve size of their shirt, then children go around find out whose
sleeve is the shortest and whose is the longest. Or leg size and find
out whose pant/trouser is the longest. Or shoulder measurement of
their friends.

1 2 3 4

49
Kavitha accompanied her friends to the festival shop. They all got a lot
of stuff. They came back home and then talked about them.
Kavitha : I bought a ribbon. Mala what did you buy?
Mala : I bought a cricket bat. Mary, please show your toy.
Mary : I bought a toy train.
Sharmila : See friends. I have a beautiful toy car
Banu : My favouite toy lorry was very attractive
Kavitha : All the toys are very nice. Let us measure our toys.
Which is the longest among them?
Let’s measure the length of toys and ribbon.
Kavitha measures her Ribbon.

80 cm

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Mala measures her Toy bat.

25 cm

10 20 30 40

Mary measures her Toy train.

20 cm

10 20 30

Teacher can help the children to use the ruler. Whether it should
begin from zero or 1? Also tell why do we measure from zero.

50
Sharmila measures her Toy car.
Centimetre can be
written as “cm”

We use scale to
measure small
7 cm length. Play ground,
Classroom height
are measured by
5
tape.

Banu measures her Toy lorry.

25 cm

10 20 30

Activity

Ask the children to measure the following things and complete the
table given below.

S. NO Things Approximate length Correct length

51
 4

Children can you measure the tip of the following things by using the ruler?

Yes, the measurement between 0 and 1 is 0.5.

0.5
10 millimetre = 1 centimetre
100 centimetre = 1 metre
0 1
1000 m = 1 Kilometre
= 1 cm
5
1000 metre = 1 kilometre
1 mile = 1.6 kilometre
0 1

= 10 millimetre Think it..

How can you measure the
distance between villupuram
and cuddalore?
Group Activity

Ask the children to measure the length of the following things.

a. Black board b.  Cupboard c.  Table d.  Wallclock e. Classroom

52
4.2 Conversion of Metre into Centimetre.

EXAMPLES

1. Convert 5 m into cm
1m = 100 cm
5 m = 5 x 100 cm
5 m = 500 cm
Note:
e
2. Convert 13 m into cm To convert metr
s
13 m = 13 x 100 cm into centimetre
n
13 m = 1300 cm. multiply the give
number by 100
3. Convert 4 m 35 cm into cm

Step: 1 Step: 2 Another Method

4 m = 4 x 100 cm 400 cm 4 m 35 m = 4 x 100 + 35 cm

+ 35 cm = 400 + 35
4 m 35 cm = 435 cm
435 cm

4 m 35 cm = 435 cm

4.3   Conversion of Centimetre into Metre.

EXAMPLES

1. Convert 700 cm into metre 100cm = 1m

700 ÷ 100 = 7 m
700 cm = 7 m
2. Convert 536 cm into metre
536 cm = 500 cm + 36 cm
= (500 ÷ 100) + 36 cm
= 5 m + 36 cm
536 cm = 5 m 36 cm

53
 Activity

1.
Metre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Centimetre 100 200 300

2. Using the metre scale, find the length of the classroom door and
change the metre into centimetre.

Exercise 4.1
Convert into centimetre Convert into metre
1. 3 m =  ____ cm 1. 600 cm =  ____ m
2. 37 m =  ____ cm 2. 3600 cm =  ____ m
3. 5 m  9 cm =  ____ cm 3. 647 cm =  ____ m
4. 7 m  35 cm =  ____ cm 4. 304 cm =  ____ m

Addition and subtraction of measures

Addition without Regrouping

EXAMPLE

Add 21 m 45 cm and 68 m 23 cm.

m cm step.1 Start from cm :(45+23) cm = 68 cm

21 45 write 68 under the Centimetre column.
+ 68 23 Step.2 Then add m : 21 m + 68 m = 89 m
89 68
Write 89 under the metre column.

21 m 45 cm + 68 m 23 cm = 89 m 68 cm

54
Addition with Regrouping

EXAMPLE
Add 34 m 91 cm + 25 m 42 cm
m cm Step: 1 Start from cm
1 1
91 cm + 42 cm = 133 cm
34 91 In 133 cm, write 33 under cm
column and then add this 1 cm to
+ 25 42 the metre column.
60 33 Step: 2 Add 1 m + 34 m + 25 m = 60 m

34 m 91 cm + 25 m 42 cm = 60 m 33 cm

Exercise 4.2
Add the following.
1. 2. 3.
m cm m cm m cm
41 29 70 23 35 08
+ 26 75 + 31 45 + 29 26

4. 5. 6.
m cm m cm m cm
53 45 51 30 60 45
+ 34 68 + 21 12 + 24 75

Subtraction without Regrouping

EXAMPLE
Subtract 18 m 24 cm from 48 m 36 cm
m cm
48 36 step: 1 Subtract centimetre column
(36-24) = 12 cm
- 18 24
step: 2 Subtract metre column
30 12 48-18 = 30 m

55
Subtraction with Regrouping

EXAMPLE
Subtract 73 m  44 cm – 54 m  75 cm
m cm
75 cm cannot be subtracted from 44 cm. So take
72 144 1m from 73 m and then add with 44 we get 100 +
73 44 44 = 144 cm.
- 54 75 step: 1 144 cm -75 cm = 69 cm
18 69 step: 2 72 cm -54 cm = 18 cm

Exercise 4.3
Subtract the following
1. 2. 3.
m cm m cm m cm
93 25 38 90 75 22
- 20 12 - 26 60 - 56 35

4. 5. 6.
m cm m cm m cm
27 81 38 90 75 22
- 16 94 - 26 60 - 56 35

EXAMPLE

Mala bought 18 m 73 cm of Green ribbon and 27 m 65 cm of red ribbon
for decorating the hall. What is the total length of the ribbon?

Answer: m cm
1 1
Length of the Green ribbon =
18 73
Length of the red ribbon =
+ 27 65
Total length of the ribbon = 46 38

Total length of the ribbon is 46 m 38 cm.

56
 EXAMPLE

 atha purchased 42 m 52 cm rope and she used 17 m 15 cm

L
rope to tie a ponny. What is the remaining length of the rope
she had?

Answer: m cm
3 12 4 12
Rope purchased = 42 52

Rope given to ponny = - 17 15

Remaining rope = 25 37

Remaining length of the rope is 25 m 37 cm.

Life Oriented Problems

Exercise 4.4
1.  eenu bought 15 m 43 cm of shirt material and 23 m 94 cm of
D
trouser material. Find the total material bought by him.
2. A fisherman bought 2 nets. The length of first and second nets
are 23 m 43 cm and 25 m 63 cm. What is the total length of nets?
3. Agathiya bought 70 m 42 cm of wire to fence his garden. He used
only 43 m 51 cm of wire. Find the length of the remaining wire.
4. A shopkeeper sold 37 m 69 cm cloth out of 93 m 75 cm in stock.
How much stock is left with him?
5. At the fabric shop, I bought 125 metres of orange fabric and
50 metres of yellow fabric. I have used 13 metres of the orange
fabric and 12 metres of yellow fabric. How many metres of
fabric I have left in total?
6. Velu is 1 m 15 cm tall. Her friend Babu is 1 m 30 cm tall. Who is
taller and by how much?

57
4.4  Solving problem involving length and distances.

EXAMPLE

70 m 35 cm
The distance between two coconut trees is 70 m 35 cm.
Suthan walked from first tree to second tree.
Then he returned to first tree. How m cm
much distance did he cover?
1
Suthan went to 2nd tree = 70 35
Suthan returned to 1st tree = + 70 35
Total distance = 140 m  70 cm 140 70

Activity

Measure the height of any ten of your classmates and write in

centimetre.

Group Activity

To go from cuddalore to Chennai, which is the longest route? Find out

the distance of the same. Which is the shortest route? Find out the
shortest distance.

58
Similarly find the shortest distance between Madurai to Chennai,
Trichy to Coimbatore and Chennai to Coimbatore.

4.5 Estimation

Introduction

Estimating and measuring length and distance

We can estimate some lengths and distances using approximate values
for measurements. For example, one metre is approximately the
length from your shoulder to your toes, if you stand with your arm
outstretched.
Now let us try the following.
1. Distance between your place and black board.
2. Distance between table and cupboard.
3. Distance between HM room and play ground.

59
1. Look at the map and complete the following.

1. Distance between Meera’s house and the fruit shop ______.

2. Distance between Meera’s house and Meera’s uncle house ______.

3. Distance between Meera’s uncle house and market ______.

4. Distance between school and fruit shop _______.

5. Which place is the longest from Meera’s house _______.

6. Which place is the shortest from

Meera’s house _______.
7. Distance between Meera’s house and the School ______.

60
 Exercise 4.5
1. Convert into cm

a)  5 m b) 7 m c)  9 m d)  16 m

2. Convert into m

a)  6000 cm b)  4000 cm c)  13000 cm d)  17000 cm

3. Add

a.  m cm b.  m cm c.  m cm

4 75 25 53 48 72
+ 3 18 + 18 24 + 14 34

4. Subtract

a.  m cm b.  m cm c.  m cm

9 28 63 47 96 32
- 3 14 - 36 24 - 20 48

 5. Raju used 13 m 25 cm ribbon for making his project. If he had
bought 20 m of ribbon, How much ribbon is left with him?
 6. T
 he distance between bus stand and school is 81 m 40 cm and the
distance between school and temple is 20 m 10 cm. What is the
total distance from bus stand to temple ?
 7. Arul has a 4 metre long piece of wood. He wants to cut it into 2
equal lengths. How long should each piece be in millimetres?
 8. Amudha knows tailoring. She bought 10 metre long cloth. She
needs 4 curtains to be stitched. Each curtain's height is 160cm.
Would she be able to stitch all curtains? If some cloth is left
behind, how much would it be and could you please suggest her to
stitch something else?

61
 UNIT-5 TIME

5.1 Understand days and weeks

Recall
Teacher writes the days of a week in the Balloons and ask students
to hold the Balloons. Also ask the students to stand in order and join
their hands. Now let us sing the following song.

"Sun sun Sunday, let's have fun

WEDNESDAY
TUESDAY

FRIDAY

T-5
UNI E
TIM SATURDAY
Days

SUNDAY
&
THURSDAY

Ma ma Monday, morning is so cool,

Week
MONDAY

Tue tue Tuesday, tickle your friend,

Wae wae Wednesday, jump up high
Tha tha Thursday, reach the sky

Fa fa Friday, eat healthy to be strong.

