Topic

Teaching Suggestions
Australia’s
Involvement
in the War 1
The decision to send
an Australian infantry
battalion to Vietnam is
a grave one; these are
inescapable obligations
which fall on us because
of our position, treaties
and friendship. There
was no alternative but to
respond as we have.

A quotation on the Australian Vietnam

Forces National Memorial

Focus questions:

What was the

Vietnam War?
Why did Australia
become involved?
Was this a popular
decision?
What was the nature
of the Australian
involvement?

Garden Island, Sydney, NSW, 27 March 1968. Troops of the 1st Battalion,
The Royal Australian Regiment (1RAR), board the troop carrier HMAS Sydney
prior to their departure for Vietnam.
AWM CUN/68/0129/EC

13
 Teaching Suggestions
Teaching Suggestions

1 Background information

Australian Australia became deeply involved in the Vietnam War in 1965. On 29 April, Prime Minister Robert
involvement Menzies announced to Parliament that Australia would send combat troops to South Vietnam.
Since 1962 Australia’s involvement was a small number of Australian Army Training Team
Vietnam (AATTV) advisers sent to train South Vietnamese troops and a Royal Australian Air Force
Transport Flight from 1964, but this was to be a substantial increase in our military commitment.

Vietnam’s For 2000 years Vietnam has alternated between being part of a Chinese state (111BC–932AD),
history a unified and independent state (932–1545, 1788–1847 and 1975 until today), a foreign colony
(1843­–1954), and a divided state (1545–1788 and 1954–1975). China was an ever-present
factor on its northern border; during the 19th century France had invaded the area and created
French Indo-China — comprising Cochin, Annam and Tonkin (modern Vietnam), and what are now
Cambodia and Laos — and in 1940 Japan invaded and seized control from the French.

Viet Minh When the Japanese surrendered in 1945, the French returned. In the north, the Vietnamese
nationalists, the Viet Minh, led by the communist Ho Chi Minh, fought against them for
Vietnamese independence; in the south, British support, which did not last long, for the French
made them more secure, though there were southern Viet Minh who continued to seek an
independent Vietnam.
In 1954, the Viet Minh defeated the French at Dien Bien Phu in northern Vietnam, declared
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV or North Vietnam), and claimed that they were the
legitimate government of all Vietnam. They did not control what soon became the Republic of
Vietnam (RVN — South Vietnam), but supported local Viet Minh activity to destabilise the south.

Geneva A conference of the major world powers in Geneva in 1954 finally suggested a temporary
Accords division of Vietnam at the 17th parallel of latitude, with a vote of all Vietnamese to be held in
July 1956 to decide on unification. The French signed an agreement for South Vietnam, but
neither the United States of America (USA) nor the Vietnamese Emperor in South Vietnam,
Bao Dai, committed themselves to it. The French now left South Vietnam, and Ngo Dinh Diem
became President.

Two Many Viet Minh nationalists in the south continued to undermine the new South Vietnam
Vietnams Government and worked towards allowing the country to be unified under Ho Chi Minh. No vote
on unification was ever held. The Americans increasingly became involved in supporting the
South Vietnamese government, believing that if South Vietnam became communist, other
neighbouring countries — Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Malaya — would also fall. This was
the ‘domino’ theory.

Australia’s The Australian Government always presented the Vietnam War as one of a Chinese-supported
attitude communist invasion of the south by a dictatorial north, while those who opposed the war
presented it as a nationalist and anti-colonial movement and a civil war that foreign powers
ought not be involved in. This was also consistent with Australia’s role in the ‘Cold War’, as
a defender of the democratic and capitalist countries, led by the United States of America,
against those that were communist and socialist dominated, led by the USSR (Russia)
and China.

United By the end of 1964 the United States (US) had provided massive financial and other aid to
States’ Vietnam, and had 16 000 military advisers training South Vietnamese troops. It seemed to be
involvement doing it all alone and called for ‘more flags’ to be seen in Vietnam. The
US now looked to Australia and other countries for support and wanted 200 more Australian
military advisers in Vietnam. What would Australia do?

