Lesson 03: Essential Nutrients and their Contribution to the  Also known as “dextrose”, or grape sugar, found free in

Diet: Classification of Nutrients nature, in fruits, honey, corn syrup, sweet corn, and certain
roots.
Introduction: b. Fructose – sweetest of all sugars
 Known as fruit sugar or “levulose” (other term for
What are Nutrients? Nutrients are substances required by fructose)
the body to perform its basic functions. Most nutrients must  Found in ripe fruits, and honey
be obtained from our diet, since the human body does not  Digestive end product of sucrose
synthesize or produce them. Nutrients have one or more of c. Galactose – digestive end product of milk sugar or
three basic functions: they provide energy, contribute to lactose
body structure, and/or regulate chemical processes in the  not found free in nature
body. These basic functions allow us to detect and respond
to environmental surroundings, move, excrete wastes, 2. Disaccharide – made up of 2 simple sugar.
respire (breathe), grow, and reproduce. a. Sucrose – known as table sugar, cane sugar or beet
sugar
There are six classes of nutrients required for the body to
 Yield glucose and fructose upon hydrolysis
function and maintain overall health. These are:
 Sources from sugar cane, sugar beets, molasses, fruits
carbohydrates, lipids/fats, proteins, water, vitamins, and
and table sugar.
minerals. Nutritious foods provide nutrients for the body.
b. Maltose – “malt” or grain sugars
Foods may also contain a variety of non-nutrients. Some
 Contains two glucose upon hydrolysis.
non-nutrients such as antioxidants (found in many plant
 Food sources as malted products, sprouted cereal
foods) are beneficial to the body, whereas others such as
 Not found free in nature
natural toxins (common in some plant foods) or additives
c. Lactose – known as milk sugar
(like certain dyes and preservatives found in processed
 Found in milk sugar and milk products
foods) are potentially harmful. Thus, all nutrient are needed
 Composed of glucose and galactose uponm hydrolysis
by all living organisms regardless of body form, needs, age,
 Least sweet of all sugars and slowly digested.
gender, races, etc.

Note: Consuming alcohol also contributes energy (calories) 3. Polysaccharide – made up of many units of
to the diet at 7 kilocalories/gram, so it must be counted in monosaccharide
daily energy consumption. However, alcohol is not a. Starch – storage form of carbohydrates in plant such as
considered a "nutrient" because it does not contribute to grains, seeds, tubers, roots, unripe fruits, vegetables and
essential body functions and actually contain substances legumes.
that must broken-down and excreted from the body to b. Dextrin – intermediate product of starch hydrolysis like
prevent toxic effects. toasting of bread or browning of
cake crust.
Topic Outline: c. Glycogen – storage form of carbohydrates in animals
Essential Nutrients and their Contribution to the Diet:  Known as animal starch which is stored in the liver and
Classification of Nutrients: muscle.
Macronutrients and Micronutrients  Found in liver, oyster and muscle meat.
1.Carbohydrates d. Cellulose and Hemicellulose – indigestible polysaccharide.
2.Protein  Adds bulk in the diet
3.Fats 4.Vitamins  Stimulates peristalsis and aids min the elimination of
5.Minerals waste material.
6.Water & Electrolytes  Found in fruits, covering of nuts and legumes, stem,
mature leaves.
Classification of Nutrients: e. Hemicellulose – same functionwith cellulose
A. Macronutrients:  Foumnd in seaweeds or agar and slightly inm unripe
1. Carbohydrates fruits and vegetable in form of pectin.
Carbohydrates are big group of organic compounds  Found in agar, pectin, woody fribers, leaves and stems
prominent in the plant kingdom which contain the elements,  Can be hydrolyzed by dilute acids.
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is synthesized through
the process of photosynthesis. Carbohydrates foods are B. According to Digestibility
starches and sugar which furnish the major source of a. Digestible Carbohydrates - sugars, starches, dextrin, and
energy and form the bulk of diet. glycogen
CLASSIFICATION: b. Partially digestible carbohydrates – galactogens,
A. According to sugar unit: mannosans, insulin and pentosans.
1. Monosaccharide – simplest form of carbohydrate or one c. Indigestible carbohydrates – dietary fibers, cellulose, and
sugar unit. hemicellulose.
a. Glucose – most important glucose in human metabolism,
as physiologic sugar
FUNCTIONS:
A. Chief Source of Energy CLASSIFICATION
 Body cells require a steady and constant supply of 1. According to amino acid content of proteins:
energy mainly as glucose and its intermediate products. a. Complete protein – are proteins contains all essential
One gram carbohydrate yields 4 kilocalories amino acids in amounts sufficient for growth and
maintenance of life.
B. Cheap and main Energy Form  Animal proteins are complete proteins and have high
 Carbohydrate foods mainly as cereal grains, sugars, biological value.
most fruits, and starchy vegetable contribute at least half or  E.g. eggs, milk, meat, fish, poultry, and milk products as
50% of total energy needs of people. casein in milk, and albumin in egg whites
b. Partially complete protein – maintains life but cannot
C. Protein Sparer support growth
 Energy foods of the body are given first priority over  E.g. gliadin in wheat, legumin in legumes
body-building needs. To “save” or “spare” protein for this c. Incomplete – neither maintains life nor support growth;
unique function of the body-building, carbohydrates must lacks one or more essential nutrients.
be adequate in the diet.  E.g. zein in corn, gelatin and most plant protein

