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Class 10 Physics Practicals

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86 views

Class 10 Physics Practicals

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s kartikeya
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STEED) ya: determine the foca To e focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining image of a distant object. QUIREMENTS , ) wea i (A concave ae Gi) A mirror holder {ii A screen (white card board) (iv) A metre seal ale iHEORY AND PRINCIPLE : (A distant obj : a ject situated many times the focal length of the mirror is regarded as an object at infinity. The Tays coming from an object at infinity form a set of parallel rays. ii) Parallel ra ae acer be ee at infinity after undergoing reflection at the concave mirror meet in the focal form a real, inverted and diminished image of the object placed at infinity. (ic) The distance betw. Riles etween the pole of the mirror and the focal plane of the mirror gives the focal length of the P. -aralle) - trom di ‘Stance ob iz . '<— Focal plane of convex lens |<— White screen - Metre scale Focal Length > | ae ear Tae 10 20 30 40 50 60 OCEDURE 1. Place the convex lens on the lens hold mark. The apparatus should be placed 2 Locate some distant building/a tree from the window. 3. Place a white card-board on the screen behind the lens. 4 Move the screen back and forth until a sharp, clean, formed on it. ree eee "RATORY MANUAL SCIENCEX ler along the metre scale such that the mid point ofits base is at 20 cm, ‘near a window to get adequate sun light, i diminished image of a distant object is 115 BTCC oe ti lle area ee err RTT ami and clear image 8 obtained oy 5 5. Mark the positions of the lens and the screen when a sharp Distance between these hwo po the require! focal Hem and 6. Repeat the experiment twviee by placing convey lens al gg-em and 50 cm marks and in each cag focal length. ate focal length of the lens, " 9, Find the mon of the three-values, This gives the approximate SS! TS , i OBSERVATIONS : _ : } pa Difference ) | S.No. |}-—__— - (em) | | Lens (em) | em 40m a ae 1 CALCULATIONS : 3 ‘Mean focal length cm RESULT : ) Experimental value of the focal length of the (p) Actual focal length of the convex lens n convex lens Precautions and Sources of error 1. The lens should be placed vertically in lens holder. 2. The distant object should be well-illuminated to obtain a clear and sharp image. 3, The bases of the lens stand and the white screen should be in line with the metre scale, Otherwise wrong positions will be recorded. 4. The position of the lens and the screen should be recorded. Only when a clear, well-defined, sharp ise * formed on the screen. 5, Parallax error may creep in while recording the position of lens and scréen. Thus the mid points of tebs* should be accurately recorded. ut ‘T. What is a lens? 2 S. Itis a piece of transparent medium, ; e i enclosed bel ed done shee par ; nclosed between two curved surfaces or between one cut oe hE i ey . angles of incidence. To meq eae the result Be jar glass slab for f emergence and in! AM: To trace the path of a ray through a rectangul: angle of incidence, angle of refraction and angle of REQUIREMENTS : 2) A rectangular glass slab (iA drawing board =) Drawing pins i) A protractor jee ) A sharp penal Drawing pins Office pms White sheets of paper «from one medium to another, is called teraction og ‘THEORY AND PRINCIPLE of two media. 2) The change in the direction of light wien light. Refraction of light takes place 2 from one medium to another. et ge in the speed of light on going =) Refraction of light is due to the change in . edium in which ears eon in whch the speed of ight is mores opacally rarer medium 2 mrneh te seit Tight is less is optically denser medium. ' i , When a ray of light travels from optically rarer medium to 2” opieally dawet ne Sa the normal. . sant : =) When a ray of ight travels from optically denser medium to an optically rarer medium, it bends away fox the normal. . ; «cp aaray of light traveling along the normal does not suffer any refraction, while traveling from one ‘medium to another optical medium. (ce) The ray of light which travels towards another optical medium is called incident ray. *) A rey of light which suffers refraction at the point of incidence, while travelling through another op ‘medium is called refracted ray. (ix) The ray of light which emerges out into the original medium after refraction at the surface of separation of to media is called emergent ray. (=) The angle between the incident ray and the normal is the angle of incidence (Zi). (x) The angle between the refracted ray and the normal isthe angle of refraction (1) Gain awl of incidence is never equal to the angle of refraction. ae : ae srl beeen the emergent ray and the normal is the angle of emergence (0. 2) Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of emergence, that is, i = Ze. (zo) The emergent ray is parallel to the incident ray. (i) The perpendicular shift in the path of li i js displacement. path of light, while emerging out from a denser medium is called when it pi yundary PROCEDURE piace the glass slab on the boundary PQRS and Now? 4, Now Pits A and B vertically aby Pe : ly about 10 cm apa i fine AB Sys at points Aan B, a “or through the glass slab along the plane of paper om the se SR and adjust your head in a Pe that the images of the feet of the pins A and B e jn the same straight Tine. rin wvo other pins C and D vertically in such a a faethe images of the feet of the pins A and B and the feat of the pins Cand D, all the four, lie in the same aight line. «, gemove the slab and also the pins from the board gna encitele the pin-pricks on the paper, with a sharp pencil. join the points D and C. Produce the line DC towards the slab so that it meets the boundary RS at the point F Join the points E and F. Thus, AE = incident ray EF = refracted ray, and FD = emergent ray Refraction of light through a glass slab ¢, On RS, draw a normal N,” FN,’ at point F. With the help 0 a protractor measure the angle of incidence, ZAENy the angle of refraction, ZFEN, and the angle of emergence, ZDFN,_’. Record your observations in the table. Repeat the experiment for angles of incidence at 50° and 60°. In each case, reiraction and angle of emergence. 10, measure and record the angle of IBSERVATIONS : ‘Angle of incidence | Angle of refraction] Angle of emergence pay S.No. a a Le ( ae =) (degrees) (degrees) (degrees) ere L 4 2 50° 3. or RESULT: 1. The path of the incident ray, the refracted ray and the emergent ray when light passes through a rectangular glass slab is traced as shown. Within the limits of experimental error, 4i = parallel to each other. From the observation table it is clear medium (air) to a denser medium (8 . Tks also observed from the figure that the 3. This observed that with the increase in the an f TECAUTIONS AND SOURCES OF ERROR : 1. The glass slab should be suitably plae 1 should be marked with a sharply pointed pencil. Ze. It implies that the incident ray and the emergent ray are that 4 > Zr. It means that the ray of light while passing from Jass) bends towards the normal te ee emergent ray is laterally displaced from the incident ray. gle of incidence, the angle of refraction increases. placed on the white sheet fixed on the drawing board and the boundaries Uy : SORATORY MANUAL SCIENCE-X 17 ‘ s

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