Australia’s Australia was unable to provide more advisors because of the expansion of the Australian Army
reaction with the introduction of conscription. When Australia responded on 29 April 1965 it was to send
an infantry battalion to join American combat battalions that had already arrived in Vietnam.
The Australian decision to become involved, and to extend that involvement, was influenced by
four major factors.
The first was an anti-communist and pro-democracy ideology. The potentially democratic
South Vietnam seemed to be under attack from communism, with its political, economic and
social implications.
14
 Teaching Suggestions
There was also a fear of regional developments. China had become communist in 1949,
Australia believed that Indonesia was likely to head that way, and there were strong communist
movements in Laos, Malaysia and Thailand.
In 1964 Australia was in fact fighting Indonesians in the Malayan peninsula and Borneo during
the Indonesian confrontation. In 1963, the United Nations which was administering the Dutch
West New Guinea handed control to Indonesia. It looked like there could be a communist power
on the borders of the Australian Territories of Papua and New Guinea.
The fourth element was the Australian Government’s belief that it needed to tie itself to the
United States for its security in the region. Australia had ‘looked to America’ during World War II,
and had served alongside it in the Korean War as part of a British Commonwealth force within
the United Nations body of troops. It was also a member of two regional defence pacts: ANZUS
(Australia, New Zealand and United States) and SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation).
But the United States did not share Australia’s belief that Indonesia might fall to communism
and was therefore not willing to provide it with a security commitment.
Australian diplomats advised that the government could win favour with the United States by
providing troops to the US commitment in Vietnam. By doing so it was hoped that we would
demonstrate our reliability to the United States, and it would be more likely to help us against
any regional threat. Australia now offered a combat battalion to the Americans and sought the
assent of the South Vietnamese Government before making an announcement.

South The circumstances in which the South Vietnamese Government requested the Australian
Vietnamese battalion later became controversial. While the Australian Government was providing support
request for for the United States, it was unwilling to make the commitment without an official request from
support the South Vietnamese Government. South Vietnam did not initiate the request but it explicitly
approved the terms of the Australian announcement and gave its assent.

Reactions to The decision was generally well-received and accepted in the community, with only one major
involvement newspaper, The Australian, opposing it from the start.

The nature The AATTV continued to operate, generally in one- or two-man teams in a variety of places in
of Australian South Vietnam, while the new combat troops — the 1st Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment
involvement (1RAR), together with some logistical support elements — was sent to the province of Bien Hoa,
just north of Saigon, to be part of the United States’ 173rd Independent Airborne Brigade.
Later forces (including increased infantry numbers as well as logistical support, RAAF helicopter,
transport and bomber crews and maintenance support) would be mainly located in Phuoc Tuy
Province and be able to operate independently rather than as part of an American formation.
Supply was partly from the Royal Australian Navy vessels HMAS Jeparit and HMAS Sydney, and
partly from the American supply base at Long Binh in Bien Hoa province. This autonomy suited
the Australians, as they did not agree with the American tactical approach of using massive
firepower to draw the enemy into high-casualty firefights. The Australians instead implemented
the counter-guerrilla warfare they had learned fighting Communist insurgents in the jungles of
Malaya, where the emphasis was on small, silent patrols to ambush the enemy and deny it
access to the villages where it received its food, money, intelligence and recruits.
This emphasis on counter-terrorist warfare was to be the characteristic of most Australian Army
contact with the enemy for the rest of the Australian involvement in the war.
Between 1962 and 1975 nearly 60 000 Australian troops and some civilian elements served
in Vietnam. Most units were sent for twelve-month tours. At its height there were about 8000
Australian combat and logistical support troops in Vietnam at the one time.
The last unit to leave was the one that had been the first to arrive — the AATTV. The last
Australian military commitment was a RAAF Hercules transport plane detachment that flew
humanitarian missions, such as the evacuation of war orphans, into and out of South Vietnam
as the war was drawing to an end.

15
Teaching Suggestions

2 Key learning outcomes

By the end of this topic students will be better able to:
Consider their attitude to involvement in war
Locate Vietnam on a map and describe its basic geography and history
Understand the ‘domino theory’
Consider a variety of reasons for Australian involvement in the war
Understand the attitude of supporters and opponents of involvement at the time
Decide if the Government was honest in its account of why it participated in the war
Understand the nature of Australia’s military commitment to the war

3 Some suggested classroom strategies

Activity 1 This is a way of introducing students to a key concept in a content-neutral way, and with
students being able to draw on their own knowledge of the modern world. Small-class
discussion can be followed by general discussion. Alternatively, students could be told that
they are the Australian electorate and have to vote in each case on whether to involve the
nation. In this way they are simulating a national rather than a personal approach.

