BFC 10403

FLUID MECHANICS
NOOR ALIZA AHMAD
[email protected]

My Room : FKAAS- MC –GROUND LEVEL NO.30

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IMPORTANT DATES

TEST 1 (Week 7)
03/04/2020 (Friday);
8.00am-9.30amB
F2 bawah

TEST 2 (Week 12)

05 May 2020 (Tuesday)
8.00pm-9.30pm
F2 Bawah
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BFC10403- FLUID MECHANICS Noor Aliza
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 Chapter 1:
Properties of Fluid

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 Learning Outcome
Fluid Mechanics concerned with the static and dynamics of fluids
- both liquids and gases

• At the end of this chapter, students should be able

to:
– Define the basic properties of fluid mechanic
– Understand and analyze fluid flow problem
– List out and apply fluid basic equation

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• Mechanics is the oldest physical science that deals
with both stationary and moving bodies under the
influence of forces. The branch of mechanics that deals
with bodies at rest is called statics, while the branch
that deals with bodies in motion is called dynamics.

• Fluid Mechanics is defined as the science that deals

with the behavior of fluids at rest (fluid statics)or in
motion (fluid dynamics), and the interaction of fluids
with solids or other fluids at the boundaries

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• Figure 1 illustrates a solid block resting on a
rigid plane and stressed by its own weight.
The solid sags into a static deflection, shown
as a highly exaggerated dashed line, resisting
shear without flow

Figure 1
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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• The liquid and gas at rest in Figure 2 require
the supporting walls to eliminate shear
stress.

Figure 2

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 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• The liquid retains its volume and forms a free
surface in the container.

• If the walls are removed, shear develops in the

liquid and a big splash results.

• If the container is tilted, shear again develops,

waves form, and the free surface seeks a
horizontal configuration, pouring out over the lip
if necessary.

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 Fluid Engineering Application
Fluid engineering applications is enormous:
• breathing,
• blood flow,
• swimming,
• pumps,
• fans,
• turbines,
• airplanes, ….etc

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 1.1 Units
International System (S.I.):

Quantities Units
Mass kg
Distance m
Time s
Force N
Temperature C or K

S.I. units is written in small caps, e.g. kilogram (kg), meter (m), and
second (s).
If the unit is named after someone, the units start with a capital
letter, e.g. Watt (W), Pascal (P), and Newton (N).
An exception is for the unit of liter (L).
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 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
a) Density,  (ketumpatan)

m
  (kg / m 3 )
V
- Density is highly variable in gases and
increases nearly proportionally to the pressure
level.

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 1.2 Properties of a Fluid

• Density in liquids is nearly constant; the density of

water (about 1000 kg/m3) increases only 1 percent if
the pressure is increased by a factor of 220. Thus
most liquid flows are treated analytically as nearly
“incompressible.”

• Compare their densities at 20°C and 1 atm:

Mercury:  = 13,580 kg/m3
Hydrogen:  = 0.0838 kg/m3

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 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
The density of liquids and solids
depends more strongly on 0C Density (kg/m3)
temperature than it does on
pressure. At 1 atm, for example, 0 999.8
10 999.2
the density of water changes from 20 998.2
998 kg/m3 at 20°C to 975 kg/m3 at 30 995.7
75°C, a change of 2.3 percent, 40 992.3
which can still be neglected in 50 988.0
100 958.4
many engineering analyses.
Note : 1000 kg/m3 = 1.94 slugs/ft3

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 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
# Example 1.1 #:
Given Specific Gravity of Mercury is 13.55 (20 0C). Calculate
mercury’s density.

Solution:
merkuri
13.55 
1000 kg / m3
 merkuri  13.6x10 3 kg / m3

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 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
# Example 1.2 #:

Calculate the gasoline’s density at 200C. The mass and volume

are 60 kg dan 0.5 m3 respectively

Solution:

m
  (kg / m 3 )
V
60
  120 kg / m 3

0.5

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 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
b) Specific gravity, SG or Relative Density

Is the density of a substance is given relative to the

density of a well-known substance.


SG 
 H Oat 4 0
C
2

Relative density of a gas is the ratio of the gas density

to the density of hydrogen or air at certain pressure
and temperature.

Relative density is dimensionless.

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# Example 1.3 #

Calculate the specific gravity/relativedensity for:

a. engine oil oil = 880 kg/m3,
b. seawater seawater = 1025 kg/m3, and
c. mercury mercury = 13570 kg/m3.
880
a. SGoil   0.88
1000

1025
b. SGseawater   1.025
1000

13570
c. SGmercury   13.57
1000

This shows that mercury and seawater are denser than water.
 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
c) specific weight, s (berat tentu)
Specific weight  is the weight per unit volume
of fluid at certain temperature and pressure.

s = g ( N/m3)

where g is gravity acceleration.