D. Sole Energy source for the Brain and Nerve Tissues 2. According to classification of amino acids:
 The brain and nerve tissues utilize only glucose for 1. Essential or Indispensable Amino Acid – cannot be
energy. Lack of glucose or oxygen to release energy will synthesized by the body; thus must be provided in the diet
result in an irreversible damage to the brain. 9 essential Amino Acids (EAA):
1. Isoleucine
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION: 2. Histidine (Infants)
1. Inadequate Intake of Carbohydrates 3. Threonine
A. PEM – Protein Energy Malnutrition 4. Methionine 8. Leucine
5. Tryptophan
PCM – Protein-Calorie Malnutrition 6. Lysine
Signs: 7. Phenylalanine
1. Loss of weight 9. Valine
2. Retarded growth
3. Low blood sugar level (<80-100mg/100ml) 2. Semi-essential or Semi-indispensable Amino Acids –
2. Excess Intake of Carbohydrates those that can lowerthe requirement of an essential amino
A. Fermentation causing gas formation acids but cannot replace them entirely.
B. Dental carries 1. Cystine
C. Obesity 2. Tyrosine
D. Overweight 3. Arginine
E. High Blood glucose level 4. Glycine
5. Serine
SOURCES: 6. Histidine
a. Sugar or empty calorie foods – brown sugar, refined
sugar, candies, honey, carbonated beverages. 3. Non-essential or Dispensable Amino Acid - those that can
b. Fruits – dried, fresh, sweetened, or canned. lower the requirement of an essential amino acid but
c. Root cannot replace them entirely.
d. Root crops and other vegetables 1. Glutamic acid
e. MilkmRENI – 55-70% of the total kcals. 2. Hydroxyglumatic acid
3. Aspartic acid
2. Proteins 4. Alanine
- Comes from the Greek word “Protos” meaning “to take 5. Proline
the first place”. 6. Hydroxyproline
- These are organic compounds containing carbon, 7. Norleucine
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and little sulphur. 8. Citrulline
It describes the nitrogenous substances which is essential 9. Hydroxyglycine
to the development, maintenance and life of every cell of
the body. FUNCTIONS:
- Composed of amino acids as the building units linked 1. Growth and Repair all Body Tissues.
together in peptide bond. 2. Source of heat and energy
These Amino acids are nitrogen-containing compound which a. Body Building or Structural Role
form building blocks of protein.  Twenty percent (%) or one-fifth (1/5) of an adult body
weight is protein, 1⁄2 in muscle, 1/5 in bones and
cartilages, 1/10 in skin.
b. Essential for Growth a) Mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA)
 all living cell in the body used protein plus the nine (9) e.g. oleic fatty acid – widely distributed in plants and animal
available essential amino acids and nitrogen to synthesize such as olive oil, peanut oil and grape seed oil, lard, beef,
new protein. and lamb.
c. Source of energy b) Poly –unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
 Protein supply 4 kcal per gram, although, it is more Example:
expensive source of energy. The role nutrient supply amino 1. Linoleic acid – avocado, nuts, corn oil, safflower, cotton
acids for body building and repairing, protein should be seed oil.
spared or saved for its more important function of building 2. Linolenic acid – soybean, linseed oil
and repairing by adequate fat and carbohydrates intake. 3.Arachidonic acid – peanut oil

SOURCES: The three types of PUFA are nutritionally important and

1) Animal Sources – egg, milk, fish, poultry, lean meat, considered as essential fatty acids (EFA)
cheese, dairy products, and shellfish FUNCTIONS:
2) Plant source – nuts, cereals and cereal products, 1. Fuel or energy – highest energy giving foods, each gram
vegetable and textured vegetable protein. of fat supplies 9 calories.
2. Body insulator – as an effective insulator that reduces
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION losses of body heat and maintain body temperature at a
1. General deficiency signs constant level.
a) Weight loss 3. Source of essential fatty acids
b) General weakness 4. Carrier of fat-soluble vitamins
c) Reduced resistance to infection 5. Satiety value
d) Dry and scaly skin 6. Palatability
e) Nutritional edema 7. Protector of nerve endings and delicate organs
f) Hypoproteinema RENI: 20 – 30 % of the TER/day
g) Pallor
FOOD SOURCES
2. PEM 1) Animal Fats – refers to that found in foods like meat,
a) Kwashiorkor – occurs after weaning when the fish, poultry, cheese, & whole milk
diet is high in calories but low in ptotein. 2) Vegetable Fats – includes margarine, seed and vegetable
b) Marasmus – carried by inadequate intake of both oils, nuts, and fruits.
calories and protein. 3) Visible Fats – butter, salad dressing, cooking oil, lard,
TER = 100 – 200 KCAL/KDBW margarine, pork fat, tallow (fat of lamb or beef) and suet
Protein Reqt. = 4 – 6g P/KDBW (clear white, solid fat obtained from beef)
4) Invisible Fats – egg yolk, milk, olives, avocado, well-
3. Fats marbled lean meats.
Lipids
 is a broader term which includes fats, oils, and CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
fat-like substance which are soluble “fat solvents” like, 1) Excess Intake – (obesity and overweight)
chloroform, benzyl, etc. 2) Deficiency – caused retarded growth- cause underweight
Fats - reduced caloric supply in the body
 is the most concentrated source of energy in
foods which constitute the body’s chief reserve of energy. B. Micronutrients:
Refers to the physical state of fats that is solid at room 4. Vitamins
temperature. - Are potent organic compounds of related chemical
Oil composition which occur in minute quantities in foods and
 Refers to the physical state of fat that is liquid at are needed in small amounts
room temperature. Functions:
Triglyceride 1. for specific regulatory functions.
The chemical name of fats and oils 2. for the maintenance of life and normal growth.
Fatty Acids
 Major constituent of lipids which consist of chain Vitamin Related Substances:
series of carbon atoms.  Pro-vitamin or vitamin precursor – a substance
chemically related to the biologically active form of vitamin
CLASSIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS but no vitamin activity until the body will convert it into an
1. Saturated Fatty Acid – abundantly found in animal fat, active form.
liver oil, and in vegetable fat such as coconut oil, peanut oil, e.g. carotene, intestinal wall, vitamin A
coconut milk, palm oil and palm kernel. E.g. animal fat -
palmitic and stearic fatty acid  Anti-vitamin or vitamin antagonist, pseudo-vitamins –
substances that interfere with the normal functioning of the
2. Unsaturated Fatty Acid – 2 types:
vitamin either by competitive inhibition, by inactivation or with bearing activities. Deformities occur in spine, thoracic
by chemical destruction. and pelvic areas.
For Adults – leads to impaired Ca and P absorption, leading
e.g. Avidin (egg white) – Biotin to bone pain and osteomalacia.