WEDNESDAY
TUESDAY

T-5
FRIDAY

UNI E
TIM
SATURDAY

Days
SUNDAY

&
Sa sa Saturday, all sit down.
THURSDAY

Week
MONDAY

Let's get up, it's a new day

The earth goes round
Round and round
Around the sun
That is why all new days"!

62
 Exercise 5.1
Answer the following questions.
  Which is the first day of the week ?
  How many days do you come to school in a week? what are they?
  How many days are holidays in a week? what are they?
  Which is the third day of the week?
 nscramble the days given below and write the days of the
U
week in order.

 TRUSDAHAY
 DYARFI
 DSANUY
 NODMYA
 SDEUYAT
 NDWADSEYE
 YDASTAUR

Activity

1. Scatter cards with all month names. Ask the children to arrange it
in order and to write number of days in each month.
2.  Students should run in a circle. When the teacher says ‘FRIDAY’,
every student must go and stand in the space provided for Friday.

Let us do

Today is Monday
Find the days Tomorrow is Tuesday
Today is Friday
Tomorrow is ______

63
5.2 "Marking the dates"

2019 APRIL
Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30

Using the Calendar, Answer the following questions.

1.  Today's date is ________________

2.  What will be day after tomorrow?
3.  What was day before yesterday?
4.  What will be the date of next Friday?
5.  How many days are there in this month?
6. Month of March ends in day.
7.  what will be the day?
i).  4 days after 11th April -

ii).  7 days before 19th April –

Activity Birthday Calender

Write down the birthday of all your family members and answer it.
Name Ordinal Day Ordinal Month Year

a. Who is the oldest member of your family?

b. Who is the youngest?
c. What is the age difference between them?
d. When will you celebrate your 12th birthday?
64
5.3 Compute the number of weeks in a year.

The calendar shows days of a week and month of a year. We can

find the date of a particular day and a particular month from it.

Activity 1

Look at the current year calendar and fill the table

Festival Month Date Day
Pongal
Teacher’s day
Children’s day

1.  Which festival comes sooner from today?

2.  How many days/weeks are there yet from today?

3.  Which festival comes last?

4.  How many months are there in between first and last festival of
the year?

65
 Activity 2 Now let us find how many weeks are there in
a
year.
Fill the Boxes using the Calender 2019.
Sl No Name of the Numbers of days in Numbers of weeks
month the month and days
1 January 31 4 weeks  days
3
2 February 28 4 weeks  days
0
3 March 31 4 weeks  days
3

4 April 30 weeks  days

5 May 31 weeks  days

6 June 30 weeks  days

7 July 31 weeks  days

8 August 31 weeks  days

9 September 30 weeks  days

10 October 31 weeks  days

11 November 30 weeks  days

12 December 31 weeks  days
Total 365 48 weeks 29 days

EXAMPLE

52 1 week = 7 days
1 year = 365 days
7 365 1 year = 12 months
1 year = 52 weeks
-35
15
-14
Answer: 52 weeks in a year. 1

66
 Let us Know
Leap year occurs once in 4 years.
There are 366 days in a Leap year.

There are 52 weeks and two days in a Leap year.

Activity

Mention the three term holidays in school.

Dates Number of
Occasion
From to days

5.4 Correlate the number of days in a year with the number

of days in each month.
In a leap year
February has 29
Activity
days Why?

Complete the table.

Months having 31 days Months having 30 days

Try This

Find the months which have 30 days.

67
 Exercise 5.2
A. State True / False

1)  January is the fi rst month of the year.
2) March is in between September and November.
3) The last month of the year is July.
4) February has 30 days.
5) April is the successive month of may.
B. Write the missing month
1) June, __________, August, September.
2) March, April, __________, __________.
3) __________, October, November.

5.5. Read clock time to the nearest hours and minutes.

Introduction
Barathidasan was born on 2nd May 2018. Can you tell the following
questions children?
Teacher: How old is Barathidasan?
Student: ______________________
Teacher: How many months old is he?
Student: ______________________
Teacher: How many weeks old is he?
Student: ______________________
Teacher: How many hours old is he?
Student: ______________________

68
 Time

12
11 1
10 2

9 3

8 4
7 5
6

Look at the clock. It has the numbers from 1 to 12 on its face

it has three hands.

The shorter hands is Hour hand. Which hand

moves faster?
The longer hand is Minute‛s hand.
Red color hand is Second's hand.

Activity

Students are given a blank clock and recording sheet. They draw
hands on their clock (hour and minute) and leave it on their desk.
Music begins and the students dance around, moving from desk
to desk. When the music stops, students record whose desk they
stopped at and the time on their clock.
(Teacher's note: The teachers should make clock sheets
without hands as per the numberof students in the class).

69
 What is the
It is 2’o clock.
time now? 11 12 1
10 2
9 3
8 4
7 6 5

Activity
How many minutes can you take to do this activities in your home.

1.  Boiling 1 litre water 2.  Filling a Tub

3.  Cleaning your bed room

Let us Know

11 12 1 11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2 10 2
9 3 9 3 9 3
8 4 8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5 7 6 5

Quarter past 12 Half past 12 Quarter to 1

12:15 12:30 12:45

Reading the minutes

when will you
go to your 11 12 1
10 2
school? I will go to
9 3
8 4 school at
7 6 5 8:10AM
To the hour

Past the hour

70
 Exercise 5.3

Answer the following.

1.  When would you leave for school, from home?
2.  When would you reach your school?
3.  How much does it take for you to reach the school?
4.  If you delay by 10 minutes, when would you reach the school?
5. If you leave ahead by 5 minutes, when would you reach the
school.
6. If Ravi reaches school by 8:30 am and if Prabu reaches school
after 30 minutes, when did Prabu reach the school?

How long will it take the hour hand to move from.

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
From 9 3 To 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

11 12 1
10 2 11 12 1
10 2
From 9 3 To 9 3
8 4
7 8 4
6 5 7 6 5

11 12 1 11 12 1
10 2 10 2
From 9 3 To 9 3
8 4 8 4
7 6 5 7 6 5

Try This

Draw a clock which shows your birth time.

71
 UNIT-6 INFORMATION
PROCESSING

6.1 Systematic Listing

List down all possible things for a given category with

multiple conditions.

EXAMPLE

There are four cards

You have two colour pencils namely Black and White. Use these
colour pencils to write the name of each colour.

Show us all the possibilities of writing the names of the colour

such that each colour box should have names in each colour
pencil only once. One is done for you.

Red
Red

72
 EXAMPLE

5 3 7 1

How many two digit numbers can be created?

[without repeating numbers]

3 53 5 75

5 7 57 7 3 73

1 51 1 71

5 35 5 15

3 7 37 1 3 13

1 31 7 17

We Created 12 two digit numbers.

Activity

Finding out all the possible ways of dressing, using 2 pants,

4 shirts.

Red colour Pink colour Green colour Blue colour

shirt shirt shirt shirt

Grey colour pant Blue colour pant

73
 Do yourself

1. TEACHER Create 3 letter words using the given word

without "t" at the end.

Tea Car

2. 
Create 5 letter words using the given letters only once.

A D E G L M N R T

ANGER MEDAL

Try This

Frame a three letter word ending with 't'.

Exercise 6.1

1. 9 7 2 How many possible ways to write three digit

number without repeating these numbers?
2.  n a hotel, you have to choose a tiffin and a drink. Here is the
I
list.
Tiffin Drink
Idly Tea
Poori Coffee
Dosai Milk
Pongal

List the possible combinations systematically.

74
3. Kavin has four cards 9 7 4 6
a. List down all 3-digit numbers possible with these
cards (without repetition).
b. What is the largest 4-digit odd number that can be made
without repeating the numbers?
4.  here are 6 sprinters(an athlete who runs fast in short race). In
T
how many different ways 3 medals(Gold, silver and bronze) be
allocated?

6.2 Collect and represent data in the form of bar graphs.

Bar Graphs
Amirtha was given a task of maintaining record for stationery items
in her home. She started counting one by one but after a while she
lost her counting and worried. Then her friend Vani came to help her.
First she grouped the items. Say, pencils, erasers, rulers, text books,
notebooks, magazines, sharpener. Then Amirtha counted and wrote as
follows.

Stationery Stationery
Numbers Numbers
Items Items
Pencils 4 Notebooks 10
Erasers 2 Sharpener 1
Rulers 2 Magazines 25
Text books 18

Stationery
Magazines
Sharpener
Notebook
Textbooks
Rulers
Erasers
Pencils
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

75
 EXAMPLE

Kalavathi collected information about the favourite drinks of

her schoolmates and represent the data given below.
80
(i) The number of coffee drinkers _______ 70
60
(ii) Which has to be least drink _________ 50
40
30
(iii) Which drink they like most? 20
10
(a) Coffee (b) Tea (c) Milk 0
coffee tea milk

Try This

Draw a bar diagram for students using gas, Kerosene and fire
wood in their houses.

Exercise 6.2
1. Bar diagram of a students first term scores are given.
100

90

80

70

60
Marks

50

40

30

20

10

0
Tamil English Maths Science Social Science
Subjects

a. Which subject is the highest score ?

b. Which subject is the lowest score ?

c. Which subject is the same score ?

76
2. The score card of the players in a cricket match is given.

Player Name Score

Kannan 60
Rohit 40
Babu 50
Ramu 10

Draw a Bar diagram.

6.3 Representation of data in Pie-Chart

 Special chart that uses "Pie Slices" to show relative sizes of
A
data is called Pie-Chart.

EXAMPLE

Draw a pie – chart for the given Answer

data.

There are 60 students in a class.

Students take breakfast in the Poori
restaurant. The half of the students Idly
eat idly. The remaining half of the
students eat poori and half of the Dosai
students eat Dosai.

Try This

Answer the following questions by using given data.

1. Number of people who speak Tamil _______.

2. Number of people who speak English ______.

3. Number of people who speak Malayalam _______.

4. Number of people who speak Telugu _______.

77
 Malayalam
20
Telugu Tamil
10 50

English
20

Activities

1.  Draw a pie – chart for family Budget of food, bus fare and other
expenses.
2.  Draw a pie - chart for favourite fruits of your friends.

Exercise 6.3

1. Write down the percentage of Content in human body from the

given pie – chart.

Other
16%

Protein Water
24% 60%

2. The number of varieties of ice creams in an ice creame parlour is

given below as a pie - chart. Answer the following questions.