Unit of specific weight is N/m3.

Specific weight of water is 9.81 kN/m3 at 4C.

 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
d) Specific volume,  (Isipadu tentu)
V 1
 
m 

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 #Example 1.4#
Find specific weight, density, specific weight and relative density
of a liquid with volume 6.5 m3 and weight 55 kN.

m W 55  103
Specific weight    g  g    8461.5 N/m3
V V 6 .5

 8461.5
Density     862.5 kg/m 3
g 9.81

1 1
Specific volume v   1.1594  10 3 m3 /kg
 862.5

liquid 862.5
Relative density SG    0.8625
 water 1000
 Properties of a Fluid
e) Compressibility, refers to the change in volume (V) of a
substance that is subjected to a change in pressure on it.

-the usual quantity

used to measure this
phenomenon is the
Added Bar
bulk modulus of
Volume elasticity or simply bulk
0 0
modulus, E
0.5 25
1.0 50
1.5 75

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 Properties of a Fluid
f) Bulk Modulus, E (Modulas Pukal)

Pressure changes needed for

changing the volume

Initial Volume

Showing the Volume changes

pressure
increment with
volume
reduction

E , harder to compress

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 Properties of a Fluid
g) Viscosity,  (Kelikatan)
is a property that represents the internal resistance of a
fluid to motion or the “fluidity,” and that property is the
viscosity.

The force a flowing fluid

exerts on a body in the
flow direction is called the
drag force, and the
magnitude of this force
depends, in part, on
viscosity

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 Properties of a Fluid
h) Dynamic Viscosity,  -defined as shear force per unit area
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of fluid against shear
stress or tensile stress (or simply, viscosity is a measure of
fluid friction).

Units: Ns/m2, kgm-1s-1,Poise P

Typically
Water =1.14 kgm-1s-1, Air =1.78 kgm-1s-1,
Mercury =1.552 kgm-1s-1, Paraffin Oil=1.9 kgm-1s-1,

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 Properties of a Fluid

Dynamic viscocities of
some fluids at 1 atm
and 200C (unless
otherwise stated)

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 Newtonian Fluids
Fluids for which the rate of deformation is proportional to
the shear stress are called Newtonian fluids

Water, air, gasoline, and oils (Newtonian fluids)

Blood and liquid plastics (non-Newtonian fluids)
In one-dimensional shear flow of Newtonian fluids, shear
stress can be expressed by the linear relationship

Shear stress:

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 Newtonian Fluids
Newtonian fluids - shear stress is linearly proportional to the rate of shear strain
(satisfy Newton Law of Viscosity)
- the line passes through origin
- e.g. water, air, kerosene and mercury

Universal solid

Shear stress  (N/m2) Real plastic

Universal fluid ( = 0)
Shear rate du/dy
(s1)
Non-newtonian fluids - paint, polymer solvent, mudflow, blood, etc.
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

Liquid - the viscosity reduces with increasing temperature

- the cohesive forces between molecules reduces when temperature
increases

Gas - the viscosity increases with increasing temperature

- cohesive forces between molecules is negligible
- molecular momentum transfer increases that it increases the viscosity
of gas
Effect of Temperature on Viscosity
10.0

Viscosity
, Ns/m2
1.0

1  10–1

1  10–2

1  10–3

1  10–4

1  10–5

1  10–6
–20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Temperature, oC
 Properties of a Fluid
i) Kinematic Viscosity, Kelikatan
kinematik, the ratio of dynamic
viscosity to density

Two common units of kinematic

viscosity are m2/s and stoke
(1 stoke 1 cm2/s 0.0001 m2/s). Dynamic viscosity, in general,
does not depend on pressure,
but kinematic viscosity does.
Typically
Water =1.14 x 10-6 , m2/s Air =1.46 x 10-5 m2/s ,
Mercury =1.145 x 10-4 m2/s , Paraffin Oil =2.375 x 10-3 m2/s

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#Example 1.5#
A rod of diameter 20 mm and length 150 mm moves at a speed of 25
m/s in a 50 mm diameter cylinder filled with oil. If a 12 N of force is
required to maintain the speed of the rod, calculate:

i. the dynamic viscosity of the oil, and

ii. the kinematic viscosity of the oil if relative density of the oil is 0.92.

