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Artificial Intelligence

The document provides an introduction to an artificial intelligence course, including information about sessions, work, prerequisites, and policies. It outlines the topics that will be covered in today's class, including a history of AI, what AI can currently do, and discussions around the future of AI and ensuring it is developed and used safely and for the benefit of humanity. The document also introduces the concept of designing rational agents and using machine learning and intelligent systems to better understand and augment human intelligence.

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YADNYADEEP KHADKE
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28 views23 pages

Artificial Intelligence

The document provides an introduction to an artificial intelligence course, including information about sessions, work, prerequisites, and policies. It outlines the topics that will be covered in today's class, including a history of AI, what AI can currently do, and discussions around the future of AI and ensuring it is developed and used safely and for the benefit of humanity. The document also introduces the concept of designing rational agents and using machine learning and intelligent systems to better understand and augment human intelligence.

Uploaded by

YADNYADEEP KHADKE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Artificial Intelligence

Introduction
Course Information
▪ Sessions:
http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/ ▪ Saturday 10:00 AM -2:00PM
▪ Sunday 10:00 AM -2:00PM
▪ Every week
▪ Work:
▪ Homework
▪ ESE 100 marks
▪ Relative grading scale
▪ Prerequisites:
▪ Computer Basics: Data Structure,
Algorithm
▪ There will be some math, logic and some
programming
Policies
▪ For online lectures:
▪ Camera and mic off
▪ Please do ask questions: “Hand Up” or write in Chat

▪ We (staff) are here to help


▪ Please do observe academic integrity policies!
▪ Please don’t exclude your fellow students!
Today

▪ What is artificial intelligence?

▪ Past: how did the ideas in AI come about?


▪ Present: what is the state of the art?
▪ Future: will robots take over the world?
Movie AI
News AI
News AI
News AI
Real AI
A (Short) History of AI
A short prehistory of AI
▪ Prehistory:
▪ Philosophy (reasoning, planning, learning, science, automation)
▪ Mathematics (logic, probability, optimization)
Aristotle: For if every instrument could accomplish its own work,
▪ Neuroscience (neurons,
obeying or anticipating theadaptation)
will of others . . . if, in like manner, the shuttle
▪ would weave
Economics and the plectrum
(rationality, touch the lyre without a hand to guide
game theory)
them, chief workmen would not want servants, nor masters slaves
▪ Control theory (feedback)
▪ Psychology (learning, cognitive models)
▪ Linguistics (grammars, formal representation of meaning)
AI’s official birth: Dartmouth, 1956
“An attempt will be made to find how to make
machines use language, form abstractions and
concepts, solve kinds of problems now reserved for
humans, and improve themselves. We think that a
significant advance can be made if we work on it
together for a summer.”

John McCarthy and Claude Shannon


Dartmouth Workshop Proposal
A (Short) History of AI
▪ 1940-1950: Early days
▪ 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain
▪ 1950: Turing's “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”
▪ 1950—70: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands!
▪ 1950s: Early AI programs: chess, checkers (RL), theorem proving
▪ 1956: Dartmouth meeting: “Artificial Intelligence” adopted
▪ 1965: Robinson's complete algorithm for logical reasoning
▪ 1970—90: Knowledge-based approaches
▪ 1969—79: Early development of knowledge-based systems
▪ 1980—88: Expert systems industry booms
▪ 1988—93: Expert systems industry busts: “AI Winter”
▪ 1990— 2012: Statistical approaches + subfield expertise
▪ Resurgence of probability, focus on uncertainty
▪ General increase in technical depth
▪ Agents and learning systems… “AI Spring”?

▪ 2012— ___: Excitement: Look, Ma, no hands again?


▪ Big data, big compute, deep learning
▪ AI used in many industries
AI as Designing Rational Agents

Environment
▪ This course is about: Sensors Percepts
▪ General AI techniques for many problem types

Agent
?
▪ Learning to choose and apply the technique
appropriate for each problem Actuators
Actions

Pac-Man is a registered trademark of Namco-Bandai Games, used here for educational purposes
What Can AI Do?
Quiz: Which of the following can be done at present?

▪ Play a decent game of table tennis?


▪ Play a decent game of Jeopardy?
▪ Drive safely along a curving mountain road?
▪ Drive safely along Lakshmi Road?
▪ Buy a week's worth of groceries on the web?
▪ Buy a week's worth of groceries at Tulsi Bag?
▪ Discover and prove a new mathematical theorem?
▪ Converse successfully with another person for an hour?
▪ Perform a surgical operation?
▪ Translate spoken Chinese into spoken English in real time?
▪ Fold the laundry and put away the dishes?
▪ Write an intentionally funny story?
Future
▪ We are doing AI…
▪ To create intelligent systems
▪ The more intelligent, the better
▪ To gain a better understanding of human intelligence
▪ To magnify those benefits that flow from it
▪ E.g., net present value of human-level AI ≥ $13,500T
▪ Might help us avoid war and ecological catastrophes, achieve immortality and
expand throughout the universe
▪ What if we succeed?
It seems probable that once the
machine thinking method had started,
it would not take long to outstrip our
feeble powers. … At some stage
therefore we should have to expect the
machines to take control
What’s bad about better AI?
▪ AI that is incredibly good at achieving something other than
what we really want
▪ AI, economics, statistics, operations research, control theory all
assume utility to be fixed, known, and exogenously specified
▪ Machines are intelligent to the extent that their actions can be
expected to achieve their objectives
▪ Machines are beneficial to the extent that their actions can be
expected to achieve our objectives
A new model for AI

1. The machine’s only objective is to maximize the realization of


human preferences
2. The robot is initially uncertain about what those preferences are
3. Human behavior provides evidence about human preferences

The standard model of AI is a special case, where the human can


exactly and correctly program the objective into the machine

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