CHEMISTRY 112 LECTURE
EXAM III
CHEMISTRY OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Background:
The colors associated with compounds provide insights into their structure
and bonding. Transition metals display some of the most vibrant colors,
this is due to their bonding Transition metals are capable of forming
highly colorized ”complex ions”, [Fe(H2O)6]3+, for example. These
compounds are called Coordination compounds.
PART I COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
A. Tools- Coordinate Covalent Bonds
B. Ligands
(Chelating Agents/Complexing Agents)
-
1. Lewis bases/ e donor
2. uni, bi, tri, and polydentates
3. charged and neutral
4. Examples:
-
NH3, CO, CN-, H2O, Cl , NO2-, EDTA, C2O42-
*Note: you need to remember that en(ethylenediamine) and C2O42- are
bidentates.
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B. Ligands, continued
(Chelating Agents/Complexing Agents)
5. Oxidation state of the metal
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
[Co(NH3)5Cl](NO3)2
[Cr(H2O)4Cl2]°
6. Coordination Number
The number of atoms attached to the metal is coordination number of
the metal.
Ligand Coordination #
-
I:Hg:I
Ï
Ni(CO)4
[Co(CN)5]3-
[Co(NH3)6]3+
H H
∣ ∣
H —C— C—H
∕ ∖
N : Ni : N
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B. Nomenclature
1 In naming salts, the cation is written before the anion
2 Within a complex ion , the ligands are named before the metal ion
3 Ligands are listed in alphabetical order
4 Prefixes that give the number of ligands are not considered
indetermining the alphabetical order
5 The names of anionic ligands end in the letter “o”
6 Neutral ligands generally have the molecule name
Exception are water and ammonia
7 A greek prefix (di,tri,tetra, penta, and hexa) is used to indicate
the number of each ligand.
8 If the complex is an anion, its name ends in -ate
9 The oxidation number of the metal is given in parentheses
10 Some metals which are part of the anion complex will use the latin
name with -ate as an ending
11 When the name of the ligand has a prefix, use: bis(2), tris (3),
tetrakis (4) to give the number of ligands in the compound
Cation Name Latin Name Anion Name
Copper Cuprum Cuprate
Gold Aurum Aurate
Iron Ferrum Ferrate
Lead Plumbum Plumbate
Silver Argentum Argentate
Tin Stannum Stannate
Anion Name - Ligand Name
Bromide, Br 2-
Bromo
Carbonate, CO - 3
Carbonato
Chloride, Cl -
Chloro
Cyanide, CN- Cyano
Fluoride, F - Fluoro
Hydroxide, OH 2-
Hydroxo
Oxalate,2-C2O4 Oxalato
Oxide, O 2-
Oxo
Sulfate, SO4 Sulfato
Molecule Ligand Name
Ammonia, NH3 Ammine
Carbon monoxide,CO Carbonyl
Water Aqua
Ethylenediammine,en Ethylenediammine
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EXAMPLES:
[Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Pentaamminechlorocobalt(III) Chloride
K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium Hexacyanoferrate(II)
EXCERCISES
[Co(NH3)4(H2O)CN]Cl2
Na2[MoOCl4]
Na[Al(OH)4]
[Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl
K4[Ni(CN)4]
[Co(en)2F2]
Potassium amminepentachloroplatinate(IV)
Sodium hexabromoferrate(II)
Tetraamminedichlorocobalt(III)chloride
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Practice
A. Name the following complex compounds of ions:
1. [Al(H2O)6]Br3
2. [Cr(NH3)6]Cl3
3. K3[FeF6]
4. [Zn(OH)4]-2
5. [Co(H2O)4Cl2]Cl
+2
6. [Cu(NH3)4]
7. K2[SnCl6]
8. [Pt(NH3)4Cl2][PtCl6]
B. Write the formula for each of the following complex compounds or ions:
1. Hexaamminecobalt (III) chloride
2. Diamminetetrabromoplatinum (VI) bromide
3. Tetraaquacadmium (II) nitrate
4. Diamminesilver (I) ion
5. Sodium tetracyanocuprate (I)
6. Silver hexacyanoferrate(II)
7. Tertraammineoxalotonickel (II)
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C. ISOMERISM IN COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Isomers have the same chemical formula(chemical composition) but
exhibit different properties due to different arrangements of atoms.
1. Structural Isomers: Different Sequences of Atoms
a. Coordination Isomers differ in that the ligands that are directly
bonded to the metal, would be instead outside of the complex ion and
be the counter ions.
b. Linkage Isomer
The binding site of the ligand is by a different atom on the ligand.
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2. Steroisomerism: Different Spatial Arrangements of Atoms
Compounds with the same sequence of atoms but different spatial
arrangement of atoms
a. Geometric Isomers.
The cis arrangement is where two ligands are on the same side of
the metal atom. And the trans arrangement is where the two ligands
are across from one another.
Does [Co(NH3)3(NO2)3] have geometric isomers?
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Stereoisomers (continued)
b. Optical Isomers
Optical Isomers (enantiomers) are nonsuperimposable mirror images
of one another.
1. only rotate
2. cannot flip
Stereoisomers will have the same ordinary chemical and physical
properties (i.e. color, density, formula weight, for example)
Enantiomers/optical isomers are optically active and will rotate a plane
of light waves
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D. Valence Bond Theory (VB) of Complexes
Valence Bond Theory is the first theory to explain the electronic
properties of complex ions.
1. Octahedral Complexes-metal coordination number = 6
Problems:
Cr(NH3)63+ (in [Cr(NH3)6]Cl3)
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Fe(H2O)62+ (in [Fe(H2O)6]Br2)
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
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Octahedral Complexes, cont’d
Fe(CN)64- (in K4[Fe(CN)6])
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Co(H2O)62+ (in [Co(H2O)6]Cl3)
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
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Co(CN)64- (in [Co(CN)6]Br4)
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Cr(H2O)63+ (in [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3)
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
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2. Square Planar Complexes - d8 metals/Coordination number = 4
Problems:
Ni(CN)42-
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
AuCl4-
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
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3. Tetrahedral Complexes - Coordination number = 4
Problems:
Ni(NH3)42+
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Cd(CN)4-2
Lewis electron dot structure
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Geometry
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
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Octahedral, Square Planar, and Tetrahedral Complexes
Problems:
Co[(NH3)5H2O]3+
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Lewis electron dot structure
Geometry
FeCl4-
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Lewis electron dot structure
Geometry
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Octahedral, Square Planar, and tetrahedral Complexes, cont’d
PdCl4-2
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Lewis electron dot structure
Geometry
ZnCl42-
Number of ligands around the central atom______________
Magnetic Properties
Electron diagram
Lewis electron dot structure
Geometry
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