Activity 2 Small groups should work through the questions to gather basic information and
understanding. At the end, direct the students back to the hypothetical situations in Activity 1
— they will now start to make specifically historical connections.

Activity 3 This is a shorthand way of covering a lot of material. If required, some students can be asked
to look at the longer extracts and to report back to class. A key concept to discuss here is:
Who makes a decision on war in a democracy? Should the people have a say on it? Or is that
impracticable, or undesirable, or both?

Activity 4 This activity raises another significant concept: What is the public’s right to be given
information on major public policy issues?

Activity 5 This allows students to start thinking about the varied nature of Australia’s military
involvement. They can set up hypotheses that they will test in following topics. The activity can
be undertaken in small groups or pairs, with each reporting back to the class on their ideas.

4 Interactive CD-ROM and DVD resources

On the Australia and the Vietnam War CD-ROM students can:
Browse the Interactive Maps (Primary and Secondary)
Browse the Interactive Timeline (Primary and Secondary)
Some discussion of the reasons for involvement in the war is on the DVD
containing Episode 7 (The Vietnam War) from the Australians at War documentary series.

16
Would you go to war?

Activity
1
Imagine the following situations. Decide if Record your reason/s in the appropriate
you would support Australia going to war in column. You will be asked to come back to
each of these situations involving country X. look again at your responses later.

Situation Australia go
to war?
Yes / No
Reasons
1
(A) Australia has been attacked by
country X.

(B) Country X is threatening to attack

Australia.

(C) Country X is building up its weapons

and might attack Australia in the
future.

(D) Country X is likely to be an enemy in

the future so Australia should attack
it first.

(E) An ally of Australia in the region has

been attacked by country X.

(F) An ally of Australia in another part

of the world has been attacked
by country X.

(G) Australia attacks country X to replace

a brutal dictator with a democratic
system of government.

(H) Australia supports one side in

a civil war in country X.

(I) Australia attacks country X because

our biggest ally does and we want to
make sure they stay bound to us if we
need them to help us in the future.

(J) Under no circumstances would you

support Australia going to war against
country X.

17
 W hy was Australia involved
Activity

in the Vietnam War?

Between 1962 and 1972 Australia was part of the
war in Vietnam between the South Vietnamese
Government and the North Vietnamese Government.

2
1 Use an atlas or go to the CD-ROM map activity
to identify Vietnam on this map.
2 How far is it from the nearest part of Australia?
3 Suggest reasons why Australia might be
involved in a war in Vietnam.
The war in Vietnam has to be seen in a ‘Cold War’
context. The Cold War was a period from 1945 to
1991 of ideological conflict between capitalism/
democracy and communism — involving mainly the
United States of America and its allies, and the
localised conflicts, but none actually drew the large
Soviet Union and its allies. Competition between
powers into full-scale war.
these blocs for influence and power threatened to
break out into ‘hot war’, with the fear that atomic Here are some events from the time that affected
missiles would be fired. There were many small or the conflict in Vietnam.

Browse the interactive timeline for

more information on the Vietnam
Source 1 Timeline of some Cold War events in the Asian region War in the Cold War period

1945 Japanese surrender, ending World War II.

1948 Communist guerrillas seek to take control of Malaya from the British.
1949 Australia supports Indonesian independence from the Dutch.
1949 China becomes a communist country.
1950 –1966 Australia provides military support to Malaya (later Malaysia).
1950 –1953 Korean War, United Nations troops (mainly from the United States of America and
Australia) and North Korean and Chinese forces involved.
1951 ANZUS defence alliance formed — Australia, New Zealand and the United States.
1954 Ho Chi Minh’s communist and nationalist Viet Minh defeat the French who control
Vietnam, and declare Vietnam as independent. They only control the northern half
of Vietnam and seek to overthrow the government of South Vietnam.
1954 Southeast Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO) formed — Australia, France, Great Britain,
New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States.
1959 –1961 Communist rebels seek to take control of Laos.
1963 United Nations hands control of West New Guinea to Indonesia. It now shares a land
border with the Australian Territories of Papua and New Guinea.
1963 Indonesian Communist Party gains influence in the Indonesian Government.
1964 Australia introduces a limited form of conscription.
1964 Indonesian troops mount a limited offensive in Borneo to destabilise Malaysia.
1965 Australia sends troops to fight the Indonesians in Borneo.
1965 Indonesian Government bans the Communist Party and thousands are murdered.