General Properties of Fat Soluble Vitamins Toxicity:

1) Soluble in fat Over toxic reaction in humans, when RQA is chronically
2) Intake in excess stored in the liver exceeded.
3) Deficiencies slow to develop Skin Cancer – over exposure to sunlight.
4) Not needed everyday RENI: 200 – 400 I.U.
5) Have precursor
Sources:
FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS Fortified margarine, butter. Milk and cheese, liver and other
I. Vitamin A (Retinol) glandular organs.
Unit of Measurement: ug R.E.
Functions: III. Vitamin E: Tocopherol
1) Maintenance of visual purple for vision in dim light. Unit of Measurement: ug
2) For motion and maintenance for normal epithelial tissues Functions:
which the body’s primary barrier to infections. 1. Acts as anti-oxidant
3) Essential for normal growth, healthy skin and eyes. 2. Helps the formation and function of red blood cells,
muscles and other tissues.
Deficiency
1) Hyctalopia or “night blindness” – reduce vision in the Deficiency:
dark especially after coming from the bright light. Hemolysis – Destruction of Red Blood Cell
2) Hemeralopia or “glare blindness, day blindness” –
defective vision in bright light. Toxicity:
3) Follicular Hyper-keratosis – skin becomes dry and scaly. No reported cases
4) Lowered resistance to infections RENI: 5 – 15 ug
5) Bitot’s spot – small triangular silvery spot on the
conjunctiva. Sources:
6) Xeropthalmia – dry and lusteriess condition of the Vegetable oils, rice, nuts, and legumes like mongo
eyeball.
7) Keratomalacia – softening and necrosis of the cornea of IV. Vitamin K - Phyloquinone (K1) green leaves
the eye. - Farnoquinone (K2) fish meal
8) Faulty bone and tooth formation. - Menadione (K3) synthetic form
Obsolete names: anti-hemorrhagic factor
Toxicity – only happen when there is a large dose of Unit of Measurement: microgram (ug)
vitamin A supplement e.g. Hyper-avitaminosis Functions:
RENI: 1) Prevents hemorrhage
Infants - 375 – 400ug 2) Necessary for normal blood clotting
Adults - 500 – 550ug
Children - 400ug Deficiency:
Pregnant - 800ug 1. Can cause a number of factors
Adolescent -400 – 600ug 2. Faulty intestine synthesis
Lactation - 900ug 3. Hepatic injury
4. Anti-coagulant therapy
Food sources
1) Dark green and leafy yellow vegetables, yellow fruits Toxicity
carrots, tomatoes, yellow camote, corn, and ripe papaya Symptoms – vomiting, albuminuria and hemolytic anemia
2) Fish liver oil, liver, egg yolk, milk, butter, and cheese. RENI: 6 – 59 ug

II. Vitamin D: Ergocalciferol Sources: Liver, dark green vegetables, wheat, vegetable
Unit of Measurement : ug oils.
Functions:
1. For strong bones and teeth GENERAL PROPERTIES OF WATER-SOLUBLE
2. Helps body utilize calcium and phosphorus VITAMINS:
1) Soluble in water
Deficiency: 2) Minimal storage of dietary excess
For infants and children – Rickets – a disease characterized 3) Needed or must be supplied every day in the diet
by failure of bone to mineralize, causing long bones to bow 4) Deficiency symptoms often develop rapidly
5) Excreted by the way of urine.
 5) Seborrheic dermatitis – skin is scaly, greasy eruptions
I. ASCORBIC ACID : Vitamin C especially on the skin
Unit of Measurement: Milligram (mg)
Functions: RENI: 0.3 -1.7 mg
 Help keep bones, teeth, and blood vessels healthy.
 Important in the formation of collagen, a protein that
provides structure to muscles, bones, etc. (collagen is like a Sources:
body cement representing 30% of all the protein in the  Whole grain, legumes, leafy green vegetables, and
body). seaweeds
 Cheese, milk, eggs, liver, other glandular organs and
Deficiency: lean meats.
1) Scurvy: swollen spongy and bleeding gums
2) Poor wound healing IV. NIACIN: Nicotinic Acid
3) Reduced resistance to infection Unit of Measurement: milligram NE
Functions:
RENI: 30 -105 mg 1) Involved in energy producing reactions in cells
Sources: 2) Aids the nervous system
 Fresh fruits like atis, guava, datiles, kasuy, strawberry,
melon, kamatsili, papaya, and green mangoes. Deficiency:
 Citrus fruits like kalamansi and suha  Severe deficiency leads to pellagra characterized by
 Green leafy vegetables like lettuce and pechay. 4D’s:
1) Dermatitis – the skin develops cracked, pigmented, scaly
II. THIAMINE: Vitamin B1 dermatitis, sensitive to solar radiation.
Unit of Measurement: Milligram (mg) 2) Diarrhea – frequent passage of loose, watery, and
Functions: unformed stools.
1) Helps get energy from food by promoting proper 3) Dementia or Delirium –lesion appears in many parts of
metabolism of fatty acids and the CNS, resulting in mental changes, confusion, and
carbohydrates rich foods like rice and sugar. disorientation.
2) For correct functioning of the heart and nervous system. 4) Death – if not remedied.

