SCREW TYPE OF COMPRESSOR

The screw type of air compressor is an oil-injected, helical screw, direct drive, positive displacement
air compressor. It maybe single or dual stage (fig. 8-5). The design is relatively simple, being a pair of
precisely matched  spiral-grooved  rotors  (fig.  8-6)  turning  within a single-piece twin-bore cylinder.
The rotors provide positive-displacement-internal compression-smoothly, without surging. The
matched rotors, one lobed and one grooved, intermesh in the twin bores of the single-piece
cylinder. As the rotors turn and unmesh at one end, air is  taken  in,  compressed,  and  moved
through  the twin-bore cylinder by the rotors as they rotate. Figure 8-7 shows the steps of airflow
past the rotors; figure 8-8 shows aside view of the airflow through the compressor. Compression
takes  place  within  the  twin-bore  cylinder

Male and female screw type of air

compressor rotors

as the volume decreases between the turning mated rotors. Compression is completed as the air is
passed out of  the  discharge  end  of  the  twin-bore  cylinder.  The process is continuous as long as
the rotors turn; thus we have an extremely smooth flow of compressed air. As with the vane type of
unit, compressor oil is injected into the twin-bore cylinder and picked up by the mating rotors. The
oil serves to seal the rotor surfaces and to cool the air in its compression stages. The oil that mixes
with the air during compression is passed into a receiver separator  where  it  is  removed  and
returned  to  the  oil sump

The compression cycle of a screw type of air

compressor
Central air conditioning

Central air conditioning, commonly referred to as central air (U.S.) or air-con (UK), is an air
conditioning system that uses ducts to distribute cooled and/or dehumidified air to more than
one room, or uses pipes to distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in more than one room,
and which is not plugged into a standard electrical outlet.

With a typical split system, the condenser and compressor are located in an outdoor unit; the
evaporator is mounted in the air handler unit. With a package system, all components are
located in a single outdoor unit that may be located on the ground or roof.

Central air conditioning performs like a regular air conditioner but has several added benefits:

 When the air handling unit turns on, room air is drawn in from various parts of the
building through return-air ducts. This air is pulled through a filter where airborne
particles such as dust and lint are removed. Sophisticated filters may remove
microscopic pollutants as well. The filtered air is routed to air supply ductwork that
carries it back to rooms. Whenever the air conditioner is running, this cycle repeats
continually.

 Because the condenser unit (with its fan and the compressor) is located outside the
home, it offers a lower level of indoor noise than a free-standing air conditioning unit.

Mini (small) duct, high velocity

A central air conditioning system using high velocity air forced through small ducts (also
called mini-ducts), typically round, flexible hoses about 2 inches in diameter. Using the
principle of aspiration, the higher velocity air mixes more effectively with the room air,
eliminating temperature discrepancies and drafts. A high velocity system often consumes
more electricity to pump around air, and can be louder than a conventional system if sound
attenuators are not used, though they come standard on most, if not all, systems.

The smaller, flexible tubing used for a mini-duct system allows it to be more easily installed
in historic buildings, and structures with solid walls, such as log homes. These small ducts
typically longer contiguous pieces, and therefore less prone to leakage. Another added benefit
of this type of ducting is the prevention of foreign particle buildup within the ducts, due to a
combination of the higher velocity air, as well as the lack of hard corners.

Passive ground source-based cooling

If underground conditions are suitable, then by far the most energy-efficient way to chill air,
is to pump up the coldness of ground water or from underground soil or rock formations, and
use that coldness directly (without a heat pump compressor) to chill indoor air. Unless next to
open water, they requires high initial investment: drilling deep holes and fitting them with
pipes or a filter and pump. But after that, such systems consume five to twenty times less
energy then heat pump-based systems. These systems have the disadvantage that they can not
chill below or even near the temperature of the deeper underground, so they only work good
if winters or nearby mountains cool groundwater below roughly 16 Celsius (60 Fahrenheit).
Also, in the longer run such systems have a tendency to 'deplete' underground coldness,
which makes them less efficient. This can be fixed in the winter months, by collecting winter
coldness from the air through a roof top heat exchanger and pumping it into the underground
cold-source. Unfortunately, such systems are as yet hardly developed. One factor is that some
of the world's leading manufacturers of air conditioners also manufacture the boilers and
turbines for large electricity plants. Therefore they have little incentive to reduce electricity
use of air conditioners. For large buildings, ground source-coldness is successfully used to
reduce energy consumption of central air conditioner systems, often in combination with heat
pump based heating systems.

