NDF
JMW^DIIM NDFD^
D^MI
MI IHFDZIMJDÚC
 IMGLWMI IHFDZIMJDÚC
JLNDFL ZXZ^MC^DRL NHI ^WMGMOL
 

Jmrtdiim ndfdtmi slgrh ihfdsimjdúc imglrmi, hctrhfm =, júndfl

sustmctdvl nhi trmgmol

Jmrli ^mtdmcm
^mtdmcm _uiumfm Futdärrhz
 DN? 86:786
 Mnkdcdstrmjdúc hc Zhfurdnmn y Zmiun hc hi ^rmgmol
^hrjhr shkhstrh - Frupl 7

Jlrplrmjdúc Hoh
ucdvhrsdtmrdm kdcutl
jmbhthrl ‚ Zhnh nh Ndls ‚ Xcdkdcutl
Jedcjedcí
 Wlghrtl Ljmkpl Mfunhil
 Ihfdsimjdúc imglrmi
 CWJ =2725
 Kmcdzmihs
7070
 

 DC^WLNXJJDÚC
• Ghkgdgrh (70=7),cls nhbdch im ihfdsimjdúc imglrmi jlkl uc jlcouctl nh ihyhs
y clrkms quh tdhchc plr lgohtdvl rhfuimrdzmr ims mjtdvdnmnhs imglrmihs, ym shm
hc il quh rhsphjtm m ils nhrhjels nhi trmgmomnlr, jlkl tmkgdäc m sus
lgidfmjdlchs y il kdskl pmrm
p mrm hi hkpihmnlr.
• Hstl m trmväs nhi jlcndfl sustmctdvl nhi trmgmol nlcnh hc su Mrt. Cl.= emgim
nh su bdcmidnmn, im jumi hs ilfrmr im oustdjdm hc ims rhimjdlchs quh rufhc hctrh
hkpihmnlrhs y trmgmomnlrhs, nhctrl nh uc hspërdtu nh jllrndcmjdúc hjlcúkdjm
y hqudidgrdl sljdmi.
• Hc hstm lplrtucdnmn vdsumidzmrhkls ucm rhimjdúc jimrm jlc hi Júndfl
Zustmctdvl nhi trmgmol hc uc jlcthxtl hkprhsmrdmi slgrh ims jmrmjthrëstdjms nh
uc jlctrmtl imglrmi, m trmväs nh im hkprhsm
h kprhsm PWLTHJ^LZ DCFHCDHWDM ZMZ.
 

•
 PWLTHJ^LZ DCFHCDHWËM Z.M.Z
Hs ucm hkprhsm nh Dcfhcdhrëm Jdvdi,  Hstrujturm Lrfmcdzmjdlcmi?
• Írhm
 Írhm ^äjcdjm? hcjmrfmnls nh ils prljhsls nh idjdtmjdlchs, cúkdcms nh lgrm
bucnmnm
mýl 70=8,y Hstm
ihfmikhcth jlcstdtudnm
lrfmcdzmjdúc sh hc
jrhúhi  plr jmnm prlyhjtl, jrhmjdúc nh mjtms pmrm jlgrl m hctdnmnhs, jrhmjdúc nh
jlc hi lgohtdvl nh grdcnmr uc shrvdjdl rmzlchs sljdmihs l jlcslrjdls, Dcfhcdhrls jdvdihs ‚ Mrqudthjtls.
nhbdcdnl plr jmidnmn y fmrmctëm nh • Írhm
 Írhm Jlctmgih? hcjmrfmnls nh tlnm im pmrth jlctmgih, rmndjmjdúc nh bmjturms,
shfurdnmn pmrm ils jidhcths,
jidhcths, prhstmcnl uc hxphndr jhrtdbdjmnls nh rhthcjdúc, rhfdstrmr bmjturms hc uc sdsthkm jlctmgih,
shrvdjdl nh jmidnmn pmrm mquhiims fhchrmjdúc cúkdcms mnkdcdstrmtdvms htj, Jlctmnlr,
Jlctmnlr, muxdidmr jlctmgih, muxdidmr

hkprhsms nhkmcnmcths quh hstíc mnkdcdstrmtdvl.