Deficiency: Toxicity:
 Result in beri-beri, affecting nervous and cardiovascular  It increases gastro-intestinal motility and secretion of
systems. acid, causing epigastric pain and reaction of peptic ulcer.
 Symptoms are: anorexia and numbness of legs
 3 form of beri-beri: RENI: 1.5 – 18.0 mg NE
1. Dry – inflammation of many nerves Sources:
2. Wet – heart disease  Liver and glandular organs, meats, egg yolk, milk,
3. Infantile – seen in infant’s breastfeed by mothers panutsa, rice, legumes, and nuts.
suffering from beri-beri.
V. PYRIDOXINE: Vitamin B6
RENI: 7- 1.4 mg Unit of Measurement: Milligram (mg)
Sources: Functions:
 Lean pork, liver and other glandular organs, egg yolk, 1) Essential for proper utilization of proteins
rice, nuts and legumes like 2) Aids in the formation of red blood cells and correct
mongo. functioning of the nervous system.

III. RIBOFLAVIN: Vitamin B2 RENI: 0.1 – 2.0 mg

Unit of Measurement: Milligram (mg) Sources:
Functions:  Vegetable oils, unpolished or red rice, lard, and nuts.
1) Promotes growth necessary for healthy skin.
2) Functions in the body’s use of carbohydrates. VI. PANTHOTENIC ACID
3) Helps release energy to cells.  Name from Greek word “Pantos” meaning everywhere.
Due to its widespread occurrence in food.
Deficiency: Unit of Measurement: Milligram (mg)
1) Photophobia – abnormal sensitivity to light. Function:
2) Angular Stomatitis – cracks in the angle of the mouth. 1) Required for metabolism of proteins, fats and
3) Cheilosis – redness, swelling and ulceration of the lips carbohydrates and for the formation of certain hormones.
usually the center of the lower 2) Functions in the regeneration of tissue.
lip.
4) Glossitis – swollen tongue or magenta tongue with Deficiency:
purple-red in color.
 Absorbed, with natural diet, since this vitamin is widely  Due to large intake of egg white in the diet
distributed in foods. Symptoms:
1. Dry scaly, dermatitis
Toxicity: None 2. Nausea feeling that leads to vomiting
RENI: 4.0 – 7.0 mg 3. Depression
Sources: 4. Muscular or nervous disorder
 Liver and glandular organs, meats, eggs, milk, cheese, Toxicity: None
legumes. RENI: 100.0 – 200.0 mg

VII. COBALAMIN: Vitamin B12

Unit of Measurement: microgram (ug) Sources:
Functions: 1) Plants – cereals, legumes, nuts, most fruits and
1) Helps prevent certain forms of anemia vegetables
2) Assist in the information of red blood cells. 2) Animals – liver, egg yolk, fish and milk
5.Minerals - Inorganic elements that remain as ash when
Deficiency: food is burned. Make up about 4% of body weight.
 Pernicious anemia.
 Deficiencies occasionally seen in strict vegetarian. ESSENTIAL MINERALS:
1. Macro-minerals – major – minerals
Toxicity: None • Those present in the body in large amounts.
RENI: 0.3 – 2.8 ug 1) Calcium - Ca
Sources: 2) Phosphorus - P
 lean meats, liver, kidney, marine water fishes, and 3) Potassium - K
shellfish 4) Sodium - Na
 Animal protein contains Vit. B12 while plant sources are 5) Magnesium - Mg
practically nil. 6) Sulfur - S
Note: Nil – not in the list 7) Chlorine – CI