Pista
30
Venila
50

Chocolate
20

78
 1. How many varieties of Ice creams are there? _____.

2. Find the number of Venila Ice creams ______.

3. Find the total number of Chocolate and Pista Ice cream_______.

4. Find the total number of Ice creams _______.

3. In a class of 30 children, absentees record was presented in a

graph.

25
Number of Absentees

20

15

10

0
January to march April to June July to September October to December
Months

1. In which month there are more absentees? Can you guess the
reasons?

2. In which month there are less absentees? Discuss the reasons.
4. Draw a pie-chart for the favourite sweets of your family
members.

5. Collect information about the favourite pets of your

classmates. Draw bar-graph and pie-chart for the same data.

79
SCIENCE
FIRST TERM
 Index

Unit Topic Page No

1 My Body 82

2 Matter and Materials 95

3 Work and Energy 103

4 Science in Everyday Life 113

E-Book Evaluation Digi Link

 Unit
My Body 1

Learning Objectives
After learning this lesson, the students will be able to
 identify and describe the internal organs of humans
 list the main functions of the internal organs
 differentiate the types of teeth
 appreciate the importance of oral health
 become aware of good touch and bad touch

Let us Recall

There are some body parts hidden in the table below. Can you spot them?

Y A M Y E R D

H C L Q A I L

A P K S R P E

N O S E S H G

D O H E A D H

I. Internal organs

There are some body parts we can see such us eyes, nose, ears, hands and legs
that we can see. Such parts that we can see are called external organs.
There are some body parts such us stomach,lungs and heart that are inside our
body. We are unable to see them. These body parts are called internal organs.
Let us learn more about these parts now.

82
 1.Brain

Brain is an important organ of our body and it

is protected by the skull. It has three main parts
namely:
1. Fore Brain
2. Mid brain
3. Hind Brain

Brain is the commanding centre of our body and it

helps us to think and perform various actions. Every action that we do like moving our
hands, sitting or walking is possible only because of our brain.

The human brain weighs about 1.3 kg.

Try to Answer
1. ___________ ( Nose / Brain) is an internal organ.

2. We can see the internal body parts ( True / False).

Let us Play

Memory Chain - A Brain Game (Teacher led activity)

How to play?
1. Make students to sit in a circle.
2. Place a tray with picture cards of different body parts and an empty tray.

3. Now ask a student to pick a card and name the body part and put the card in the
other tray.

83
4. Call the next student. Ask him to pick another card and name the first and the
second card.

5. Next student picks a card and tells the name of the first two cards and the new card.

6. In the same way, all the students take the cards one by one and tell the names in the
previous cards and the name of the new card also.

2. Lungs

Lungs are a pair of spongy, sac-like organs

located in the chest. They help us to breath.
• When we breath in, we take in oxygen from air
through the nose and pass it to the lungs. The
lungs expands (becomes big) in the position.

• When we breath out, we give out carbon dioxide

from the lungs through the nose into the air.
The lungs contract (becomes small) in the
position.

Let us Play

Bigger and smaller

(Teacher gives balloons to all the children)
Teacher : Blow the balloon... What do you see?
Students : It becomes bigger.
Teacher : Like this, when we breath in, the lungs become bigger. If you let the air
out from the balloon, what will happen?
Students : The balloon becomes small.
Teacher : Yes, like this, when we breath out air, the lungs become smaller.
The lungs act like two balloons inside our chest. As we draw air into the breathing
system, the lungs get bigger as they are filled with air. When you breath out, air is
pushed out of the lungs and they get smaller.

3. Stomach

Stomach is a ‘J‛ shaped bag found below the lungs. It breaks

down food items and gives us energy. It contains special juice to
breakdown food into energy.

84
 4.Heart

Our heart is the pumping organ. It

pumps blood to all parts of the body. It lies
in between the lungs almost in the centre
of the chest. It is made up of muscles.

More to know
The heart beats about 72 times in a minute.

Let us Make
Stethoscope
Things we need: Flexible tube, Small funnel,
Duct tape, Medium-size balloon and Scissor
Steps to construct:
1. Put the small end of the funnel at both ends
of the flexible tube tightly.
2. Tape the funnel and the tube using duct
tape.
3. Inflate the balloon to stretch it out.
4. Let the air out and then cut the neck
of the balloon.
5. Stretch the remaining part of the
balloon tightly over the open end of
the funnel, tape it in place.
6. Place the funnel end of the stethoscope on the heart and the other funnel
near your ear.
7. Can you listen to the sound of the heart?

5. Kidneys

We have two kidneys. They are bean shaped organs.

The kidneys purify blood by filtering excess water
and toxins.

85
Try to Answer
Match the following.
1. Pair of spongy sac - Stomach
2. ‘J‛ shaped bag - Kidney
3. Filters excess water - Brain
4. Command centre - Heart
5. Pumps blood - Lungs

More to know
Exactly half of a single kidney is capable of doing the job that is
performed by two kidneys together.

6. Bones and Muscles

Our body is made up of bones

and muscles. Press your upper
arms. The portion that feel hard
to touch is the bone. The portion
that feels soft to touch is the
muscle.
The bones give us shape.
They are the frame for our body
and allow us to jump, run or just
lie down. Bones also protect the
internal parts of the body.
Muscles are the soft parts that
cover our bones. They help us to
move different parts of our body
by tightening or loosing, like a
rubber band.
In order to maintain healthy
bones we need to have healthy
food, such as milk, cheese and
eggs. For strong muscles, we need
to exercise and stay active.

86
 Babies are born with 300 bones but by
adulthood the number is reduced to 206.

Amazing Fact

17 muscles are functioning while smiling and 43

while frowning.
So smile and save energy!

Let us Take care

If you care for your,

Brain - Sleep for eight hours
Heart - Avoid fatty food
Stomach - Eat healthy food on time
Kidney - Drink more water
Bone and Muscles - Exercise regularly

The human body has more than 600 muscles.

The longest bone is thigh bone.
The smallest bone is stapes in ear.
The longest muscle is in the thigh.

Let us Do
Muscle Activity: How our muscles send information to our brain?
Things we need: 2 large plastic cups, Large bag of rice or beans.
Activity
• Blindfold your partner
• Have your partner hold one cup in each hand.
• Take the cups back and add a small amount of beans or rice to
one cup.
• Return the cups to your partner‛s hands. Ask him whether they
weigh more.
• If your partner says one is heavier, ask him which one?
• Here we understand that weight difference felt by the muscles was sent to the
brain as message.

87
 II. External organs

1. Teeth and its Types

The teeth are the hardest parts in our body. They are helpful for cutting and
chewing the food. The teeth are found inside our mouth.

We develop two sets of teeth in our lifetime.

1. Milk teeth: The first set of teeth starts to develop from the age of
six months. They are called milk teeth and they are 20 in number. At
the age of 6 or 7 the second set of teeth grow after milk teeth fall.
2. Permanent Teeth: Second set of teeth are called permanent
teeth. There are four types of teeth: Incisors, Canines, Premolars
and Molars. If permanent teeth fall, we cannot grow one more set
of teeth. So, it is important to take care of our teeth. There are
32 permanent teeth.

2. Importance of Oral Health

As we learnt, it is important to take care of our teeth and also our mouth. If you
do not care of your mouth and teeth,you will have problems with eating and speaking.

3. Healthy Mouth

It is important to take care of our teeth and mouth. Brushing teeth, eating
healthy food and regular dental checkup keep us healthy. We should brush our teeth
twice a day.

4. Foods for Healthy Mouth and Teeth

• Take plenty of fruits,

vegetables and dairy
products.
• Drink water or milk
instead of sugary juices.
• Eat candy, cake and ice
cream as less as possible.

88
 5. Taking Care of Mouth and Teeth

• Change toothbrush once in every three months.

• Avoid sticky food.
• Brush twice a day. (After getting up and before going to bed)
• Rinse your mouth with water every time after you eat.

6. Neem Toothbrush

Researchers believe that use of neem

toothbrushes is the reason behind the bright
smiles and healthy teeth of Indian villagers.
Indians traditionally chew neem twigs to keep their
gums and teeth healthy.

Try to Answer
Tick () the foods that are good for your teeth and
cross (x) the food that are bad for your teeth.

89
 III. Good Touch, Bad Touch and Don‛t Touch

Try to Answer Is it Good touch or Bad touch? Why?

A B
“Good touch” and “Bad touch” are the words most commonly used to explain what
touch is okay and what is not okay. This helps us to understand when to tell a safe
person about bad touch and ask for help. “Good touch” is a touch that cares for us or
makes us feel safe. “Bad touch” is any touch that we don‛t want or makes us feel scare.
Let us learn how to keep ourself safe.

Activities related to Good Touch:

• Parents‛ hug and kisses.

• Father pats you on the head.

• Friendly hugs by family members.

• Shaking hands.

Activities related to bad touch:

• Touching the buttocks and other private
parts.
• Hitting, slapping, spitting, pushing or
punching, kissing.
• Activities that make you feel scared or
nervous or ashamed.
• Dirty talk and dirty pictures.

MY BODY IS MY OWN. I never allow others to

misuse it.

Never be afraid to shout and say “Don‛t touch

me”.

It is never your fault.

90
If you receive a bad touch, you must

Say “Don‛t touch” Leave the spot Tell elders (like parents or
in a loud voice. quickly. teacher) till you get help.

Students must be taught that offenders might resort to the fol-

lowing “Dirty Tricks”

• Your mother is admitted in the hospital. So, I have

come to take you there.
• Could you please accompany me and guide me to reach
this address?
• Tempting you with gifts or money.
• Distracting you with the promise of sweets or food.
• Offering to play ‘doctor game‛ and ‘hide and seek‛ game
trying to touch you under that pretext.
• Pretending to show great concern for you.

Safety tips every child should know:

• Tell everything to your parents especially to mother.
• Don‛t share address and phone numbers with strangers.
• Don‛t answer the phone or open the door without an
adult‛s presence.
• Never eat anything you get from strangers.
• Have emergency telephone number.

91
 For teacher / parents:
How to prevent sexual abuse and what are the signs of
sexual abuse?
• Behaviour of the child to be watched.
• Depressed and withdrawn from their peer group.
• Moving away from a particular individual, excessive
dependence, decline in learning and dominant behaviour.
• Self-destructive behaviour.
• Internet can cause adverse impact.