• Írhm
 Írhm Jmkpl? hcjmrfmnls nh hstmr prhshcths hc ims lgrms l prlyhjtls,
dcthrhsmnls hc im rhmidzmjdúc hc
slidjdtmcnl phndnls, suphrvdsmcnl y jmijuimcnl, Zhfurdnmn y Zmiun hc hi
jlcsuitlrëm y hohjujdúc nh lgrms jdvdihs.
trmgmol, Dcfhcdhrls jdvdihs, Mrqudthjtls, Prlbhsdlcmihs hc Zhfurdnmn y Zmiun hc
• Nhctrl nh im dcstdtujdúc sh rhmidzmc hi ^rmgmol, ^rmgmomnlrm Zljdmi.
•Írhm Mnkdcdstrmtdvm? hcjmrfmnls nh rhmidzmr JLC^WM^LZ IMGLWMIHZ ,
 prljhsls
jrhmcnl ndbhrhcths
nh idjdtmjdlchs
rmzlchs pÿgidjms,
sljdmihs, shm DCNHBDCDNL, plr LGWM L IMGLW l nh PWHZ^MJDÚC NH
ZHWRDJDLZ, tlnl nhphcnh pmrm im fhstdúc jlctrmtmnm, prljhsl nh mbdidmjdúc m
jlcslrjdls jlkl phrslcms ourëndjms l shfurdnmn sljdmi, HPZ, PHCZDÚC,JJB, MWI, jrhmjdúc nh hkprhsms mcth ims
 phrslcms cmturmihs, nhphcndhcnl nh ims mnkdcdstrmnlrms, jrhmjdúc nh hkprhsms mcth hi lphrmnlr Mslpmfls pmrm
lgrms l prlyhjtls quh vmymc dcfrhsmcnl rhmidzmr tlnls ils klctmohs nh shfurdnmn sljdmi nh jmnm phrslcm , fhchrmjdúc
sh vmc rhmidzmcnl ims mbdidmjdlchs y nh pimcdiims, sukdcdstrl nh kmthrdmihs pmrm im lgrms , jlctrli nh dcfrhsl nh
vdcjuimjdlchs nhi phrslcmi ndstrdgudnl nh  phrslcmi, mnkdcdstrmjdúc nh juhctms , kmchol nh prlvhhnlrhs, mutlrdzmjdlchs
im sdfudhcth kmchrm nh pmfl, htj, Muxdidmrhs Jlctmgihs, Msdsthcth Mnkdcdstrmtdvms, Fhrhcth
Mnkdcdstrmtdvm, ^hslrhrm.
 

 PLIË^DJM, KDZDÚC, RDZDÚC T RMILWHZ

JLWPLWM^DRLZ
•
Im mitm ndrhjjdúc em nhbdcdnl im kdsdúc, im vdsdúc y •
 Kdsdúc? Kmcthchr uc plrtmblidl nh shrvdjdls
ils vmilrhs jlrplrmtdvls pmrm im pimcdbdjmjdúc nh im mkpidl, il quh cls iihvm m shr jlkphtdtdvls hc hi
 pliëtdjm nhi ZFZZ^,
ZFZZ^, im jumi nhgh shr jlkucdjmnm
jlkucdjmnm y khrjmnl hc hi nhsmrrliil nh ndbhrhcths prlyhjtls nhi
ndvuifmnm m trmväs nh ils prljhsls nh dcnujjdúc, írhm nh jlcstrujjdúc, fmrmctdzmcnl hi jukpidkdhctl
rh dcnujjdúc, jdjils nh blrkmjdúc y
jmpmjdtmjdlchs m ils trmgmomnlrhs nh tlnls ils hc tdhkpls lbrhjdnls y hc im jmidnmn nh ils
cdvhihs nh im lrfmcdzmjdúc1 mndjdlcmikhcth nhghrí  prlnujtls l shrvdjdls prhstmnls, gusjmcnl
hstmr pugidjmnm hc ils iufmrhs nh trmgmol pmrm nmr rhimjdlchs nh imrfl pimzl jlc cuhstrls jidhcths y nh
jukpidkdhctl m il hxprhsmnl hc hi Nhjrhtl =067 im kmcl nh hiils jlctrdgudr hi nhsmrrliil sljdmi nh
nh 70=8. cuhstrl pmës.
•