VIII. PTYROGLUTAMIC ACID (PGA): FOLIC 2. Micro – minerals – trace elements

ACID/FOLACIN/FOLATE • Those present in the body in small intestine
Unit of Measurement: microgram (ug) 1) Iron - Fe
Functions: 2) Iodine - I
1. Aids in the information of cells, especially red blood cells 3) Cobalt - Co
2. Helps maintain functions of the intestinal tract. 4) Copper - Cu
3. Prevents certain forms of anemia 5) Zinc - Zn
6) Manganese - Mn
Deficiency: 7) Molybdenum - Mo
 In man; not produce by inadequate diet, but occur 8) Selenium - Se
secondary to disease. 9) Chromium - Cr
 Symptoms includes: glossitis, gastro intestinal 10) Fluorine - F
disturbance.
1. CALCIUM
Toxicity:  Comprises 1.5% to 2% of body weight.
Toxic in large doses, it may damage the kidney. In animals,  99% of Ca found in bone, teeth, and hard tissues.
they die of uremia.  1% in blood, extracellular fluid and cells of soft tissues
RENI: 65.0 – 500 ug Unit of Measurement: gram/mg
Sources: Functions:
Green leafy vegetables, liver and other glandular organs, 1. Build and maintain bones and teeth which involved 2
legumes, and cereals like rice. process carried on by 2 cells:
A. Osteoblast – continually form a new bone matrix, in
IX. BIOTIN which Ca phosphate is deposited and bone crystal develop.
Obsolete Name: Anti-egg white injury factor B. Osteoclast – balance the act by absorbing bone tissues.
Unit of Measurements: microgram (mcg) 2. Aids in the coagulation of the blood – in the blood
Functions: clotting process, the ionized calcium stimulates the release
1. Involved in the formation of fatty acids and production of the thromplastin from blood platelets.
energy.  One enzyme that accelerates the conversion of
2. Essential to many chemical system in the body like prothrombin to thrombin
maintenance of the thyroid and adrenal glands, the nervous protein in blood plasma needed for blood clotting.
system and reproductive system. 3. Regulates muscle contraction and relaxation, thus is
essential also for normal heart rhythm.
Deficiency: 4. Required the normal transmission of nerve impulses.
5. Activates enzymes – important activators of certain 3. POTASSIUM
enzymes such as ATPase (adenosine triphosphate).  About 250 grams in adult body, concentrated inside the
6. Promotes iron and vitamin B12 absorption. cells.
Unit of Measurement: milligram (mg)
Deficiency Functions:
1) Stunted growth and retardation, calcification of bones 1) Regulates water and acid-base balance – the major cat
and teeth. ion of the fluid inside the cells.
2) Rickets – characterized by enlarge joints, bowed legs, 2) Maintains muscle contractility and nerve irritability – it
knocked-knees, beaded ribs. works with Na and Ca to regulate neuromuscular
3) Osteomalacia – reduction in the mineral content of the stimulation, transmission of electrochemical impulse and
bone. contraction of muscle fibers.
4) Osteoporosis – an absolute amount of bone in the
skeleton has been diminished but Deficiency:
in which the remaining bone mass is of normal composition. 1) Hypokalemia – (low serum potassium) loss of potassium
5) Tetany – reduction of circulating ionized Ca resulting in due to vomiting.
increase excitability/irritability of nerve center. 2) Muscle irritability, weakness and paralysis.

Toxicity: Toxicity:
1) Hypercalcemia – elevated Ca in the blood  hyperkalemia – (elevated serum potassium) This result
2) Renal Calcull – majority of kidney stones are composed in weakening of heart action, mental confusion, poor
of Ca respiration, and numbness of extremities.
RENI:
1. Adult - 750 mg. RENI:
2. Pregnant/Nursing Mother - 750 – 800 mg.  Infants – 90 – 275 mg
3. Infant - 200 – 400 mg.  Children - 460 – 500 mg
4. Children – 500 - 700 mg  Adolescent – 1,250 mg
5. Adolescent – 1000 mg.  Adults - 700mg
 Pregnant/ Lactating mothers – 700mg
Sources:
1) Plant – green leafy vegetables like mustasa, malunggay, Sources:
petchay, saluyot, gabi leaves  Richest sources are fruits and fruit juice, vegetables,
2) Animal – milk and milk products legumes, nuts, cereals and meats.