Try to Answer
Look at the pictures and write ‘Good Touch‛ or ‘Bad Touch‛.

92
 Evaluation

I Pick out the odd one.

1. heart, legs, brain, kidney

2. eyes, ears, fingers, lungs
3. fore brain, mid brain, hind brain, nerves

II Complete the figure with words given in the bracket.

(Kissing on the mouth, Grand parents‛ love, Hitting the buttocks,

Pat of dad on head, Parent‛s hug and kisses, Showing awkward pictures)

T
o
Good u Bad

c
h

III Find the answers from the following clues and circle the words.
(First one is done for you)

i. An internal organ.
ii. Organ that helps us to breath.
iii. An organ removing wastes from our body.
iv. Unfair and unhealthy touch.
v. Everyday we should drink more ____________.

H B O U V L S W

C E R B R U M A

A Y A W Q N O T

P D C R A G U E

O X Y U T S T R

K I D N E Y H Z

B A D T O U C H

93
IV Say true or false.
1. Head, hand and legs are internal organs.
2. Heart is made up of muscles.
3. Muscles are the soft parts that cover our bones.
4. Brush your teeth once a day.
5. Father patting you on your head is a good touch.

V Choose the correct answer.

1. ____________ is the commanding centre of our body.
a) Heart b) Lungs c) Kidney d) Brain
2. Food is converted to energy in the ____________.
a) neck b) heart c) stomach d) nose
3. Every day we should brush our teeth ____________ times.
a) one b) two c) three d) four
4. Good touch is a fair and ____________ touch.
a) unhealthy b) bad c) unsafe d) healthy
5. Drink a lot of ____________ every day.
a) oil b) water c) packed juice d) salt water

VI Answer the following questions in one or two sentences.

1. Name the internal organs.
2. What are the functions of brain?
3. List out the food items for healthy mouth and teeth.
4. How will you take care of your heart and kidney?
5. What do you do when some one touches you and you feel uncomfortable?

VII Think and answer.

1. When an unknown person disturbs you, how do you behave? Write in your own
words.
2. Which organ controls thinking, speaking and learning. Write its three important
parts.

VIII Project
1. Make a model of lungs with the help of locally available materials.
2. Make an album with the pictures of internal organs.

94
 Unit
Matter and Materials 2

Learning Objectives
After learning this lesson, the students will be able to
 classify the materials based on their properties
 conduct simple investigations related to materials
 realize the importance of matter and materials in daily life
 differentiate Transparent,Translucent and Opaque objects

I. Materials

Everything in the universe is made up of matter. We need to

explore many different materials to make sense of our world.
The matter from which a thing is made of is called Material.
For example: Chair is made of wood, Eraser is made of rubber, Candle is made of wax.

Try to Answer
Look at the pictures and identify the materials by which they are made of:
(paper, clay, glass, wood, plastic, metal rubber, wax)

95
 Try to Answer
Match the objects that are made of same material.
A B C

II. Properties of Materials

We can measure, see or feel the materials. Different types of material have
different properties that make them useful for various purposes. Most materials have
more than one property. They can be hard or soft, shiny or dull, smooth or rough and
flexible or rigid.

1. Hard and Soft Materials

Materials which cannot be easily compressed,

cut, bent or scratched are called hard materials.
Example: Brick, bone and steel.

Materials which can be easily compressed, cut, bent

or scratched are called soft materials.
Example: Foam, clay and skin.

Try to Answer
Write whether the given materials are hard or soft.
Wood Eraser Cotton

96
 2. Shiny and Dull Materials

Materials which reflect the light well are called shiny

materials. Example: Stainless steel, gold and diamond.
Materials which do not reflect the light well are called dull
materials. Example : Candle, paper and jute bag.

Try to Answer
Collect some objects from your house and classify them as shiny or dull materials.

3. Rough and Smooth Materials

Materials which have ups and downs on their surface are called
rough materials. Example: Brick, rock and tyre.
Materials which do not have ups and downs on their surface
are called smooth materials. Example: Mirror, Silk cloth and tiles.

Try to Answer
Sort the given objects as rough or smooth.
Wet soap Coir Feather Stone

Glass ball Paperboard Sand paper Plastic spoon

4. Flexible and Rigid Materials

Materials which can be bent or stretched easily are known

as flexible materials. Example: Rubber band, electric wire and
cycle tube.
Materials which cannot be bent or stretched easily are known
as rigid materials. Example: A stick, wooden scale and stone.

Activity
Test the flexibility.
Give one plastic scale and wooden scale to the students. Ask them to bend. Tabulate
their observation (bends, does not bend).
Plastic Scale Wooden Scale

97
 5. Waterproof Materials

Materials that do not allow water to pass through them are

called Waterproof Materials.
Example : Raincoat and aluminium foil of tablet strip.

Think and answer

Do you have a raincoat? What is its use?

Activity
Take a glass bowl. Fill three fourth of it with water. Put an orange fruit with
peel and an orange fruit without peel. Observe which orange floats? Why?

III. Transparent,Translucent and Opaque objects

Have you ever seen

through the
bus window?

Some objects allow light to pass through them. This helps us to see through them as
the window of a bus. Let us see how different objects behave with light.

1. Transparent Objects All light

passes
Light through
Transparent objects allow the light to
pass through them. So, we can see other
objects clearly through Transparent
Objects. Examples: Air, glass and pure
water. Water

2. Translucent Objects
Translucent objects allow some light
Some light to pass through them. So, we cannot see
passes objects clearly, but we see them as blurred
through images through them.
Light
Examples: Paper soaked in oil, snow
and vegetable oil.

Vegetable oil
98
 3. Opaque objects

Opaque objects do not allow light to No light

pass through them. So, we cannot see Light passes
through these objects. through
Examples : Wood, stone and metals.

Wood
Think and answer
Why should we build the walls of the house with bricks (opaque
material) instead of glass (transparent material)?

Activity
Complete the Worksheet
Name : Class :

Date : Unit : 2. Matter and Materials

Complete the sentence in you own words.

1. Transparent objects allow _________________________________

2. Translucent objects allow _________________________________

3. Opaque objects allow _________________________________

Try to Answer
Write whether the objects are transparent, translucent or opaque.

99
 IV. Reflection of Light

We sea the world around us with the help of light. Where

do we get light from? Light may come either from the Sun or
from other sources like an electric lamp or a bulb. The objects
that give off light are called light sources.

When light falls on a transparent material it passes

through it. However when light falls on a polished surface
of an opaque material, it does not pass through it. It
bounces back. The bouncing of light by any smooth or
polished surface is called reflection.
When you look into the mirror, you can see your own face
on the mirror. What you see is a reflection of your face in the
mirror. We also see reflections of other objects that are in
front of the mirror. These reflections are formed by light and
they are called images.

Try to Answer
Try to see your face on some materials like mirror, exam pad, new stainless steel
plate, table top and water in a plate. What are the materials that show your face
clearly? Do you know why?

Activity
Reflection of Light
Material Required/Needed
A plane mirror and a torch light
How to do?
1. Make your room dark by closing the door
and windows.
2. Ask your friend to hold a mirror in his/her
hand at one corner of the room.
3. Stand at another corner with a torch in your hand.
4. Switch it on.
5. Direct the light from the torch onto the mirror.
6. Answer the following from your observation:
a) When you change the angle of the mirror, what happens to the light?
b) Are you able to direct the reflected light using the mirror?

100
 More to know

Mirrors can reflect sound waves too. So they were used in the
Second World War to detect sounds coming from enemy aircraft.

Evaluation

I Find the odd one.

1. brick, coir, silk cloth, pine apple

2. stone, rubber band, cycle tube, electric wire
3. sun, candle, torch, pen
4. umbrella, sponge, rain coat, jerkin
5. glass bottle, exam pad, paper plate, wooden board

II Fill in the blanks.

1. Materials which can be compressed or cut easily are called __________.

2. Gold and diamond are the examples of __________ materials.
3. Materials which can be bent or stretched easily are called ____________.
4. ___________ objects allow all the light to pass through them.
5. ___________ is the natural source that stimulates sight and makes things
visible.

III Match the following.

1. Light source - Glass
2. Waterproof - Vegetable oil
3. Transparent - Sun
4. Translucent - Metal
5. Opaque - Rain coat

IV Say True or False.

1. We cannot compress, cut or bend the rough materials easily.
2. Dull materials reflect light.
3. Sand paper is a good example for smooth materials.

101
 4. Opaque objects do not allow light to pass through them.
5. Mirrors change the direction of light that fall on them.

V Answer the following.

1. When can you say a material is waterproof material?
2. What is a light source?
3. What is the difference between transparent and opaque materials?
4. Define reflection.
5. Classify the objects given below as transparent, translucent or opaque
materials.
(Air, Rock, Water, Aluminium foil, Mirror, Snow, Wooden board,
Polythene bag, CD, Oil soaked paper, Glass tumbler and Coloured glass)

Transparent Translucent Opaque

Materials Materials Materials

VI Projects
Collect some rough and smooth materials from your surrounding.

102
 Unit
Work and Energy 3

Learning Objectives
After learning this lesson students will be able to
 define work
 understand work and energy
 know simple machines
 classify types of machine
 know about three types of lever

Let us Recall
Teacher : Students, you have studied about force in your lower class. What is
force ?
Students : A force is a push or pull that moves an object at rest or stops an object
in motion.
Teacher : There are different kinds of force. What are they?
Students : Frictional force, Gravitational force, Muscular force and
Magnetic force
A force can cause an object to change its shape, speed or direction.

I. Work

An action in which one exerts a force to move an object is known as work. What
do you understand from the below pictures?

From these pictures, we understand that a force is applied to do some work.

103
 Think and say

Teacher: Yesterday I was walking back from school. I found some people
working to lay the road. I found some items in that place. Can you say something
about that place and the machines that were used there?

When can we say that work is done or not?

Two main conditions are needed for work to be done.

• A force should act on an object.
• Object should move from one place to another.

When the force acting on the object makes it move it is said to be done a work.

Try to Answer
Observe the picture and put a tick () if work is done and put a cross (x) if work
is not done.

Try to Answer
Mention whether work is done or not in the following activity.

S. No Activity Work done or not done

1. Pushing the door
2. Holding a doll
3. Sitting in a bus
4. Pushing a wall
5. Digging soil

104
 II. Energy

In the above picture

 A man pulls a luggage. To do so he needs some energy. What is the source?
Food gives energy to humans.
 The car moves by the obtained from the burning of fuel.
 The escalator moves by using electricity as energy.