•
 Pliëtdjm?
mcumikhcthImplr
pliëtdjm
im mitmshrí rhvdsmnmhckëcdkmkhcth
ndrhjjdúc, rhucdlchs nh Rdsdúc? PWLTHJ^LZ DCFHCDHWËM Z.M.Z
rhvdsdúc plr im ndrhjjdúc l hc jmsls hsphjdmihs trmgmomrm mrnumkhcth pmrm shr ucm hkprhsm
jumcnl sh rhqudhrm l jumcnl sh prhshcthc jmkgdls rhjlcljdnm hc hi shjtlr nh im jlcstrdjjdúc plr su
hc im lrfmcdzmjdúc hc kmthrdm nhi ZFZZ^. jmidnmn y jukpidkdhctl, hc ghchbdjdl kutul jlc
cuhstrls jidhcths y im sljdhnmn. Zlplrtmnm hc im
•

Rmilrhs jlrplrmtdvls?
cjdm, ^rmgmol Whsphtl,
^rmcspmrhcjdm,
^rmcspmrh hc hqudpl,Whsplcsmgdidnmn,
Zhrvdjdl. hxphrdhcjdm
msë jmnm nëm hc hi nhsmrrliil
kís jlcbdmgih ynhjlkphthcth
lgrms jdvdihs, sdhcnl
shfÿc ims
chjhsdnmnhs y rhquhrdkdhctls nh cuhstrls jidhcths.
 

JLC^WM
JLC^WM^L
^L IMGLWMI
IMGLWMI
• Hi mrt. 77 nhi Júndfl Zustmctdvl nhi ^rmgmol, dcndjm quh uc
jlctrmtl nh trmgmol hs mquhi plr hi jumi ucm phrslcm cmturmi sh
lgidfm m prhstmr
 ourëndjm, gmol im uc shrvdjdl phrslcmi
jlctdcumnm m ltrml phrslcm,
nhphcnhcjdm cmturminh
suglrndcmjdúc l
im shfucnm y khndmcth rhkuchrmjdúc.
•

]udhc
rhjdgh yprhstm hi shrvdjdl
rhkuchrm, sh nhclkdcm
hkpihmnlr, trmgmomnlr, jumiqudhr
y im rhkuchrmjdúc qudhc il
quh shm su blrkm, smimrdl.
 

 HIHKHC^LZ HZHCJDMIHZ NHI

•

jlctrmtl nh trmgmol?
JLC^WM^L
Hi mrt. 7: nhi Júndfl Zustmctdvl nhi trmgmol nlcnh sh hstmgihjhc ils hihkhctls hshcjdmihs nh uc

Pmrm quh emym jlctrmtl nh trmgmol sh rhqudhrh quh jlcjurrmc hstls trhs hihkhctls hshcjdmihs?
m) Im mjtdvdnmn phrslcmi nhi
n hi trmgmomnlr, hs nhjdr, rhmidzmnm plr sd kdskl.
 g) Im jlctdcumnm suglrndcmjdúc l nhphcnhcjdm nhi trmgmomnlr rhsphjtl nhi pmtrlcl, quh bmjuitm m hsth
 pmrm hxdfdrih hi jukpidkdhctl nh úrnhchs, hc jumiqudhr klkhctl, hc jumctl mi klnl, tdhkpl l
jmctdnmn nhi
nurmjdúc nh jlctrmtl.
trmgmol, h dkplchrih rhfimkhctls, im jumi nhgh kmcthchrsh plr tlnl hi tdhkpl nh
j) T uc smimrdl jlkl rhtrdgujdúc nhi shrvdjdl.
Xcm vhz rhucdnls ils trhs hihkhctls nh quh trmtm hsth mrtëjuil, sh hctdhcnh quh hxdsth jlctrmtl nh
trmgmol y cl nhom nh shril plr rmzúc nhi clkgrh quh sh ih nä cd nh ltrms jlcndjdlchs l klnmidnmnhs quh
sh ih mfrhfuhc.
 

 KLNMIDNMNHZ NHI JLC^WM

JLC^WM^L
^L
•

 Mrt.
smivl:6? Hi jlctrmtl
ndsplsdjdúc nh trmgmol
hxprhsm puhnh shr vhrgmi l hsjrdtl1 pmrm su vmidnhz cl rhqudhrh blrkm hsphjdmi mifucm,
hc jlctrmrdl.
•  Mrt. :5? JLC^WM^
JLC ^WM^L L RHWGMI? jumcnl hi jlctrmtl shm vhrgmi, hi hkpihmnlr y hi trmgmol nhghc plchrsh nh
mjuhrnl, mi khcls mjhrjm nh ils sdfudhcths puctls?
=. Im ëcnlih nhi trmgmol y hi sdtdl hc nlcnh em nh rhmidzmrsh
7. Im jumctëm y blrkm nh im rhkuchrmjdúc, ym shm plr ucdnmn nh tdhkpl, plr lgrm hohjutmnm, plr tmrhm, m
nhstmol u ltrm jumiqudhrm, y ils phrdlnls quh rhfuihc su pmfl.
:. Im nurmjdúc nhi jlctrmtl
•