Thermostats
Thermostats control the operation of HVAC systems, turning on the heating or cooling
systems to bring the building to the set temperature. Typically the heating and cooling
systems have separate control systems (even though they may share a thermostat) so that the
temperature is only controlled "one-way." That is, in cold weather, a building that is too hot
will not be cooled by the thermostat. Thermostats may also be incorporated into facility
energy management systems in which the power utility customer may control the overall
energy expenditure. In addition, a growing number of power utilities have made available a
device which, when professionally installed, will control or limit the power to an HVAC
system during peak use times in order to avoid necessitating the use of rolling blackouts. The
customer is given a credit of some sort in exchange, so it is often to the advantage of the
consumer to buy the most efficient[citation needed] thermostat possible

Central air conditioning system

All air conditioner units must have the five basic components to work:

1. The compressor
 2. The condenser
3. The expansion device
4. The evaporator
5. The copper refrigerant tube (a tube that connects these air conditioner parts)

We’ll be discussing the refrigeration cycle from split-central air conditioner units perspective;
to make it easier.

Remember: refrigeration is a process that removes heat from an area that is not wanted and
transfers that heat to an area that meaningless.

Ok, lets get started.

In this refrigeration diagram, the four major components split into two sections: Indoor and
Outdoor. In indoor units, we have the AC parts number 1 and 2. In outdoor units, we have the
AC parts number 3 and 4.

These four majors’ components are divided into two difference pressure: high pressure and
low pressure.

The high pressure side is the condenser units (outdoor) and the low pressure side is the air
conditioning evaporator (indoor). The divided point between high and low pressure cut
through the compressor and the expansion valve.
Air filtration
A particulate air filter is a device composed of fibrous materials which removes solid
particulates such as dust, pollen, mold, and bacteria from the air. A chemical air filter consists
of an absorbent or catalyst for the removal of airborne molecular contaminants such as
volatile organic compounds or ozone. Air filters are used in applications where air quality is
important, notably in building ventilation systems and in engines.

Some buildings, as well as aircraft and other man-made environments (e.g., satellites and
space shuttles) use foam, pleated paper, or spun fiberglass filter elements. Another method,
air ionisers, use fibers or elements with a static electric charge, which attract dust particles.
The air intakes of internal combustion engines and compressors tend to use either paper,
foam, or cotton filters. Oil bath filters have fallen out of favor. The technology of air intake
filters of gas turbines has improved significantly in recent years, due to improvements in the
aerodynamics and fluid-dynamics of the air-compressor part of the Gas Turbines

Types of filtration system

Automotive cabin air filters
The cabin air filter is typically a pleated-paper filter that is placed in the outside-air intake for
the vehicle's passenger compartment. Some of these filters are rectangular and similar in
shape to the combustion air filter. Others are uniquely shaped to fit the available space of
particular vehicles' outside-air intakes. Being a relatively recent addition to automobile
equipment, this filter is often overlooked[citation needed]. Clogged or dirty cabin air filters can
significantly reduce airflow from the cabin vents, as well as introduce allergens into the cabin
air stream.

Internal combustion air filters

The combustion air filter prevents abrasive particulate matter from entering the engine's
cylinders, where it would cause mechanical wear and oil contamination. Known as Engine air
induction systems (AIS), they are typically constructed of paper or felt.

Most fuel injected vehicles use a pleated paper filter element in the form of a flat panel. This
filter is usually placed inside a plastic box connected to the throttle body with an intake tube.

Older vehicles that use carburetors or throttle body fuel injection typically use a cylindrical
air filter, usually a few inches high and between 6 inches (150 mm) and 16 inches (410 mm)
in diameter. This is positioned above the carburetor or throttle body, usually in a metal or
plastic container which may incorporate ducting to provide cool and/or warm inlet air, and
secured with a metal or plastic lid.