Energy is defined as capacity for doing work.

Energy must be transferred to an object in order to do work.

Mechanical
Energy

Chemical Thermal
Energy Ene
e
Energy

Types of
Energy

Electrical Renewable
Energy Energy

Non
Renewable
Energy

105
 1. Renewable Resources

Renewable sources of energy are replaced naturally over a period of time. We

can keep using these sources for a long period of time. Since the beginning of human
life, we have been using these resources. We use these resources for light, transport,
cooking, heating. Eg: Sun, Wind and Water.

2. Non-renewable Resources

The resources which are not easily replaced once used are called the non-renewable
resources. Eg: Petrol, Coal and Natural gas

More to know
The law of conservation of energy states that energy
cannot created nor destroyed. It can be converted from
one form to another.
The SI unit of energy is joule.
It is named after James Joule who explained about energy.

III. Simple machine

Observe the above pictures.

What are they used for?
106
 In our daily life our effort is saved with the help of some simple machines.
We draw water from the well with the help of a wheel and a rope.

Simple machines are tools which are used to make our work easier. Some
examples for simple machines are pulley, wedge, inclined plane, screw, lever,
wheel and axle.

1. Pulley

Observe the picture.

Which is easier? Lifting the
load with the help of a pulley
or without a pulley?

A pulley is a machine made up

of a wheel with a cut around it.
A rope or chain passes around
the pulley. It rotates in the
direction with more force.
Eg: crane

2. Inclined Plane

Observe the picture and

discuss. Is lifting a box is easier
than rolling it on a ramp?

An inclined plane is a flat sloping

surface with one end higher
than another.
Eg: ramp, slide and slope for
wheel chair.

107
 3. Wedge

A wedge is a tool with a sharp edge which can

be used to split materials. It is used to break
wooden logs into two pieces.
Eg: knife, scissors and axe.

4. Screw

The screw is used to raise weights and to hold objects together.

Eg: pencil sharpener, screw-jack, bottle cap and windmill.

The screw in the bottle cap holds the cap and the bottle together.
The blade and sharpner are held together by screw.

5. Wheel and Axle

Wheel and axle consist of a wheel attached to a small rod so that these two parts
rotate together.
Eg: bicycle wheel, door knob, grinder, axle wheel.

More to know
Simple machines usually exchange a smaller force
to move a heavy object. The work required is the
same, but the force required is less. The idea of
a simple machine originated with the Greek philosopher
Archimedes around the 3rd century BC.

108
 6. Lever

A lever is used to multiply the force we give on an object.

Eg: see saw, nut cracker and plier.

Try to Answer
Identify and mention the types of simple machines.

Try to Answer Complete the table.

S. No Types of Simple Machine Example

1. Pulley
2. Wheel and axle
3. Wedge
4. Inclined plan
5. Lever
6. Screw

109
 IV. Types of Lever

To understand the lever, we must know the following terms.

Load is the object on which the force is applied.
Effort is the force we apply on the lever. The three types of lever
Fulcrum is the point on which the lever rotates. Class I lever
Lever is classified into three types according to where the Class II lever
load and effort are located with respect to fulcrum. Class III lever

1. Class I Lever

When the fulcrum is between the effort and the load, it is known as Class I lever.
Eg: scissors, pliers, seesaw.

2. Class II Lever

When the load is between the effort and the fulcrum, it is known as Class II lever.
Eg: wheel barrow, lemon squeezer, nut cracker.

110
 3. Class III Lever

In this lever, the effort is between the load and the fulcrum.
Eg: stapler, tongs, broom stick, hockey stick.

Try to Answer
Name the load, effort and fulcrum.

1. 1. 1.

2. 2. 2.

3. 3. 3.

Evaluation

I. Use the correct word to fill the blanks.

(Ramp, Simple machines, Work, Energy, Pulley)

1. ________is said to be done when a force is acting on it.
2. The ability to do work is____________ .
3. _______ is a machine made up of wheel and rope.
4. ____________ help us to make work easier.
5. An example for inclined plane is_______.

111
II. Rearrange the letters and find out the names of the tools.

EDGEW RLEVE EWCRS

III. Match.

1. Class II lever - Drawing water

2. Pulley - Bicycle

3. Class I lever - Nut cracker

4. Wheel and axle - Wind

5. Renewable resource - Seesaw

IV. Classify the things below.

Sl. No Examples Class of Lever

1. Spade

2. Seesaw

3. Wheel barrow

4. Plier

5. Nail cutter

V. Answer the following.

1. What is the unit of energy?

2. Name some simple machines.
3. What is a first order lever?

4. Lemon juicer belongs to which type of lever? Why?

5. Define work.
6. Write any three types of energy.
112
 Unit
Science in Everyday Life 4

Learning Objectives

After learning this lesson, students will be able to

 know the nutritional value of milk
 explore the benefits of cooking
 learn about baking of bread, biscuit and cake
 know about gadgets used in daily life

Let us Recall

Teacher : What do you have as soon as you get up?

Students : Tea, coffee and milk .
Teacher : Good. What do they contain?
Ram : Milk, tea dust, coffee powder and sugar.
Teacher : Very good. Do you know why we drink milk in the morning?
Ram : Yes. It is good for our health.
Teacher : Correct, let us learn more about milk in this lesson.

I. Milk

Milk is produced by some animals for

nourishing their young ones. Milk from many
animals is used by humans. Cow‛s milk is used
commonly.

113
 1. Sources of Milk

Milk is primarily obtained from mammals.

They are obtained from other sources too.
Examples: Soya milk, nut and seed based
milk.
Based on the amount of fat present in the
milk, it can be classified as Whole milk, Low
fat milk and Fat free milk.

People all over the world get their milk from mammals like sheep, goat,
camel, donkey, horse, yak, water buffalo, reindeer and even moose.

2. Nutritional value of Milk

Milk contains water, sugar, protein, fat, vitamins and minerals.

Sugar : Milk has sweet taste because it has a special sugar called lactose.
Protein : It helps to build muscles.
Fat : Fat present in the milk is called butter. Butter is more delicious than any
other fat.
Vitamins : Vitamin-D in milk helps to maintain the bones.
Minerals : Calcium is a mineral. It helps to build healthy bones and teeth.

114
 Primary food for
babies.

Gives curd, butter,

butter milk and ghee.

Health drink for

adults and sick people.

Used for making cheese,

paneer and milk sweets.
Milk
in
daily life Used in Ice cream and
Chocolates.

Used during
festivals
and ceremonies.

3. Health Benefits of milk

1. It strengthens bones and teeth.

2. It maintains blood pressure.
3. It reduces the risk of heart disease.
4. It is a source of energy.

Try to Answer
1. Milk is a rich source of ___________. (Calcium / Iron)
2. Milk contains ___________, _____________ and ____________.

115
 II. Food materials

What is food? Food is one of the basic needs of our life. Food provides energy. It is
usually made by cooking plants or animals. It contains essential nutrients to keep our
body healthy.
• Gives energy
• Promotes growth
Needs of food
• Improves immunity
• Helps our body repair itself

Food can be classified into two types:

1. Raw Food - Raw food is the food that does not have to be cooked to eat.
Examples: Fruits, carrot, ground nut seeds.

2. Cooked food - Cooked food is the food that has been cooked to eat.
Examples: Rice, vegetable curry, bread.

Let us Do
Simple tasks such as pouring liquid into the
bowl, sprinkling pepper on the of the omelet or dosa, peeling off
onions, powdering coriander seeds can be done by you. Always
help the elders in the kitchen.

116
 1. Cooking

Do you know how many food

items are their that you will not
be able to eat without cooking?
Cooking is important. It makes
food suitable for consumption.

Methods of Cooking

Boiling Steaming Frying

Deep frying Roasting Grilling

Benefits of Cooking

Cooking causes many useful changes in food.

1. It makes nutrients ready for digestion.
2. It helps to make food in the desired texture, flavour
and taste.
3 It destroys harmful microbes.
Try to Answer
1. ___________, ___________ are examples of raw food.
2. ___________, ___________ are examples of cooked food.

117
 Let us discuss
Look at the things shown in the picture and discuss their uses with your friends.

III. Baking of Bread, Biscuit and Cake

Baking is a method of cooking. We use dry heat to bake. Bread, biscuit and cake are
some examples of baked food items.

1. Bread

Bread is a common food product

prepared from dough by baking. It is
an important source of energy for sick
people. It is also one of the ancient foods
made by humans. Bread is a low fat food.

Bread has the nutrients required for normal

development and good health.
To make bread we need wheat flour, yeast,
water, sugar and salt.

Bread spoils six times faster when kept in fridge than at room
temperature.

118
 2 Biscuit

Biscuit is a small, flour – based baked food.

They are generally made of wheat flour or oats
and sweetened with sugar.
The main ingredients of biscuit are flour,
sugar, butter, water, milk, baking powder and
flavours.
Biscuits are salty or sweet. Some biscuits
have cream in between.

Biscuits are made with baking powder to make it airy.

3 Cake

Cake is a baked dessert. It is like a sweet bread. There

are many varieties of cake with specific ingredients. We
use cake during
celebrations.
The common
ingredients of
the cake are flour, sugar, eggs, oil, baking
powder and flavouring agent.

Try to Answer
1. Bread is ___________ (low / high) fat food.
2. Biscuits are made from ___________ ( wheat flour / rice flour).
3. ___________ is associated with birthday celebrations (cake / biscuit).

Activity
Visit a bakery near you and learn about baking of bread, biscuit and cakes.

119
 IV. Gadgets

Think of the electronic devices we use everyday.

The phone that we use, the camera that goes with us
on every vacation, the TV that we watch for fun all these
devices that we use are called gadgets.
A gadget is a small electronic machine or device which
does something useful. Number of gadgets have changed
our lives. They make our life enjoyable.
Examples: Laptop
Phone
Camera
Pen drive
Speaker

Smart Phones
Apart from communication, smart phones
have the ability to access the internet
and store files, take photos, track location
and much more.

Portable Music Player

It stores and plays thousands of songs.
We can listen to songs anywhere, anytime.

Tablets
People use tablets to read books, play games and watch videos.

120
 Pen Drive
It is a small gadget used for storing and transferring any
type of file in / from a computer.

Electric Torch
Portable hand-held electric light. Torch is used to
provide light in the dark places when it is switched on.