Lrod = 150 mm

drod = 20 mm


dcylinder = 50 mm Oil-filled

15 mm [ = (50  20)/2 ]
Given: F = 12 N, Drod = 20 mm, Lrod = 150 mm, u = 20 m/s, Dcylinder = 50 mm

Area impacted by the shear force A = DL = 9.425  103 m2

 F 12
Shear stress    1273.24 N/m2

A 9.425  10 3
du
Also, shear stress   
dy
25
1273 .24  
0.015

Dynamic viscosity   0.7639 Ns/m2


Kinematic viscosity  

0.7639

920
  8.30  10 4 m2 /s
 #Example 1.6#
A thin plate located 0.1 mm away from a rigid boundary requires 1.2 N/m2 force
to move at a speed of 2.5 m/s. Compute dynamic viscosity of the fluid contained
between the plate and the rigid boundary.
Plate u = 2.5 m/s
0.1 mm
Rigid boundary

Given: Distance between plate and rigid boundary dy = 0.1 mm = 0.1 × 10–3 m
Plate velocity u = 2.5 m/s
Change in plate velocity du = u – 0 = 2.5 m/s
Force on plate F = 1.2 N/m2

du
Shear stress  
dy
2.5
1.2  
0.1 10 3

5
Dynamic viscosity   4.8  10 Ns/m
2
 #Example 1.7#

The velocity distribution for a flow over a plate is given as u = 5y  4y1/2 where u is
the velocity (m/s) at a distance y measured above the plate. If the dynamic
viscosity is 0.85 Ns/m2, calculate the velocity and shear stress on the boundary
and at 0.25 m from the boundary.
Find: u and  at y = 0 m and at y = 0.25 m above the plate.
1
Given:  = 0.85 Ns/m2 and u  5y  4y 2

1
du 
1 At y = 0:  5  2y 2  5 s-1
u  5y  4y 2 dy
1 du
du 
 5  2y 2   0.85  4.25 N/m2
dy dy

du
Shear stress   
dy 1
du 
du At y = 0.25 m:  5  2y 2  1 s-1
  0.85 dy
dy
du
  0.85  0.85 N/m2
dy
1.2 Properties of a Fluid
j. Thermodynamic properties
- important when temperature affect fluid properties
- Ideal gas law

pV  nRT

where, p = absolute pressure (in kPa), V = volume of gas (in

L), T = absolute temperature (in Kelvin), m = moles of gas, R
= gas constant = 8.314 JK1mol1
Periodic table of elements
# Example 1.8#
What pressure will be exerted by 20.16 g hydrogen
gas in a 7.5 L cylinder at 20C?
Given: V = 7.5 L, T = 20C = 20 + 273.15 = 293.15 K,
Mass = 20.16 g, Atomic weight H2 = 2  1.008 = 2.016 g/mol

No. of moles = 20.16/ 2.016 = 10 mol

Ideal gas law pV  nRT

10  8.314  293 .15
p
7.5
p  3249.67 kPa
# Example 1.9#
The absolute pressure and temperature of carbon monoxide in a ship
are 500 kN/m2 and 27C, respectively. Compute the density, specific
weight and specific volume for the gas.
Given: p = 500 kPa, T = 27C = 27 + 273.15 = 300.15 K,

Atomic weight of CO = 12.01 + 16 = 28.01 g/mol

1
Ideal gas law pV  nRT Specific volume v

n p
 1
V RT v
0.2004
500
Density  v  4.99 m3 /kg/mol
8.314  300 .15
  0.2004 kg/m3 /mol

Specific weight   g
  0.2004  9.81
  1.966 N/m3 /mol
 1.2 Properties of a Fluid
k) Surface Tension,s

• a drop of blood forms a hump on a

horizontal glass!

• a drop of mercury forms a near-perfect

sphere and can be rolled just like a
steel ball over a smooth surface!

• water droplets from rain or dew hang

from branches or leaves of trees!

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- is a property of the surface of a fluid that allows it to resist
external force.
- due to cohesive forces between molecules.
- Unit of surface tension is force per unit length or energy per
unit area, i.e. N/m

Examples of surface tension values are:

Water and air = 0.073 N/m at 20oC
Water and air = 0.058 N/m at 100oC
Mercury and air = 0.1 N/m length
The cohesive forces between molecules below the surface are shared with all
neighboring atoms.

Those on the surface have no neighboring atoms above, and exhibit stronger
attractive forces upon their nearest neighbors on the surface. This enhancement
of the intermolecular attractive forces at the surface is called surface tension.