Fish eaten with bones like dilis, Sardines and dried fishes, 4. SODIUM
Shell fishes.  Compresis 1.8 mg/kg total body weight
50% of Na - found in extra cellular fluid.
2. PHOSPORUS 40% - skeleton
 Comprises .8 to 1% of the total body weight 10% - inside the cell
Unit of Measurement: milligram (mg) Unit of Measurement: Milligram, gram
Functions: Functions:
1) Mineralization of bones and teeth – about 80% of 1) Regulates osmotic pressure and water balance – ionized
phosphorous in the form on insoluble calcium phosphate Na is the major cat ion of the fluid outside the cell.
crystals, which is constantly deposited andnreabsorbed in 2) Regulates acid – base balance – It is a major component
the dynamic process of bone formation. Phosphorous has of the base partner of the body’s main buffer. (regulates
been called the “metabolic twin” of calcium acid-base balance in the body)
2) For growth and maintenance.
3) Maintains water and acid base balance – It is the Deficiency:
principal anion within the cells.  Muscle cramps and distributed acid-base balance
resulting from diarrhea, vomiting and profuse sweating.
Deficiency: Same as Calcium Hyponatremia – low level of Na in the blood, due to very
Toxicity: hyperphosphatemia – excess accumulation of restriction of Na diets.
serum phosphate
RENI: Toxicity:
Infant - 90 – 275 mg  Not harmful since the body can excrete excess Na in the
Children - 460 – 500 mg urine but a prolonged high salt diet may aggravate a
Adolescent - 1,250 mg tendency toward high blood pressure, kidney disorder and
Adult - 700 mg edema.
Pregnant/ Lactating mothers - 700 mg RENI: 2.8 – grams Na
Sources: All sources rich in calcium and protein are good Sources:
sources of phosphorous  Present in a wide variety of food particularly animals
foods such as meat, fish, poultry, milk, and eggs.
 1) Together with ionized Na, ionized CI’s major anion in the
5. MAGNESIUM extra cellular fluid helps maintain water balance and
 21 to 28 grams Magnesium in the body regulates osmotic pressure.
60 – 70% - combined with Ca and P 2) As component of HCL, it contributes to the necessary
30 – 40% - distributed in the soft tissue and body fluids acidity needed in the stomach for the breakdown of protein.
Unit of Measurement: Milligram (mg)
Functions: Deficiency:
1) Builds and maintains bone and teeth together with Ca  Alkalosis – results only when there is an excessive loss of
and P chloride ions from the gastric secretion during vomiting or
2) As part of the chlorophyll molecule which is important in diarrhea.
photosynthetic reactions.
3) Needed for the production of ATP Toxicity: None
RENI: when Na intake is adequate, chloride will be
Deficiency: adequately supplied
 Hypomagnesemic tetany – seen in infants suffering from Sources:
kwashiorkor, alcoholics, postoperative cases, and prolonged  Table salt, meat, sea foods, milk and eggs.
diarrhea.
MICRO – MINERALS
Toxicity: I. IRON
 Hypermagnesemia – (elevated serum magnesium)  Occurrence: about 0.004% or total of 3-5 grams of total
results to hypotension body weight.
RENI: Distributed in the body in the following forms:
Infants - 26 – 54mg a) Transport – about .05 – 18 mg/ 100 ml is found in the
Children - 65 – 100mg plants.
Adolescent - 155 – 260mg b) Hemoglobin – about 60 – 75%.
Adults - 205 – 235mg c) Myoglobin – 5% as part of the muscle hemoglobin.
Pregnant/ Lactating mothers – 205 – 250mg d) Storage Iron – 26% is stored in various organs (liver
Sources: spleen, and bone marrow) as
 Richest source are nuts, cocoa, soybean and whole grain ferritin.
cereal e) Cellular Tissue Iron – 5% is distributed throughout the
cell.
6. SULFUR
 Comprise about .25% of body weight. Functions:
 Present in every cell in the body. 1) Needed for hemoglobin formation.
 highest concentration is found in the hair, skin, and  Hemoglobin in the RBC is the oxygen transport unit of
nails. the blood that conveys oxygen to the cells for respiration
Unit of Measurement: Milligram (mg) and metabolism.
Functions:
 For structural function – principally as constituent of the Deficiency:
following:  Is resulted to inadequate production of RBC causing
1) Amino acids, methionine, cysteine (reduced form) and anemia – a condition characterized by reduction in size or
cysteine (oxidized form). number of RBC or the quantity of haemoglobin or both,
2) Keratin – the protein of hair, nails, and skin. resulting in decreased capacity of the blood to carry
3) Insulin – hormone which regulates carbohydrate oxygen.
metabolism.
4) Thiamine, panthothenic acid and bloth. According to cause anemia is classified as follows:
1. Nutritional Anemia
Deficiency/Toxicity:  Due to an inadequate supply of iron in the diet
 Hereditary defect in the re-absorption of amino acids throughout the life cycle due to poor quality of food
cysteine causing excessive sources.
secretion of these in the urine that lead production of 2. Hemorrhagic Anemia
cysteine kidney stones.  Due to excessive blood loss such as surgery, wounds,
RENI: A diet adequate in protein will contain enough sulfur injury. Pregnancy, parasitism, and blood donation.
Sources: All foods rich in protein provide sulfur. 3. Pernicious Anemia
 Inadequate formation of RBC because of Vit. B12
7. CHLORINE deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor.
 About .15% of adult body weight. 4. Malabsorption Anemia
Unit of Measurement: milligram (mg)  Substance hinder iron absorption
Functions: 5. Milk Anemia
 Feeding older infants solely milk which lacks iron.
Toxicity: IV. COPPER - mg
1. Hemochromatosis  Adult body contained 75 – 150 mgs of copper.
 Abnormal deposits of hemosiderin in the liver and other Functions:
tissues due to abnormal absorption and storage of iron.  Essential for the utilization of iron in the synthesis of
hemoglobin.
2. Hemosiderosis
 Accumulation of hemosiderin in the liver and other Deficiency:
tissues. Hypocupremia – noted in children with iron deficiency
RENI: anemia.
Infants - .38 – 10mg
Children - 8 – 11mg. Toxicity:
Adolescent - 13 -27mg.  Resulted to Wilson’s disease, characterized by
Adults - 12 – 27mg degenerative changes in brain tissue
Pregnant/ Lactating women – 27 – 38mg. together with cirrhosis of the liver.
RENI: .08 mg/KBW
Sources: Sources:
1) Plant – green leafy vegetables 1. Plant – green leafy vegetables
2) Animal – liver and other meat organs 2. Animal – liver (highest)
II. IODINE – mg./ug
 The body normally contains 20-30 mgs. Iodine V. ZINC – mg
concentrated in the thyroid gland stored in the form of  Adult has about 2 gms of zinc.
thyroglobulin Functions:
Functions: 1. Essential for growth and gonad development in man.
1. Needed in the synthesis of throxine, the principle
hormone of the thyroid gland. It regulates the rate of Deficiency:
oxygen consumption in the cells and involve in the growth 1. Impairs growth
of tissues. 2. hypogonadism
 Goitrogenic Substances – interfere with iodine utilization
 Goitrogens – are found in peanuts (especially in red Toxicity:
skin), cabbage, cauliflower, radish, peas, and cassava.  In poisoning, results in increased losses of iron and
copper
Deficiency: RENI:
1) Goiter – enlargement of the thyroid gland Infants - 1.4 4.2 mg
2) Myedema – hypothyroidism in adult Children – 4.5 – 5.4mg
3) Cretinism – seen in infants born to a mother who had Adolescent – 6.0 – 5.4mg
inadequate intake of iodine during pregnancy. Adult - 4.5 -6.4 mg
RENI: Pregnant/Lactating Women – 5.1 – 11mg
Infants - 90mg Sources:
Children - 90 – 120mg  Widely distributed
Adolescent – 120 – 150mg
Adult - 150mg VI. MANGANESE
Pregnant/Lactating women – 200mg  About 10-20 mg. is present in the adult body
Sources: concentrated in the liver, bones, kidneys, muscles and skin.
 Sea foods such as clams, sardines and other sea fishes Function:
are the richest sources. 1. Plays a role in urea formation – part of the molecular
structure of arginase, an enzyme (arginine-an amino acid)
III. COBALT – mg essential for urea formation.
 Comprise 4% of vitamin B12 Deficiency: None
Functions: Toxicity:
1) As component of Vitamin B12 essential for maturation of  Can cause a reduction in Hb regeneration and results in
RBC decreased iron absorption in liver, kidney, and spleen.
Toxicity is found in miners as a result of prolonged
Deficiency: exposure to diet.
 Is associated with B12 deficiency. RENI:
Infant - .003 - .6mg
Toxicity: Children - 1.2 – 1.7mg
 Polycythemia – over production of RBC Adolescent - 1.6 -2.3mg
RENI: not known Adult - 1.8 – 2.3mg
Source: Pregnant/Lactating women – 2.0 0 2.6 mg
 Widely distributed in nature
Sources:
 Animal are poor sources Deficiency:
 Plant – nuts, legumes, whole grain cereals, tea, and  Not observed in man
dried fruits. Toxicity:
 Gastric and hepatic disorder results
VII. MOLYBDENUM – mg RENI:
 Present in minute amount in the body Infants - 6 -10mg
Functions: Children - 7 – 12mg
1) An integral part of Xanthine Oxidase (involved in the Adolescent - 21 – 36mg
formation of uric acid and Aldehyde Oxidase ( as catalyst in Adult - 31mg
the oxidation of aldehydes to corresponding carboxylic Pregnant/Lactating women - 35 – 40mg
acid).
Sources:
Deficiency:  Variable, depending on level in soil where plants are
 Not observed in man grown. (cereal and onion)
Toxicity:
 High Mo intake can induce copper deficiency 6.Water and Electrolytes.
RENI: Not known Many authors classify water both as a food and a nutrient.
Sources: It constitutes about 60 – 70% of the body weight, a body
 Widely distributed. that is deprived by at least 10% of water causes body
illness. A loss of 20% water in the body causes death.
VIII. FLOURINE – mg A body of a normal adult contains 45 liters of water. Two
 Greatest concentration in bones and teeth thirds (2/3) of which (30 liters) is found inside or within the
Functions: cells (intracellular fluids). One third (1/3) is found outside of
 Prevents dental carries the cellsm(extra cellular fluids). Three liters of which is in
Toxicity: the blood or intra vascular fluid and 12 liters in the
 Resulted in dental fluorosis or mottled enamel (with interstitial or intercellular fluid. Water is present in every
brownish and white patches tissue but its amount varies considerably. The highest
with or without of the enamel) concentration is found in the metabolically active cells of
RENI: the muscles and viscera and lowest in the calcified tissue.
Infant - .01 – 5mg
Children - 1.2 – 1.7 mg FUNCTIONS:
Adolescent - 1.7 – 2.9mg a. Water is nearly a universal solvent. In the blood, it
Adult - 2.5 – 3.0mg carries simple sugars, amino acid, lipoproteins, vitamins,
Pregnant/Lactating women – 2.5mg and minerals for transportation to the different tissues for
functioning and nourishment.
Sources: b. Water is used to excrete waste products from the lungs,
 Found naturally in water supplies. In addition to water skin, and kidneys.
content, a normal diet may contribute 1.5 mg. fluorine/ day c. Water is needed in all the chemical reactions; it serves a
for solid foods. catalyst in many biological reactions especially involving
digestion and aids in absorption and circulation.
IX. CHROMIUM - mg d. Water is a vital component of tissues, muscles, glycogen
 About 20 pb in blood and higher in glandular organs. and etc. and is vital for growth.
Functions: e. Water acts as lubricant for the joints and the viscera in
1) Catalyzes reactions involving energy release, particularly the abdominal cavity thus can protect a sensitive tissue.
in the first steps of glucose metabolism by facilitating f. Water is also a regulator of body temperature through its
transfer of glucose from plasma to cell. ability to control heat.
Hard water can also be a source of trace minerals such as
Deficiency: fluorine, calcium, magnesium, and copper. It can also be a
 Elevated blood glucose with excretion in urine source of toxic elements such as lead, cadmium and other
Toxicity: industrial wastes including bacteria.
 Toxic only when injected intravenously
WATER BALANCE:
RENI: Not known The amount of water taken must be equal to the amount of
Sources: water output for a person to be in metabolic equilibrium.
 FATS – highest concentration (corn oil) Fluid intake is controlled by thirst and appetite and output
by the endocrine glands and temperature of the
X. SELENIUM – mg/ug environment. The body uses more water in the blood,
 Found in minute amount in the body, concentrated in saliva, intestinal, gastric, bile, and pancreatic juices than the
the liver and other glandular organs, blood, and muscles. daily intake. However, enough water is available through
Functions: more efficient conservation of water from kidneys and
 Antioxidant role related to Vitamin E intestines. The fluid intake is approximately equal to the
urine output. This knowledge is used in the fluid intake and When large amount of water is lost in the body, it is usually
output chart being used by the nursing staff in wards, caused by high environmental temperatures, sodium is also
which they fluid useful as a practical procedure in the care lost. This phenomenon causes the brain to signal a need for
of the patients with febrile or kidney disorder. water increase. If the water intake is increase without the
corresponding increase of sodium intake, then water
WATER INTAKE: intoxication will occur.
The amount of water needed by the body may be a direct Causes of Water Intoxication:
intake of water coming from water ingested such as water  Workers exposed to high environmental temperatures
found in food and metabolic water, which is a result of the  Travelers to tropical countries not accustomed to
oxidation of foodstuffs in the body. Water produced as an weather condition results to:
end- product of metabolism amounts to approximately 10 – 1. Muscle cramps
14 gram per 100 kcal. 2. Weakness
3. Drop in blood pressure
For example:
100 g of fat, CHO, protein when oxidized will yield 107 ml, This condition may be relieved by providing sodium in very
55 ml and 41 ml of water respectively. small amount with the intake of fluids.
Varying amount of water present in foods:  Too much fluid is taken intravenously. If the intake of
 Meat and fish – 37 – 85% water exceeds the maximum rate of urine flow, the cells
 Fruits and vegetables – 60 – 69% and tissues become water-logged and diluted.
 Fatty foods – low or zero moisture content
 Brain foods – 2 – 12%