Try to Answer

Write the names of the given gadgets.

(Web cam, Remote, Speaker, Camera, Headphone)

Evaluation

I Choose the correct answer.

1. Primary source of energy for the young ones of some animals is

a) water b) fruits c) milk
2. Vitamin present in milk that helps us to maintain our bones is
a) Vitamin-E b) Vitamin-C c) Vitamin-D
3. One of the ancient food items made by human is
a) noodles b) cake c) bread
4. _______________ is a raw food.
a) Cucumber b) Chappatti c) Bread
5. A gadget that plays songs is called
a) pen drive b)camera c) music player

121
II Fill in the blanks.

1. Cheese and paneer are made from _____________ .

2. Nutrients are made ready for digestion by ____________ .

III Match the following.

1. Music player - Communicates with the world

2. Smart phone - Stores data
3. Electric torch - Plays games
4. Pen drive - Provides light
5. Tablet - Plays music

IV Answer in a sentence or two.

1. Name the food products derived from milk.

2. Write the names of any three baked foods.
3. In what ways a smart phone will help you?
4.What is food?

V Answer in detail.

1. Cooking removes harmful microbes. Write down other benefits of cooking.

2. Why should we drink milk?

VI Projects.

1. List the gadgets you have used.

2. Tabulate different kinds of milk products.

122
4
Social Science
Term-1
 Index
UNIT TOPIC PAGE NO

1 Kingdoms of Rivers 125

2 Five Landforms 135

Municipalities and
3 147
Corporation

E-Book Evaluation Digi Link

 Unit
1 Kingdoms of Rivers

Learning Objectives

 To know about Tamil Kingdoms of Sangam age.

 To know about Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas.
 To understand the administrative, economic and
social conditions during Sangam period.
 To know about Kuru Nila Mannargal.

125
 “The owner of a Scepter without bent is the Chera king!
The wealth of Rice bowl of Thanjavur is the Chola King!
The Pearl of breath taking Muthamizh is the Pandiya King!
The Chariot of cave temples is the Pallava King!
You are the gold of Tamil Nadu and Lions of Tamil Soil.”

Introduction

In the ancient period, people settled and started living along the river banks.
They produced agricultural crops. They reared cattle in the pasture lands. In this
way the kingdoms of early Chera, Chola, Pandya and other kingdoms emerged along the
rivers.
Kingdoms River Banks
Cheras - Poigai
Cholas - Cauvery
Pandyas - Vaigai
Pallavas - Palar

Cheras
Cheras were the forerunners of the ‘Moovendargal‛ who ruled on the banks of
river Poigai and their capital city was Vanji.

The Chera country comprised of the present western districts of Erode, Tirupur,
Coimbatore and Nilgiris. Kerala was also a part of it. The Chera country was called
Cheranadu.

The major part of the Cheranadu was surrounded by high mountains. The greatest
rulers among the kings of Cheranadu were Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan and his
son Senguttuvan.

The Chera King, Neduncheralathan conquered upto the Himalayas and hoisted
the flag with the symbol of Bow and Arrow. Therefore he was hailed with the title
"Imayavaramban Neduncheralathan".
126
 Himalayas Cheran Senguttuvan
The able ruler Cheran Senguttuvan, the son of Neduncheralathan erected the statue
of Kannagi. This temple of Kannagi was built by the stones brought from the Himalayas
after defeating king Kanaka Vijaya. It is also said that these stones were brought to
Cheranadu on the heads of the captive soldiers.

This can be understood from the epic Silappathikaram written by Senguttuvan's

brother Ilangovadigal. "Pathitru paththu" helps to know about the Chera kings during
Sangam period.

Cheras :
1. River - Poigai 2. Capital - Vanji
3. Port - Thondi, Musiri 4. flag - Bow and Arrow

Try to answer

 Who were the greatest kings of early Cheras?

 Name the epic wrote by Ilangovadigal

Cholas

The early Cholas kept Uraiyur as their capital along the river Cauvery and ruled
it. Uruthirangkannanar of Kadiyalur in his Pattinappalai describes that Cholanadu is
famous for rice (Cholanadu Sorudaithu).
The Chola kingdom comprised the districts of Trichirapalli, Tanjavur, Pudukkottai,
Nagapattinam, Tiruvarur, Perambalur, Ariyalur and Cuddalore.
The land of Cholas was fertile due to the river Cauvery. The kings ruled by providing
justice to their subjects. The greatest ruler among the Cholas was Karikala Cholan who
was also called 'Karikal Peruvalathan'.
127
 Karikala Cholan took the responsibility of a king
at a very early age and ruled efficiently. When he
was very young, he was captured by his enemies and
imprisoned. The room in which he was arrested was
set on fire. In this fire accident, his feet burnt. Due
to his charred leg, he was called as 'Karikalan'.
At a very young age he disguised as an old man and
tactfully justified a case.
The Cheras and Pandyas together attacked
Karikalan at Venni, Vahaipparanthalai. Finally Karikala
Cholan defeated the two rulers there and was
victorious. He invaded Srilanka and brought the
Karikala Cholan
captives from there, to build the dam Kallanai across
the river Cauvery. The dam still stands erected even after 2000 years of its construction.

Kallanai (Grand Anicut)

Cholas :
1. River - Cauvery
2. Capital - Uraiyur
3. Port - Cauvery poompattinam
4. Flag - Tiger

Let us Know

 Kallanai was constructed by the Chola king Karikalan in the 2nd

century B.C.(B.C.E.). This is said to be the world's oldest dam
still in use. Stones and Lime mortar were used to construct it.

Try to answer

 Who was the greatest Chola king of the ancient period?

 Name the capital and port of the Cholas.

128
 Pandyas
Pandyas established their rule on the bank
of Vaigai with Madurai as their capital. The
ancient Pandya country comprised of Madurai,
Theni, Dindigul, Virudunagar, Tirunelveli,
Tuticorin, Sivagangai and Ramanathapuram
districts.
Madurai remained as the most popular
city of Sangam period. Pandiya country
Madurai Meenakshi Amman Temple
famous for pearls. Muthamizh sangams were
held in madurai under the patronage of pandayas. The third Tamil Sangam was held in
Madurai. Muthamizh flourished during the reign of Pandyas. The most famous kings were
Thalaiyalanganathu Seruvendra Pandiya Nedunchezhian and Pandiya Nedunchezhian of
Silapathikaram.
When Pandiya Nedunchezhian was a young boy, he fought a battle at Thalaiyalanganam
against Cheras, Cholas and feudal lords (Kuru Nila Mannargal). He defeated the
combined force. Therefore he got the title "Thalaiyalanganathu Seruvendra Pandiya
Nedunchezhian".
Silappathikaram:
During the rule of Pandiya Nedunchezhian, he
happened to prosecute Kovalan for theft and gave
death sentence. Kovalan‛s wife Kannagi advocated to
prove her husband‛s innocence.
When the king realized the truth, he said
“Yano Arasan, Yanae kalvan”... "Kedugaven ayul" and died by falling down from his
throne. Immediately his wife Kopperumdevi also sacrificed her life out of shock. The
administrative system of the Pandyas was depicted by Mangudi Maruthanar of 'Madurai
Kanchi'.

Pandyas:
1. River - Vaigai 2. Capital - Madurai
3. Port - Korkai 4. Flag - Fish

Try to answer
`
 Which Pandya mannan was mentioned in Silappathikaram?
 Who wrote 'Madurai Kanchi'?
 What is inscribed on the flag of Pandyas?

129
 Let us Know

In ancient Madurai, there existed day time shops called

Naalangadi and night time shops called Allangadi.

1 Ancient Tamil kingdoms (Moovendargal)

ity
tiv
Ac
Fill in the blanks.

Kingdoms Capital Port symbol famous Kings

Cheras Vanji __________ bow and __________
Arrow
Cholas _________ Kaveri __________ Karikalacholan
Poompattinam
Pandyas Madurai _________ fish __________

2
i ty
tiv
Ac List out the territories of the Moovendargal in the
present districts of Tamil Nadu.
Cheras : ___________________________________________
Cholas : ___________________________________________
Pandyas : ___________________________________________

Pallavas
The early Pallavas ruled on the banks of river Palar with Kancheepuram as their
capital. The regions ruled by them was called Thondai mandalam. It is located in the
North Eastern part of Tamil Nadu.

Mahabalipuram

Varaha cave temple Tiger cave

130
 The kingdom of early Pallavas was founded by Sivas kantha varma
Pallavan. He integrated Thondai mandalam and ruled over there. The
greatest kings among the early Pallavas were Sivas kantha varman
and Vishnugopan.
The later Pallava period was started from the reign of Simhavishnu.
The greatest kings of this period were Mahendravarman and Narasimhavarman. The
greatest achievements of the Pallavas were Cave temples and Mondithic rathas.
Pallavas:
1. River - Palar 2. Capital - Kancheepuram
3. Port - Mahabalipuram 4. Flag - Nandi
Try to answer

 Which was the capital of Pallavas?

 Where is Thondai mandalam in Tamil Nadu?

Feudal Lords (Kuru Nila Mannargal)

Apart from the Mooventhargal several Feudal lords or Kuru nila mannargal
also ruled over smaller lands. The most important among them were Pehan, Pari,
Nedumudi kari, Aai, Athiyaman, Nalli, Valvil Ori.

Pehan Pari

Nedumudi kari
Athiyaman Valvil Ori

These kings were known for their generosity. Therefore they were popularly
called as "Kadai ezhu vallalgal".

Try to answer
 Who offered gooseberry to the poetess Avvai?
 Who put his shawl around the peacock?
131
 Administrative Conditions
Arasan was specially called as Ko, Kon, Venthan, Kotravan, Irai by his people.
Each dynasty had their own flag, symbol, scepter, sword, drum and venkotrakudai.

The kings were not only efficient warriors but they were scholars too. Kingship
became hereditary. The first son became the ruler. The kings greatly cared for the
people of their country.

Hospitality (Virunthombal)

Hospitality occupied a significant place in Sangam

period. Even though it is Amritam (Nectar) it was
considered to be a sin, if the guest is kept outside home.

Kakkai Padiniyar, a poet got his name for praising a

crow for informing the arrival of a guest. Pura Nanooru
describes hospitality as one of the important duties of
the Tamils.

Economic Conditions

Various arts and crafts flourished

during the Sangam age. People lived
happily due to the development in
economy.