 Mrt.
shmc :4? JLC^WM^Lnhstdcícnlsh
ils dcthrhsmnls, HZJ WD^L? ucl
HZJWD^L? Hi jlctrmtl
pmrm jmnmnhucl
trmgmol hsjrdtl
nh hiils1 hstíshhxhctl
hxtdhcnh hc tmctls hohkpimrhs
nh dkpuhstls jumctls
nh pmphi shiimnl y
nh tdkgrh cmjdlcmi y nhgh jlcthchr chjhsmrdmkhcth, buhrm nh ims jiíusuims quh ims pmrths mjuhrnhc
idgrhkhcth, ims sdfudhcths? im dnhctdbdjmjdúc y nlkdjdidl nh ims pmrths1 hi iufmr y im bhjem nh su jhihgrmjdúc1 hi
iufmr hc nlcnh sh emym jlctrmtmnl hi trmgmomnlr y hc nlcnh emym nh prhstmr hi shrvdjdl1 im cmturmihzm nhi
trmgmol1 im jumctëm nh im rhkuchrmjdúc, su blrkm y phrdlnls nh pmfl1 im hstdkmjdúc nh su vmilr, hc jmsl nh
quh emym sukdcdstrls
nhsmeujdl nh emgdtmjdúc y midkhctmjdúc jlkl pmrth nhi smimrdl1 y im nurmjdúc nhi jlctrmtl, su
y thrkdcmjdúc.
 

^DPLZ NH JLC^WM^LZ
=. Jlctrmtl m thrkdcl bdol

7. Jlctrmtl m thrkdcl dcnhbdcdnl

:. Jlctrmtl nh lgrm l imglr 
>. Jlctrmtl jdvdi l plr prhstmjdúc nh shrvdjdls
8. Jlctrmtl ljmsdlcmi nh trmgmol
2. Jlctrmtl nh mprhcndzmoh
 

JLC^WM^L M ^HWKDCL DCNHBDCDNL

•
Jlkl gdhc sh khcjdlcl hc ndmplsdtdvms mcthrdlrhs hxdsthc vmrdms klnmidnmnhs nhi jlctrmtl hc hsth jmsl
emgimrhkls nh uc jlctrmtl hsjrdtl quh sh hcjuhctrm hstmgihjdnl hc hi Mrt. >8 nhi Júndfl Zustmctdvl nhi
^rmgmol.
•  Mrt. >8? NXWMJDÚC? Hi jlctrmtl nh trmgmol puhnh jhihgrmrsh plr tdhkpl nhthrkdcmnl, plr hi tdhkpl quh
nurh im rhmidzmjdúc
ljmsdlcmi, mjjdnhctminhl trmcsdtlrdl.
ucm lgrm l imglr nhthrkdcmnm, plr tdhkpl dcnhbdcdnl l pmrm hohjutmr uc trmgmol
• Zh jlcsdnhrm quh hxdsth uc jlctrmtl nh trmgmol m tärkdcl dcnhbdcdnl jumcnl hc äi cl sh pmjtm uc tdhkpl
nh nurmjdúc, jumcnl cl sh pmjtm ucm bhjem nh thrkdcmjdúc, hs nhjdr, cl sh nhbdch hc hi jlctrmtl juícnl sh
thrkdcmrí cd juíctl nurmrí, plr tmctl cl hs plsdgih nhthrkdcmr im bhjem nh thrkdcmjdúc.
• Im nurmjdúc dcnhbdcdnm nhi jlctrmtl nh trmgmol sh puhnh pmjtmr nh blrkm hxprhsm hc hi jlctrmtl, l sh puhnh
dcbhrdr sd cl sh pmjtm cdcfucm nurmjdúc. Msë, sd hc hi jlctrmtl nh trmgmol cl sh emjh cdcfucm khcjdúc slgrh
im bhjem l hi tdhkpl hc quh sh thrkdcmrí, sh hcthcnhrí quh hs m tärkdcl dcnhbdcdnl.
 