18
 Activity
4
What is communism? Source 3 Statement from Australian political leader
Richard Casey in 1951
5
Why would Australia be opposed to
communism?
6
Why might Australia be ready to go to war in
Vietnam against communism?
If Indo-China and Burma were lost to the
Communists — indeed if either of them was lost
­— Thailand would be immediately outflanked and
2
it would be difficult if not impossible for Thailand
Source 2 The Red Menace successfully to resist heavy Communist pressure
unless very substantial help were afforded it from
Ted Scorfield, The Bulletin,12 March 1958

without. If Thailand were lost to the Communists,

the large export surplus of Siamese rice which is
important for Malaya and many of the countries
would cease to be available. In other words, the
internal position in Malaya could deteriorate
substantially even before any question of direct
military aggression against Malaya from the
north arose … If South-East Asia and Malaya
fell to the Communists, the position in Indonesia
would become much less secure and inevitably
the security of Australia itself would be directly
imperilled.
Quoted in Peter Edwards, Crises and Commitments:
the politics and diplomacy of Australia’s involvement in
Southeast Asian conflicts, 1948–1965,
Allen & Unwin in association with the
Australian War Memorial, Sydney, 1992, page 107

15 This statement describes the ‘domino theory’.

What does ‘domino theory’ mean?
16 Not all Australians accepted this ‘domino
theory’. What might be the limitations or
weaknesses in it?

Look at this cartoon published in a popular 17 Look back at your answer to Question 3 above.
Australian magazine. Would you add or change anything?
In 1962 Australia sent a small number of Australian
7 What is the ‘red claw’? Army Training Team (AATTV) advisers to train South
8 Where is it coming from? Vietnamese troops. In 1964 a RAAF Transport Flight
9 Where is it going? was sent to Vietnam. In 1965 the Government
decided to increase this commitment greatly by
10 What is it doing? sending a battalion (about 800 men) of combat
11 How does the cartoonist want the reader to troops. Here are parts of the Prime Minister’s
react to this image? 1965 announcement of the reasons for committing
12 What is the message of this cartoon? combat forces to Vietnam, and the response of the
Opposition Australian Labor Party to it.
13 How might such a cartoon be useful evidence
to help us understand people’s attitudes and
ideas at the time?
14 What might be the weaknesses or limitations of
using such evidence to find out these things?

19
Activity
Opposition Leader Arthur Calwell:
[O]n behalf of all my colleagues of Her Majesty’s
Opposition, I say that we oppose the Government’s
decision to send 800 men to fight in Vietnam. We
oppose it firmly and completely …
We do not think it will help the fight against
18 Look at the two extracts and find and mark Communism. On the contrary, we believe it
where the speakers use these arguments or
will harm that fight in the long term. We do not
make statements about:
believe it will promote the welfare of the people of