Paddy Varagu Thinai

Samai Sugarcane

132
 Paddy and Sugarcane were the most important crops cultivated. Besides these
Varagu (Millets), Thinai (Millets) and Samai were also cultivated.

"Varappu uyara neer uyarum, "வரப்புயர நீர் உயரும்,

Neer uyara nel uyarum, நீர் உயர ெநல் உயரும்,

Nel uyara kudi uyarum, ெநல் உயர குடி உயரும்,

kudi uyara kol uyarum, குடி உயர ேகால் உயரும்,

kol uyara kon uyarvan" ேகால் உயர ேகான் உயர்வான்"

- Avvaiyar - ஔைவயார்

From the above, poetess Avvai tries to convey that the prosperity of the king lies
in the development of agriculture.

Let us Know

Poetess Avvaiyar always blessed by saying “Varappuyara”...

This signifies the importance of agriculture in the Sangam Period.

Conditions of Women
Women were respected in the society. Monogamy was prevalent. Women were equal
to men in bravery. It is said in 'Pura Nanooru' that in the first day of battle a woman
lost her father, the second day she lost her husband, despite of these heavy loses she
prepared and sent her son to the battle-field with great zeal.

It is also said, a woman in the Sangam age drove away a ferocious tiger with
Muram (Winnow) in her hand.

Festivals
People of Sangam Age celebrated
various festivals. Karthikai, Thiruvaadhirai
and Harvest festivals were the most
celebrated ones.

Uruthirankannanar of 'Pattinappalai' said

that the most popular festival of Indira Vizha
was celebrated in Puhar.
Harvest festival
133
 Try to answer

List out the festivals of Tamil people at present.

Evaluation

I. Choose the correct answer:

1. Cheras, Cholas and Pandyas were called ________.
a. Nayanmars b. Moovendargal c. Kuru nila mannargal
2. The efficient king among the Cheras was _________.
a. Karikalan b. Valvil Ori c. Cheran Senguttuvan
3. Port of Cholas was ____________.
a. Kaveri poompattinam b. Chennai c. Thondi
4. The flag of Pandyas was ________________.
a. Peacock b. Fish c. Tiger
5. The Vallal (Feudal lord) who gave his chariot to Mullai was ___________.
a. Pari b. Pehan c. Adhiyaman

II. Match the following:

1. Cheras - Vaigai
2. Cholas - Palar
3. Pandyas - Poigai
4. Pallavas - Cauvery

III. Answer in short:

1. Who were the greatest kings among the Cheras?

2. Who were Kadai ezhu vallalgal?
3. Tell about the achievements of Karikalan.
4. Which was the capital and coastal town of Pallavas?

IV. Who Said?

1. ‘Yano Arasan, Yanae kalvan‛.
134
 Unit
2 Five Landforms

Learning Objectives

 To know about different types of landforms

in ancient Tamil Nadu.
 To know about the themes of classification.
 To understand the life style of people in different
landforms of Tamil Nadu.

Introduction

 What is the name of your native place?

 In which district is your native place situated?
 What do you see around your house?

135
We see fields, houses, trees, stones and dry lands around our house. We see
more things like this in our Earth.

Hill Forest Field Sea shore Dry land

1. Where would you see more hills on the Earth? Mountains

2. Where would you see wild animals with more trees? Forest
3. Where does the paddy grow? Agricultural land
4. Where would you see the Sea shore? Sea, Beach
5. What is the name of useless lands? Fallow land
The places we see on the surface of the Earth is called landforms.
Now let us see how the land was divided into different types in ancient
Tamil Nadu according to its fertility and people's activities.

Physical Features & Landforms Of Tamil Nadu

In the Solar family, Earth is the third planet. It

has oxygen and temperature to live. Therefore we
call the Earth as Biosphere.

The Earth or the life sphere is surrounded by five

elements of nature called land, water, air, fire and sky.

Earth

Land Water Air Fire Sky

136
 Land

Physical Features of the Land

Sea
Mountain Forest Plain Dry land
shore

Landforms Of Tamil Nadu

 The five types of landforms in Sangam age were divided on the basis of the
work done by the people.

 Out of the five thinais, only four types were permanent. They were Kurinji,
Mullai, Marutham and Neithal. The fifth land Palai was formed when Kurinji
and Mullai dried up.

I. Mountains (Kurinji Land)

A mountain is a large geographical

area that rises above the surrounding
land with peaks.
The mountain and its surroundings are
known as Kurinji land.

137
1. The Theme
The Theme (Karupporul) deals with the god, people, occupation, plant, flower,
animal, bird and musical instrument.
God Murugan
People Kuravar, Kurathiyar
Occupation Hunting, Gathering Roots and Honey
Plant /Flower Bamboo, Vengai/ Kurinji flower
Animal/Bird Monkey, Deer/ Peacock, Parrot
Musical Instrument Kurinji yazh

Murugan Kuravar Gathering Honey

Bamboo Monkey Peacock

2. The People and their Occupations

 Poruppan – Soldier
 Verpan – Leader of the tribe, Weaponists
 Silamban – Master of martial arts (The arts of fighting) .
 Kuravar – Hunter and the Gatherer.
 Kanavar – People of the mountainous forest.
3. The Soil of Kurinji Land
 The land of Kurinji was composed of red and black soils with stones and pebbles.

Some important hills of Tamil Nadu

?

Kolli hills, Shervarayan hills, Kalrayan hills, Nilgiris hills,

ow
Kn

Javad hills, Yelagiri hills

u
Yo
Do

138
Miraculous Flower-Kurinji

The miraculous Kurinji

flower grows once in twelve
years. The flower grows well
in the Western Ghats. It
flowers in the month of July
to September. This flower
has medicinal value.

II. Forest (Mullai Land)

A large area covered by trees is

called forest.
The forest region is referred as
Mullai land. This region is also called
'Sembulam' due to the presence of
red soil.

1. The Theme
God Thirumal
People Idaiyar, Idaichiyar, Aayar, Aaichiyar
Occupation Cattle rearing, Gathering fruits, Sowing Millets
Plant / Flower Guava/ Mullai flower
Animal/Bird Bear, Rabbit/ Parrot
Musical Instrument Mullai yazh

139
 Thirumal Cattle rearing Sowing Millets

Mullai flower Rabbit Parrot

2. The People and their Occupations

 Idaiyar - Milk seller.
 Aayar - Cattle rearer.
3. The Soil of Mullai land
 The land of Mullai has red soil with stones and pebbles.

Forests in Tamil Nadu

1. Mangrove forests – Pichavaram in Cuddalore district

2. Malai forests – Nilgiris district

3. Reserve forests – Kanyakumari district

4. Shola forests – Coimbatore and Nilgiris districts

Let us Know

Manufactured Products Trees used to Produce

Paper Bamboo, Thaila, Kudaivel
Safety match Ayilai, Mul Ilavu
Fragrance oil Sandle tree
Balm, Soap Illupai, Neem, Pungam,

140
Pichavaram Forest

Pichavaram is a village
near Chidambaram in
Cuddalore district of
Tamil Nadu, which is the
second biggest mangrove
forest in India. It comprises
of small vegetation, aquatic
animals etc. with moist
temperature.

III. Field (Marutham Land)

The vast flat land on the Earth is

called plain. The crop fields and their
surroundings were known as Marutham.
(The agricultural land and the area
around it).

1. The Theme

God Indiran (Vendhan)

People Uzhavar, Uzaththiyar
Occupation Farming
Plant/Flower Kanchi, Marutham/ Lotus, Kuvalai
Animal/Bird Buffalo/ Crane
Music Marutha yazh

141
 Vendhan Farmers Lotus

Kuvalai Buffalo Crane

2. The People and their Occupations

 Uran - Small Landlord
 Uzhavan - Farm worker
 Kadaiyar - Merchant
3. The Soil of Marutham land
 The land of Marutham is formed of alluvial soil and red soil.

Amazing fact.

Kallanai is an ancient
dam, which is built across the
Cauvery river in Thanjavur
district in Tamil Nadu.
Its length is 1,080 ft,
width 66 ft and height 18 ft.
It is the fourth oldest water
diversion system for irrigation
in the world.

142
 IV. Sea / Sea shore (Neithal Land)

The salty water body that covers

a large part of the surface of the
Earth is called sea.
The Sea and the area around the
sea is called 'Neithal'.

1. The Theme
God Varunan ( Rain god )
People Parathavar (Fisher man)
Occupation Fishing
Plant / Flower Punnai/ Kandhal
Animal/Bird Fish/ Sea crow
Music Vilari yazh

Varunan Fishing Kandhal

Punnai Fish Sea crow

143
 2. The People and their Occupations
 Serppan - Seafood vendor and trader.
 Pulamban - Who thrive on coconut.
 Parathavar - Sea warrior, Merchant.
 Nulaiyar - People who thrived on fish culture.
 Alavar - Salt cultivator.

3. The Soil of Neithal land

 The land of Neithal is made of saline soil.

Known Place, Unknown Fact

Marina
beach is a natural
urban beach in Chennai,
Tamil Nadu . It is the second
longest beach in the world.
The beach is situated in the eastern
side of India along Bay of Bengal.
The beach runs from Fort St. George
in the north to Foreshore Estate
in the south, The total distance
of beach is 13 km.
( The first longest beach is Miyami
beach, which is situated
at Florida, America.)

V. Dry Land (Palai Land)

A dry region with less or without

rainfall is called a dry land.
The sandy land, which under-goes
drought is called Palai.
When Kurinji and Mullai dries up, it
is called Palai.

144
1. The Theme
God Kottravai ( Mother Goddess )
People Eyinar, Eyitriar
Occupation Cattle lifting
Plant / Flower Uzhinghai, Palai/ Cactus, Iluppai
Animal/Bird Tiger, Elephant/Eagle
Music Palai yazh

Kottravai Cattle lifting Cactus

Iluppai Tiger Eagle

2. The People and their Occupations

 Maravar - Noble warrior, Hunter.
 Eyinar - Warrior.

3. The Soil of Palai land

 The land of Palai is sandy and saline.

1. With help of your teacher visit a nearby

mountainous region and collect the herbs
i ty and know their uses.
tiv
Ac 2. "Trees are our friends". Do you accept?
Discuss with group.