Water is immediately absorbed from the digestive tract into Conditions Result to:
the blood and lymph. 1. Anorexia
2. Vomiting
WATER OUTPUT: 3. If occurs in the brain, may lead to convulsion, coma and
Water input is controlled by the hormone Vasopressin (anti even death.
– diuretic hormone or ADH) which is secreted by the b. Dehydration. A serious condition of water loss about
pituitary gland. Release of this hormone decreases water 10% of the total body water and fatal if the loss is from 20-
excretion by the kidney by increasing the rate of water re- 22%. Critical especially among babies. Electrolytes are also
absorption from the tubules. lost with the water. In this condition, the skin becomes
Water leaves the body through several channels: loose and inelastic and the individual experiences severe
 Skin – as sweat and insensible perspiration thirst and nausea. Work performance of the individual may
 Lungs – as water vapor in the exhaled air seriously be affected.
 Gastro – intestinal tract – as feces
 Kidneys – as urine ELECTROLYTE BALANCE:
When chemical compounds dissociate in solution these
The urine is an important medium for the elimination of break up with separate particles called ions. They are also
excess water. Water may also be lost together with known as electrolytes, because these changed particles can
electrolytes through tears, stomach suction, breathing, conduct electric current.
vomiting, diarrhea, bleeding, perspiration, drainage from Examples of electrolytes: (do ionized)
burns, discharges from ulcer, skin diseases, and injured or 1. Salts
burned areas. 2. Acids
3. Bases
Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intake (RENI): Examples of non – electrolytes: (do not ionized)
Recommended for: 1. Glucose
Adults – 1 ml / calorie 2. Alcohol
Infants – 1.5 ml / calorie 3. Urea
Approximately 1.5 – 2.5 liters or 6 – 10 glasses of water a 4. Protein
day. Water intake is derived mostly from beverages and 5. Other substance involved in metabolism
prepared foods. During hot weather, fever, hemorrhage, Each ion may either be positive (+) or negative ( - ).
excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, and high protein Positive ions are cation which includes:
intake, the allowance for water is increased. 1. Sodium (Na+)
2. Potassium (K+)
Increased fluid intake is recommended for: 3. Calcium (Ca++)
1. Athletes 4. Magnesium (Mg++)
2. Pregnant mother Negative ions are anions which include:
3. Lactating mothers 1. Chloride (CI -)
2. Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
ABNORMALITIES OF WATER BALANCE: 3. Biphosphate (HPO4--)
a. Over dehydration or Water Intoxication 4. Sulfate (SO4--)4
Ions of organic acids such as lactate, pyruvate,
acetoacetate and many protein derivatives.