2
A National self-interest Vietnam. On the contrary, we believe it will prolong
B International morality and deepen the suffering of that unhappy people
C The nature of the war (invasion or civil war) so that Australia’s very name may become a term
D Alliances and treaty obligations of reproach among them. We do not believe that
it represents a wise or even intelligent response
E Regional responsibilities
to the challenge of Chinese power … We of the
F Cold war ideology (communism/democracy)
Labour Party do not believe that this decision
G The key reasons for supporting Australian serves, or is consistent with, the immediate
involvement strategic interests of Australia. On the contrary,
we believe that, by sending one quarter of our
pitifully small effective military strength to distant
Source 4 The Government’s announcement of Vietnam, this Government dangerously denudes
Australia’s commitment to the Vietnam War and the Australia and its immediate strategic environs of
Opposition’s response effective defence power. Thus, for all these and
other reasons, we believe we have no choice but to
oppose this decision in the name of Australia and
Prime Minister Robert Menzies:
of Australia’s security.
The Australian Government is now in receipt of a request I propose to show that the Government’s
from the Government of South Viet Nam for further decision rests on three false assumptions:
military assistance. We have decided and this has been An erroneous view of the nature of the war in
after close consultation with the Government of the Vietnam; a failure to understand the nature of the
United States — to provide an infantry battalion for Communist challenge; and a false notion as to the
service in South Viet Nam. interests of America and her allies. No debate on
There can be no doubt of the gravity of the situation the Government’s decision can proceed, or even
in South Viet Nam. There is ample evidence to show begin, unless we make an attempt to understand
that with the support of the North Vietnamese regime the nature of the war in Vietnam. Indeed, this is
and other Communist powers, the Viet Cong has been the crux of the matter; for unless we understand
preparing on a more substantial scale than ... [before] the nature of the war, we cannot understand what
insurgency action designed to destroy South Vietnamese Australia’s correct role in it should be.
Government control, and to disrupt by violence the life of
Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives,
the local people. 29 April 1965, vol. 45, pages 1102–7
We have not of course come to this decision
without the closest attention to the question of defence
priorities. We do not and must not overlook the point
that our alliances, as well as providing guarantees and
assurances for our security, make demands upon us. We 19 Both men had the same information about
have commitments to bear in mind, and [preparations to what was happening in Vietnam. Why could
make against] ... the possibility of other developments in they and their parties have such different
the region which could make demands on our Australian responses to it?
defence capacity. 20 Go back to Activity 1. Identify any situations
Assessing all this, it is our judgment that the decision that are based on the Vietnam War. How did
to commit a battalion in South Viet Nam represents the you respond to them? Do you think you would
most useful additional contribution which we can make have supported Australia’s involvement in the
to the defence of the region at this time. The takeover war in 1965?
of South Viet Nam would be a direct military threat to
Australia and all the countries of South and South-East 21 What factors might have most influenced your
decision?
Asia. It must be seen as part of a thrust by Communist
China between the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Commonwealth Parliamentary Debates, House of Representatives,
29 April 1965, vol. 45, pages 1060–1

20
 D id people support Australia’s

Activity
involvement in the Vietnam War?
People are not usually given the chance to decide if 1
Look at these reactions from the major
they want their country to go to war. But we can find newspapers about Australia’s commitment
out if they supported that decision or not. of combat troops to the Vietnam War. Place

3
a on those that seem to be supporting the
The ways usually used by historians to try to find out
decision, a beside those that seem to be
include looking at how public opinion is expressed
opposing it, and a ? where you cannot tell.
— in newspapers, public opinion polls and elections.
2
What is your conclusion from this evidence
about Australians’ likely attitude to involvement
Source 1 Editorial reactions to the announcement in the war?
of Australia’s involvement in the Vietnam War

Peter Edwards, A Nation At War, Allen & Unwin in association with the Australian War Memorial, Sydney, 1997, page 37

21
Activity

Here is some more evidence.

Source 2 A cartoon comment on churches and war

3 3
What difficulties
does the cartoonist
say that churches
have with war?
4
Do you think
people’s religious
beliefs or church
membership would
be an influential
element in their
decision whether
to support war or
not? Explain your
reasons.

The Australian, 8 April 1966

Source 3 Public opinion poll closest to the date of the commitment

Poll date Continue to fight in Vietnam (%) Bring forces back now (%) Undecided (%)
September 1965 56 28 16

Source 4 Federal election results before and after the commitment

House of Representatives Senate

Party 1963 1966 1963 1966
Liberal* 52 61 23 21
Country Party* 20 21 7 7
ALP 52 41 27 27
DLP* – – 2 4
Independent – 1 1 1

* denotes parties supporting involvement in the war

Peter Cook, Australia and Vietnam 1965–1972, La Trobe University Melbourne, 1991, page 39

5
Do these sources support or challenge your
answer to Question 2? Explain why.

22
 D id the Government tell the truth

Activity
about Australia’s involvement
in the Vietnam War?

4
There has been debate about whether Prime 1
According to this speech, who requested the
Minister Menzies told the truth in his speech to troops?
Parliament. You can be a historian and decide for
2
Who agreed to send the troops?
yourself on this controversial issue.
3
What was the role of the United States?
The Prime Minister said in the speech quoted
in Activity 2: ‘The Australian Government is now Is this true? Historian Michael Sexton says that the
in receipt of a request from the Government of following events happened in this order:
South Viet Nam for further military assistance.
We have decided — and this has been after close
consultation with the Government of the United
States — to provide an infantry battalion for service
in South Viet Nam.’