145
 Evaluation

I. List out.
1.Write the names of the mountains and the places, where they are located in your
district.
S. No Mountains Places
1.
2.
2. Write the names of trees around your school.
S. No Name of the trees
1.
2.
II. Find in the blanks.
1. The vast flat land on the Earth is called _________.
2. _________ is the fourth oldest water diversion system for irrigation in the
world.
3. _________ forest is located in Kanyakumari district.
4. The agricultural land and the area around is called _________.
5 _________ is the biggest mangrove forest in India.
6. Marina beach is located in _________.
III. Match the following.
a) 1. Murugan - Mullai
2. Thirumal - Palai
3. Indiran - Kurinji
4. Varunan - Marutham
5. Kottravai - Neithal

b) 1. God - Root gathering

2. Flower - Kuravar, Kurathiyar
3. People - Kurinji flower
4. Occupation - Murugan
IV. Answer in short.
1. Name the people of five thinais.
2. List four themes of Mullai land.
3. What do you know about Sembulam?
4. How the Polai (dry land) region is formed?
5. What are the themes of Palai?

146
 Unit
3 Municipality and
Corporation

Learning Objectives

 To know about Municipalities and their duties.

 To understand the structure of local bodies.
 To know about the functions of Corporation
and Town panchayat.
 To know about the sources of income for
Municipality and Corporation.

147
 Mugilan went to his uncle‛s house during summer vacation.
One day he was playing in a park. At that time he heard the
Municipality employees announcing that the people to pay
taxes for house and others. Mugilan ran to his uncle.

Uncle
Why are you running? What happened?

Mugilan

Uncle! What is Municipality? Why should we pay taxes?

Uncle
Mugila! Municipality is a form of local government in a small
town where 50,000 to 1,00,000 people live. This is divided into
several wards. Our house is in the tenth ward. In our locality
there are totally 30 wards. In Tamil Nadu there are 152
Municipalities.

Employees of Municipalities. Municipal Office

148
 Mugilan
Who is the head of the Municipality?

Uncle
The head of the municipality is called the President.
The President and the members of the Municipalities are elected
by the people directly. The tenure of the members is five years.
One of the members of the municipality is selected as
Vice-president.

Mugilan
Uncle! What are the duties of Municipality?

Uncle

▶ Providing street lamps.

▶ Constructing library and its maintenance.
▶ Maintaining local market (Santhai).
▶ Providing drinking water facilities.
▶ Constructing roads.
▶ Removing garbage dumps.

Mugilan
What is the source of income for the work done
by Municipality?

149
 Uncle
Central government and State government provide the money.
People also pay in the form of house tax, professional tax,
drinking water tax, shop tax, road tax and drainage tax. It also
forms the income of Municipality.

Let us Know

The father of local bodies – Lord Rippon

Uncle
The following also comes under Municipalities.
 Town ships – eg. Neyveli
 Cantonment Boards - eg. parangimalai, Cunnur.
 Notified area committee.

The structure of the local bodies

Urban local bodies Rural local bodies

1. Corporation 1.District Panchayat
2. Municipality 2.Panchayat Union
3. Town Panchayat 3. Village Panchayat

Tamil Nadu consists of 33 Districts, 386 Panchayat unions and

?
ow

12620-Grama Panchayats.
Kn
u
Yo
Do

150
 Let us Know

 The 'Balwant Rai Mehta Committee' recommented a three tier

Panchayat Raj system in 1957.
 The 'Ashok Mehta Committee' recommented a two tier
Panchayat Raj system in 1978.

Uncle

For example, we call Chennai, Trichy, Kovai, Madurai and

Salem as Corporations.

Mugilan
What is Corporation?

Uncle
Certain Municipalities will be declared by the Government
of Tamil Nadu as Corporation based on high population and
high revenue.

Mugilan
Uncle! How many Corporations are there in Tamil Nadu?

Uncle

In Tamil Nadu 14 Corporations have been established.

The oldest Corporation is Chennai.

151
 Uncle

Nature of work in Corporation Corporation Office

Mugilan
Uncle! How the head and the members are elected?

Uncle
The head and the members of Corporation was elected by the
people directly. The chairperson of the corporation was called
'Mayor'. He is also called as 'the father of the Corporation'.
The Tenure of the members of the Corporation is 5 years. The
Indian administrative service officers and similar rank holders
are appointed by the government to the Corporation. Most of the
Urban areas have Corporation.

Municipal Corporations
1. Chennai 8. Tuticorin
2. Madurai 9. Tiruppur

?
3. Coimbatore 10. Erode
Know
You 4. Trichirappalli 11. Tanjore
Do
5. Salem 12. Dindigul
6. Tirunelveli 13. Hosur
7. Vellore 14. Nagercoil

At present Tamil Nadu government has declared Nagercoil

as the 14th Corporation.

152
 Mugilan
What are the duties of Corporation?

Uncle
▶ Constructing and maintaining the city roads.
▶ Providing drinking water facilities.
▶ Disposing garbage.
▶ Constructing libraries and maintaining them.
▶ Creating parks and maintaining them.
▶ Maintaining of birth and death records.

Mugilan
What is the source of income to the Corporation?

Uncle
The amount collected from Professional tax, Wealth tax,
Entertainment tax, Custom duties and Road tax are the
sources of income to the Corporation.

Mugilan
What else are there besides Municipality
and Corporation?

153
 Uncle
Apart from the Corporation and the Municipality Town
Panchayat also exist. The head and the ward members are
elected by the people directly. The tenure of the President
and other members is 5 years. Panchayat is governed by the
executive officer.
Town panchayat functions in places where the population
exceeds 5000 people.

Mugilan
Uncle, I came to know the administration of
Municipality and Corporation very well.
Thank you very much.

Uncle
Good !
Come let us wash our hands and have lunch.

i ty
tiv
Ac
1. Find out the activities held in the parks and libraries of
your ward and share the information in your class.
2. Visit your nearby Corporation with the help of your teacher
and examine the Council Assembly.
3. What are the taxes paid by your parents?

154
 Evaluation

I.Fill in the blanks.

1. The oldest Corporation of Tamil Nadu is ____________
2. The father of local self government is ___________
3. The 'Balwant Rai Mehta Committee' recommented a three tier Panchayat Raj
system in ___________
4. The Tenure of Municipality is ___________ years.

II. Match the following.

1. Rural local body - Kudavolai
2. Rippon building - Township
3. Neyveli - Grama panchayat
4. Cholas - Corporation
5. Mayor - Lord Rippon

III. Fill in the box.

S. No. Municipality Corporation

1 President Father of Municipality

2 Number 14

3 Tenure

4 Officer Commissioner

5 Revenue Professional tax

IV. Answer in brief.

1. What are the duties of Corporation?
2. How is the President of Municipality elected?
3. What is the total number of Corporations in Tamil Nadu?
4. What are the sources of income of Municipality?

155
 Class IV - Mathematics, Science and Social Science (Term I, Volume 2)
List of Authors and Reviewers
Academic Advisor Mathematics Science Social Science
Dr. P. Kumar
Joint Director (Syllabus), Reviewers Reviewers Reviewers
Dr. Ramanujam Angeline Ruby K.Velu
SCERT, Chennai. Professor, BT Asst, G. G. H.S.School
Asst. Professor, SCERT,
Institute of Mathematical Chennai. Thalaivasal, Salem.
Academic Co-ordinator
Science, Tharamani,
Dr. K.S. Mozhiyarasi Chennai. Dr. K. Chinthanaiyalan S. Gomathi Manickam
Principal, DIET, B.T. Asst., GHS, BT Asst, GHSSchool,
R. Krithika, Periyar nager, Old Perungalathur,
Keelapalur, Ariyalur Research Centre, Nandambakkam, Kancheepuram.
Azim Premji University, Kanchipuram.
Subject Co-ordinator Bangalore Srivathsan Ramasamy
Maths Authors Madhi Foundation,
Authors Srivathsan Ramasamy
K.Revathi Chennai.
Kalpana Madhi Foundation,
Lecturer, DIET Perambalur Authors
B.T. Assistant, PUMS, Chennai.
Science Alambakkam, A. Chinnappan
J. Parthiban
T. Ashok Pullambadi Union, Lecturer, DIET, BT Asst, GHS, Peelvaadi,
PG Asst., G.B.H.S.School, Tiruchirappalli. Keelapazhuvur, Ariyalur. Perambalur.
Ponneri, Thiruvallur. S .Ravi N. Gopi M. Varathan
B.T. Assistant, PUMS, BRTE, Nemili Block,
Social Science BT Asst, GHS, Nannai,
Azhagiyamanavalam Vellore.
S. Vijayalakshmi Perambalur.
Mannachanallur
B.T. Asst., G.H.S.School, Tiruchirappalli. P. Vasanthakumar, K. Selvakumar
Kuvathur, Kancheepuram. BT Asst, G.H.School, BRTE, Sendurai,
M. Sankar Ganesh Othaipulikudiyiruppu, Ariyalur.
Secondary Grade Teacher, Pudukottai.
Layout Design and PUMS, Aloor, Tirukkoilur
Block, Villupuram. K. Selvamanigandan,
Illustration Team
SGT, PUMS, Karukkai,
Rajesh Thangappan I. Mahalakshmi Cuddalore.
John Smith Headmistress, PUPS
Sembiyakudi, Thirumanur N. Akila
Santhiyavu Stephen,Yogesh, BT Asst., PUMS,
C. Prasanth, Block, Ariyalur. QR - Code
Adikudikadu, Ariyalur.
Pakkirisamy Annadurai P. Malarvizhi Management Team
BT Asst., P.U.M.School, S. Indira
Udhaya Info BT Asst., PUMS, R. Jaganathan
Padiyanallur Thiruvallur. S.G.T. (SPOC)
Chromepet, Chennai Munion Kurichi, Ariyalur.
PUMS Ganesapuram - Polur,
In-House QC K. Anandhan Thiruvannamalai Dist.
Kamatchi Balan Arumugam BT Asst., PUMS,
Chozhamadevi, Ariyalur. M. Saravanan
Arun Kamaraj Palanisamy
B.T. Asst., G.G.H.S.School,
Jerald Wilson M. Mariyanesan Vazhapadi, Salem.
Wrapper Design SGT, PUPS,
Thennavarayanpattu, M. Murugesan
Kathir Arumugam B.T.Asst., P.U.M.School,
Villupuram.
Pethavelankottagam,
Coordination V. Kamatchi Thiruvarur.
Ramesh Munisamy Head Master, PUPS,
Kandamangalam,
Villupuram.

This book has been printed on 80 GSM Maplitho paper.

Printed by offset at:

156