JLC^WM^L M ^HWKDCL DCNHBDCDNL

 Mrt. >6. NXWMJDÚC DCNHBDCDNM
=. Hi jlctrmtl nh trmgmol cl hstdpuimnl m thrkdcl bdol l juym nurmjdúc cl hstä nhthrkdcmnm plr im nh im lgrm l im
cmturmihzm nh im imglr jlctrmtmnm, l cl sh rhbdhrm m uc trmgmol ljmsdlcmi l trmcsdtlrdl, shrí jlctrmtl m thrkdcl
dcnhbdcdnl.
7. Hi jlctrmtl m thrkdcl dcnhbdcdnl thcnrí vdfhcjdm kdhctrms sugsdstmc ims jmusms quh ih ndhrlc lrdfhc y im kmthrdm nhi
trmgmol. Jlc tlnl, hi trmgmomnlr plnrí nmril plr thrkdcmnl khndmcth mvdsl hsjrdtl jlc im mcthimjdúc cl dcbhrdlr m
trhdctm (:0) nëms, pmrm quh hi hkpihmnlr il rhhkpimjh.
 MW^DJXIL 8

:. Hi
nh jlctrmtl nh trmgmol cl
im imglr jlctrmtmnm, hstdpuimnl
l cl sh rhbdhrmm mtärkdcl bdol ljmsdlcmi
uc trmgmol juym nurmjdúc cl hstä nhthrkdcmnm
l trmcsdtlrdl, shrí jlctrmtlplr im nh im dcnhbdcdnl.
m tärkdcl lgrm l im cmturmihzm

>. Hi jlctrmtl m tärkdcl dcnhbdcdnl thcnrí vdfhcjdm kdhctrms sugsdstmc ims jmusms quh ih ndhrlc lrdfhc y im kmthrdm nhi
trmgmol. Jlc tlnl, hi trmgmomnlr plnrí nmril plr thrkdcmnl khndmcth mvdsl hsjrdtl jlc im mcthimjdúc cl dcbhrdlr m
trhdctm (:0) nëms, pmrm quh hi hkpihmnlr il rhhkpimjh. Hc jmsl nh nmr hi mvdsl lplrtucmkhcth l nh jukpidrsh slil
 pmrjdmikhcth, sh mpidjmrí il ndspuhstl hc hi mrtdjuil 5¿, cukhrmi 6¿, pmrm tlnl hi tdhkpl,
tdh kpl, l pmrm hi impsl nhomnl nh
jukpidr.
 

 PWLTHJ^LZ DCFHCDHWËM Z.M.Z 

•
Hc im hkprhsm Prlyhjtls Dcfhcdhrëm Z.M.Z., sh kmchomc : tdpls nh jlctrmtl, ils jumihs slc?
Jlctrmtl dcnhbdcdnl, jlctrmtl plr lgrm l imglr y jlctrmtl plr prhstmjdúc nh shrvdjdls, hc
hsth jmsl tlkmkls jlkl fuëm nh trmgmol hi jlctrmtl m thrkdcl dcnhbdcdnl.
• Blrkm nhi jlctrmtl? hs uc jlctrmtl m thrkdcl dcnhbdcdnl plrquh cl sh hstmgihjdú uc
tdhkpl nh nurmjdúc. Hs uc jlctrmtl hsjrdtl y mjhptmnl plr ims nls phrslcms (hkpihmnlr y
trmgmomnlr).
•  Pmrths nhi jlctrmtl? sh hstmgihjh qudhc hs hi hkpihmnlr y qudhc shrí hi trmgmomnlr jlc
cukhrl nh nljukhctl, iufmr nh nlkdjdidl nh mkgms pmrths, cdt nh im hkprhsm, hi jmrfl quh
nhshkphýmrm hi trmgmomnlr
trmgmomnlr.
hxdsthc ucms jimusuims quh .il Hs uc jlctrmtl
rdfhc. jlctrmtl dcndvdnumi nh trmgmol m thrkdcl dcnhbdcdnl
dcnhbdcdnl y
•  Nurmjdúc nhi jlctrmtl? sh pmjtm ucm rhkuchrmjdúc nh uc smimrdl gísdjl khcsumi,
 pmfmnhrls hc jmnm qudcjhcm, nhctrl nh hstls pmfls sh hcjuhctrmc dcjiudnls im
rhkuchrmjdúc nhhkprhsm.
hkpihmnl jlc im ils nëms nlkdcdjmihs y bhstdvls. ^mkgdäc sh pmjtm ims lgidfmjdlchs nhi
 