Long Life Filtration System

In 2003 Ford Motor company introduced the Visteon Long Life Filtration System to the Ford
Focus.[1] This system has a foam filter placed in the bumper of the car and is stated to have a
150,000-mile (240,000 km) service interval.[1] According to a technical paper published by
Society of Automotive Engineers, this design offers higher and more stable filtration
efficiency than conventional air filters

Air ionization system

An air ionizer (or negative ion generator) is a device that uses high voltage to ionize (electrically
charge) air molecules. Negative ions, or anions, are particles with one or more extra electrons,
conferring a net negative charge to the particle. Cations are positive ions missing one or more
electrons, resulting in a net positive charge. Most commercial air purifiers are designed to generate
negative ions. Another type of air ionizer is the ESD ionizer (balanced ion generator) used to
neutralize static charge

Air Ionizer
Three different air filtration systems are popular in the U.S. today: the HEPA system, the air
ionization system and the ozone generation system. The only one of these that has been
clinically proven to work and has no replaceable filters or other maintenance costs is the air
ionization system. It is also the cleanest, quietest and cheapest--small wonder that it is also
the most popular.

Function
 Air Ionizers work by blowing air over needles that have a high negative charge, This
causes the air molecules (mostly N2 and O2) to become negatively charged

SPLIT AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM

First, a definition: split air conditioners are so referred to as due to the fact they’re
comprised of two units, thus split into two parts. There’s an outdoor unit that houses the air
conditioning compressor and an internal unit inside the house that circulates the air. This
makes it possible for the indoor unit to be placed where completely needed as opposed to the
necessity of being located in front of a window. The air conditioning refrigerant that produces
cooling in split air conditioners is pumped by means of the ducting to the cooling coil within
the air handlers. The conduit between the inner and outer units of the system just
requirements a modest hole inside the wall to connect them. The primary benefit of split air
conditioner systems is that the air conditioning units allow you to cool or heat individual
rooms, thereby producing substantial energy cost savings.

So in other words, split air conditioners are divided into two parts; 1 contains hot equipment
and is placed outside although the other cool component is located within the facility. Spot
cooling is performed by portable or mobile air conditioners for precise temperature control of
electronics, machinery or a room.
Split air conditioners are good for any home as well as the principal benefit is that their
condenser and evaporator aren’t connected together. These two parts are linked with wires
and pipes, for electricity and refrigerant.

Split air conditioners supply greater energy efficiency and quieter operation. By selecting a
split air conditioner over a window A/C or portable A/C, you’re obtaining extra cooling
power for the exact same BTUs. The noisiest parts, the compressor and condenser fan, are
isolated outdoors resulting in less indoor sound pollution. Plus, window or wall air
conditioners need significant access openings leaving your property extra vulnerable to
security risks or permanent structural damage

Split air conditioners have air filtration systems that may remove allergens and dust from the
air, thereby supplying you with cleaner air indoors. With correct maintenance and cleaning of
the air conditioner filter and coils, you’ll be able to maintain allergies and respiratory
ailments out of your house

Centerlised air conditioners

  a cooling system which uses ducts to distribute cooled and/or dehumidified air to more than one
room, or uses pipes to distribute chilled water to heat exchangers in more than one room; also
called central air

DRY TYPE AIR FILTER

D filters are heavy-duty, cleanable filters designed for engines, compressors, and industrial
applications.

The Type DD is made with galvanized steel frame and polyester media sandwiched between
two pieces of galvanized steel screen cloth. Expanded metal face pieces on the front and back
prevent the media from shifting. The Type DD is also available in bronze, stainless steel,
monel and aluminum. Type DD filters are available in 2" and 4" nominal thickness. Type DD
filters can be custom fabricated to any rectangular dimension. Type DD filters can also be
fabricated into cylindrical dimensions with metal end caps, but are limited to size.  Please
contact factory regarding Type DD filters in cylindrical arrangements.

Type DD filters can be cleaned by removing any excess dirt and washing the air filter with
warm water and detergent. Allow the filter to dry before placing it back in service. No
recharging with filter adhesive is necessary, as the Type DD polyester media is used dry

Hermetically sealed, open, or semi-hermetic

A small hermetically sealed compressor in a common consumer refrigerator or freezer; it

typically has a rounded steel outer shell that is permanently welded shut, and which seals
operating gases inside the system. There is no route for gases to leak, such as around motor
shaft seals. On this model, the plastic top section is part of an auto-defrost system which use
motor heat to evaporate the water.

Compressors are often described as being either open, hermetic, or semi-hermetic, to describe
how the compressor and motor drive is situated in relation to the gas or vapour being
compressed. The industry name for a hermetic is hermetically sealed compressor, while a
semi- is commonly called a semi-hermetic compressor.