Important aspects of electrolytes in water balance:

1. Measurement of electrolytes in the body fluids
2. Electrolyte composition of body fluids
3. Electrolyte balance within fluid compartment.

Terms:
 Electrolytes concentration are measured in terms of
milliequivalent (mEq.)
 Concentration refers to the number of particles per unit
volume
 Extracellular fluid (ECF) is the fluid in the plasma, lymph,
spinal fluid and secretions.
 Intracellular fluid (ICF) is the fluid contained within cell.

Electrolyte composition of the body fluids:

A. Major electrolyte found in the plasma and interstitial
fluid:
1. Sodium (Na)
2. Chloride (CI)

B. Major electrolyte in the intracellular fluid:

1. Potassium (K)
2. Phosphate (P)

Sodium and potassium can control the amount of water

that can be retained in any given compartment.
An alteration in the maintenance of osmotic equilibrium
may result in dehydration or even edema.
Electrolytes play an important role in regulating fluid and ph
balance.
For therapeutic purposes, foods that will produce acid-ash,
basic-ash, or neutral-ash are necessary to produce acid or
basic urine as needed by the body.
When mineral elements are released from foods after
metabolism, these elements function to maintain acid-base
balance, and the organic acids are oxidized to form C02 and
water.

TOXICITY
 Acidosis/ Alkalosis – a disturbance in the acid-base
balance in the body
 Acidosis – the excessive accumulations of H ions.
 Alkalosis – great loss of hydrochloric acid (HCL).