A The Australian Government wanted to offer troops to help the United States. It decided it would offer a
battalion (about 800 men plus 100 others for logistical support).
B The US finally agreed, but required that the request come from the Government of South Vietnam.
C The Australian Government did not want to make the announcement until it had received this request from
the Government of South Vietnam.
D Reporter Alan Reid of The Daily Telegraph learned about the decision and published it.
E Prime Minister Menzies now had to announce the decision, but he had not yet received a request from the
South Vietnamese Government for the troops.
F Australia’s Ambassador in Saigon sent a message saying that the Vietnamese Government would make a
statement that ‘said in effect: At request of Vietnamese Government Australian Government has decided to
send Battalion’.
G Prime Minister Menzies made his announcement as quoted above.
H Two hours after Menzies’ announcement the South Vietnamese Government issued this statement: ‘Upon
the request of the Government of the Republic of Vietnam, the Government of Australia today approved
the despatch to Vietnam of an Infantry Battalion together with logistical support to assist the Republic of
Vietnam Armed forces in its struggle against armed aggression.’
I Later that night Prime Minister Quot wrote to Ambassador Anderson: ‘I have the honor to refer to your letter
… confirming the Australian Government’s offer to send to Vietnam an infantry battalion … in assisting the
defence of the Republic of Vietnam. I wish to confirm my government’s acceptance of this offer …’
Based on Michael Sexton, War For The Asking, New Holland, Sydney, 2002, passim

4
Do you think the Prime Minister lied to or Your Conclusion
misled the Australian people? If so, was it
5
Why do you think Australia went to war
justified? If not, do you think it would ever
in Vietnam?
be justified? Explain your reasons.
6
Was this involvement justified?

You can see a letter from US President

Johnson to Prime Minister Menzies in
the interactive timeline for 1964

23
 W hat was Australia’s
Activity

commitment to the war?

Imagine that you heard a newsflash today that Australia was about to send a military force to a country that
was being invaded.

1 What is your immediate image of who we would 3 Look at your ‘codes’ for the photographs, and

5

send and what they would do once they were in list the combat troops in the left hand column
this country? of this table. Then write beside each the
Your answer probably stressed the combat element sort of support that might be needed — for
— people who would do the fighting. But there is example, beside infantry soldier you might list
more to a military force than fighting. Look at the ‘ammunition’, ‘replacement clothes’ ‘transport
set of images on the next pages showing aspects of to the front’, and so on.
Australians’ military involvement in the Vietnam War. 4
Write a short statement (or hypothesis) about
what you now expect to discover about the
2
Mark each image with the following letters
nature and role of the Australian military
where they apply: — those that show:
experience in Vietnam. You will be
Combat troops C
able to test this as you work
Support troops S through the material in the
Army personnel A following Topics.
Navy personnel RAN
Air Force personnel RAAF
Civilians CIV

Combat element Support element required

24
 Activity
5

n civilian vo lunteer
Members of an Australia
surgical team
AWM P03122.003

A door gunner of a No 9 Squadron

RAAF Iroquois helicopter
AWM VN/66/0047/16

A lookout on HMAS Hobart in the battle zone

AWM P03864.001

Gunners from 103 Field Battery,

Royal Australian Artillery
AWM EKN/66/0065/VN

25
Activity

at
Clerks sort mail at Nui D
VN
AWM FAI/70/0828/

On patrol
AWM WAR/70/0657/VN

A welder in a workshop at Nui Dat

AWM P00510.016

De-mining engineers
AWM EKT/7/0059/VN

26
 Activity
5

Helping in villages
AWM 314472

ng Tau
An Australian Army nurse at Vu
hospital
AWM CRO/67/1227/VN

An Army cook preparing a meal for troops

AWM SHA/65/0270/VN

A clerk at Nui Dat

AWM COM/69/0073/VN

27
Activity

Tanks and armoured personnel car

riers
supporting troops in the field
AWM BEL/69/0389/VN

y with hot tea

The Salvation Army read
for the troops
VN
AWM GIL/67/0598/

A Red Cross worker

w
soldiers at 8 Field H ith wounded
AWM P02017.01
ospital, Vung Tau
6

You can learn more about life for the

Australians in Vietnam when you:
• Dress a Paper Doll ak from work
• Prepare for Patrol Storemen keeping fit during a bre
• Explore the Camp at Nui Dat AWM ERR/68/1033/VN

28