In hermetic and most semi-hermetic compressors, the compressor and motor driving the
compressor are integrated, and operate within the pressurized gas envelope of the system.
The motor is designed to operate and be cooled by the gas or vapour being compressed.

The difference between the hermetic and semi-hermetic, is that the hermetic uses a one-piece
welded steel casing that cannot be opened for repair; if the hermetic fails it is simply replaced
with an entire new unit. A semi-hermetic uses a large cast metal shell with gasketed covers
that can be opened to replace motor and pump components.

The primary advantage of a hermetic and semi-hermetic is that there is no route for the gas to
leak out of the system. Open compressors rely on either natural leather or synthetic rubber
seals to retain the internal pressure, and these seals require a lubricant such as oil to retain
their sealing properties.

An open pressurized system such as an automobile air conditioner can leak its operating
gases, if it is not operated frequently enough. Open systems rely on lubricant in the system to
splash on pump components and seals. If it is not operated frequently enough, the lubricant
on the seals slowly evaporates, and then the seals begin to leak until the system is no longer
functional and must be recharged. By comparison, a hermetic system can sit unused for years,
and can usually be started up again at any time without requiring maintenance or
experiencing any loss of system pressure.

The disadvantage of hermetic compressors is that the motor drive cannot be repaired or
maintained, and the entire compressor must be removed if a motor fails. A further
disadvantage is that burnt out windings can contaminate whole systems requiring the system
to be entirely pumped down and the gas replaced. Typically hermetic compressors are used in
low-cost factory-assembled consumer goods where the cost of repair is high compared to the
value of the device, and it would be more economical to just purchase a new device.

An advantage of open compressors is that they can be driven by non-electric power sources,
such as an internal combustion engine or turbine. However, open compressors that drive
refrigeration systems are generally not totally maintenance free throughout the life of the
system, since some gas leakage will occur over time

HUMIDIFIER
A humidifier is a household appliance that increases humidity (moisture) in a single room or in the
entire house. There are point-of-use humidifiers, which are commonly used to humidify a single
room, and whole-house or furnace humidifiers, which connect to a home's HVAC system to provide
humidity to the entire house

Other types of humidifiers

Other types of humidifiers include:
  Vaporizer (Steam Humidifier) (Warm Mist Humidifier) — Boils water, releasing
steam and moisture into the air. A medicated inhalant can also be added to the steam
vapor to help reduce coughs. Vaporizers may be more healthful than cool mist types
of humidifiers because steam is less likely to convey mineral impurities or
microorganisms from the standing water in the reservoir.[2] Boiling water requires
significantly more energy than other techniques. The heat source in poorly-designed
humidifiers can overheat, causing the product to melt, leak, and start fires.[3]

 Impeller Humidifier (Cool Mist Humidifier) — A rotating disc flings water at a

diffuser, which breaks the water into fine droplets that float into the air.
 Ultrasonic Humidifier — A metal diaphragm vibrating at an ultrasonic frequency
creates water droplets that silently exit the humidifier in the form of a cool fog.
Ultrasonic humidifiers use a piezo-electric transducer to create a high frequency
mechanical oscillation in a body of water. The water tries to follow the high
frequency oscillation but cannot because of its comparative weight and mass inertia.
Thus, a momentary vacuum is created on the negative oscillation, causing the water to
cavitate into vapor. The transducer follows this with a positive oscillation that creates
high pressure compression waves on the water’s surface, releasing tiny vapor
molecules of water into the air. This is an extremely fine mist, about one micron in
diameter, that is quickly absorbed into the air flow. Unlike the humidifiers that boil
water, these water droplets contain any impurities that are in the reservoir, including
minerals from hard water (which then forms a difficult to remove white dust on
nearby objects and furniture), and pathogens growing in the stagnant tank. Ultrasonic
Humidifiers should be cleaned regularly to avoid bacterial contamination which may
be projected into the air.

DIHUMIDIFIER
A dehumidifier is typically a household appliance that reduces the level of humidity in the air,
usually for health reasons. Humid air can cause mold and mildew to grow inside homes, which has
various health risks. Very high humidity levels are also unpleasant for human beings, can cause
condensation and can make it hard to sleep or dry laundry. Higher humidity is also preferred by most
insects, including clothes moths, fleas and cockroaches. Relative humidity in dwellings is preferably
30 to 50 percent.[1] Dehumidifiers are also used in industrial climatic chambers for keeping desired
humidity levels.