Air
Free surface D
C

Molecule
B
A
Liquid
 Water Droplet

p 

(a) Water droplet (b) Forces (c) Surface tension

Atmospheric
pressure 

d p


(d) Forces acting on the droplet


Total of pressure force p d2 Total of tension force   d
4
In equilibrium,

pressure force = surface tension force


p d 2  d
4
4
p
d
 #Example 1.10#
A water tank is filled with air through a pipe to produce bubbles.
Compute air pressure required by the pipe to form bubbles with
diameter 10 mm at temperature 30C. Assume atmospheric pressure is
zero.
Given: d = 10 mm = 0.01 m
surface tension of water at 30C,  = 0.0712 N/m

4
Therefore, the pressure required p
d
4  0.0712
p
0.01

p  28.48 N/m2
1.2 Properties of a Fluid
l. Capillary action
- occurs when one end of a capillary tube is immersed in a liquid.
All forces holding a liquid together are called cohesive forces.
The forces of attraction between a liquid and another surface are adhesive
forces.
Water rises in the capillary tube because
the adhesive forces between the water and
the glass are quite strong, sufficiently
strong to draw the liquid up against the
force of gravity.

For liquid mercury, the cohesive forces are

greater than the adhesive forces, so the
level of the liquid inside the tube is actually
depressed.

- contributes to ability of plants roots to take up water and dissolved

nutrients from the soil and transmit them up the stems, and the ability of
paper and cloth towels to absorb water.
 SiO2
H2O
Hg

The meniscus on the liquid The meniscus on the surface of

surface is concave (U-shaped) the mercury is convex (dome-
because the forces between the shaped) because the attractive
water and the glass are stronger forces between mercury atoms
than between water molecules are stronger than the attraction
between mercury and the glass
  
 
Surface tension forces =  d cos

Weight of water column in tube = d 2h
4
Capillary tube
h = Capillary rise In equilibrium,

 d cos  d 2h
Water 4
d 4 cos
h
Adhesion > Cohesion d
(Concave meniscus)

d Glass tube For water and glass,   0

For mercury and glass,   130 - 150

h = Capillary depression Mercury


 > /2

Adhesion < Cohesion

 
(Convex meniscus)
 #Example 1.11#
Compute the minimum diameter of a glass tube if the capillary
rise in the tube does not exceed 0.25 mm. Assume the surface
tension of the water is 0.075 N/m.

Given: h = 0.25 mm,  = 0.075 N/m

4 cos
Capillary action h 
d
4
h
d
4  0.075
0.25  10 3 
9810  d

d  0.1223 m
#Example 1.12#
Compute the rise of water when a glass tube of
diameter 1.2 mm is placed inside a water tank at 20C.
Surface tension  at 20C = 0.0728 N/m
4
Capillary rise h
d
4  0.0728
h
9810  0.0012

h  0.0247 m
m. Compressibility and Bulk Modulus

Bulk modulus E is defined as the ratio of the change in pressure to the

rate of change of volume due to the change in pressure.

dp dp
E or E
dV V  d  
where dp is the change in pressure causing a change in volume dV when
the original volume was V. The unit is the same as that of pressure, N/m2.

The negative sign indicates reduction in volume due to increasing pressure.

At normal temperature and pressure,

Ewater = 2.07  106 kN/m2

Eair = 101.3 kN/m2

 F

F
p
Piston A
dV Shear dp
stress
V dV
Gas V
Volume strain

Compressibility is a measure of the relative volume change of fluid as a

response to external pressure.

1
Compressibility 
E
Compressibility of water is so small that it is usually neglected.
 PROBLEMS
1. A tank is filled with oil whose density is ρ=850 kg/m3. If the volume of the
tank is V = 2m3, determine the amount of mass in the tank.
(Answer: 1700kg)

2. Determine the mass and the weight of the air contained in a room whose
dimensions are 6 m x 6 m x 8 m. Assume the density of the air is 1.16 kg/m3.
(Answer: 334.1 kg, 3277 N)

3. A cylindrical tank contains methanol has a mass of 40 kg mass and volume

51L. Determine the weight, density, specific gravity and force of methanol.
(Answer : 392.4N ,784kg/m3 ,0.784, 98.1N)

4. A 1.9-mm-diameter tube is inserted into an unknown liquid whose density is

960 kg/m3, and it is observed that the liquid rises 5 mm in the tube, making a
contact angle of 15°. Determine the surface tension of the liquid.
(Answer: 0.0146 N/m

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