 CLWKM RDFHC^H HC
HC WHIMJDÚC
WHIMJDÚC JLC IMZ
 DCNHKCD_MJDLCHZ
 DCNHKCD_M JDLCHZ NH ILZ ^WMGMOMNLWHZ 
^WMGMOMNLWHZ 
•
^lnl jlctrmtl nh trmgmol hs susjhptdgih nh shr thrkdcmnl, shm jlc oustm jmusm l sdc hiim, ym shm quh sh trmth nh uc
jlctrmtl nh trmgmol m tärkdcl bdol l uc jlctrmtl nh trmgmol m tärkdcl dcnhbdcdnl y jlc hi jlcshctdkdhctl l cl nhi
trmgmomnlr.
  Plr kuhrth nhi trmgmomnlr

  Plr kutul jlcshctdkdhctl

jlcshctdkdhctl
  Plr hxpdrmjdúc nhi pimzl pmjtmnl

  Plr thrkdcmjdúc nh im lgrm l imglr jlctrmtmnm


 Plr idqudnmjdúc
idqudnmjdúc l jimusurm nhbdcdtdvm
nhbdcdtdvm nh im hkprhsm hstmgihjdkdhctl
  Plr susphcsdúc nh mjtdvdnmnhs plr pmrth nhi hkpihmnlr nurmcth kms nh =70 nëms

  plr shcthcjdm hohjutlrdm

  Plr nhjdsdúc ucdimthrmi hc ils jmsls nh ils mrtëjuils 6° nhi nhjrhtl ‚ ihy 7:8= nh =428 y 2° nh hstm ihy
  Plr cl rhfrhsmr hi trmgmomnlr m su hkpihl, mi nhsmpmrhjhr ims jmusms nh im susphcsdúc nhi jlctrmtl
 

 DCNHKCD_MJDÚC PLW NHZPDNL ZDC

 OXZ^M
 OXZ^M JMXZM
Jumcnl sh trmtm nh uc jlctrmtl m thrkdcl dcnhbdcdnl
Pmrm trmgmomnlrhs quh nhvhcfuhc uc smimrdl dcbhrdlr m ndhz (=0) smimrdls këcdkls
khcsumihs ihfmihs?
•=. ^rhdctm
^rhdctm (:0) nëms nh smimrdl jumcnl hi trmgmomnlr tuvdhrh
t uvdhrh uc tdhkpl nh shrvdjdl
cl kmylr nh uc (0=) mýl.
•

7. Zd hi(70)
vhdcth trmgmomnlr tuvdhrh kms
nëms mndjdlcmihs nh nh uc (=)
smimrdl mýl ils
slgrh nh shrvdjdl jlctdcul
t rhdctm (:0)
trhdctm sh nhi
gísdjls ih pmfmríc
cukhrmi.
• :. Plr jmnm ucl nh ils mýls nh shrvdjdl sugsdfudhcths mi prdkhrl y
 prlplrjdlcmikhcth plr brmjjdúc.
 

JLC^WM^L DCNHBDCDNL HKPWHZM HIHFDNM

Mrt 77 , 7:, 7>, 76
76 ?Mquë sh nhbdch hi tdpl nh jlctrmtl Zh khcjdlcm hi dgj plr hi jumi hstm mbdidmnl m su
quh sh utdidzm ,nmtls prdcjdpmihs hkpihmnlr y shfurdnmn sljdmi, bhjem nh dcdjdl, tdpl nh jlctrmtl ,
hkpihmnl, jmrfl, rhtrdgujdúc plr hi lbdjdl quh vm m blrkm nh pmfl , iufmr nh dcstmimjdúc nh lbdjdcm y nhi
jukpidr, nhbdch im rhimjdúc hctrh hkpihmnl y hkpihmnl.
hkpihmnlr.
 

 PMW^HZ
 PMW^HZ NHI JLC^WM
JLC^WM^L
^L DCNHBDCDNL,
DCNHBDCDNL, JLKP
JLKPMWMNL
MWMNL JLC
 HI JÚNDFL ZXZ^
ZXZ^MC^DRL
MC^DRL NHI
NHI ^WMGMOL.
Mrt.=84,=2>? sh hvdnhcjdm hi tdhkpl hxtrm imglrmnl, jlkl
Mrt.85 Lgidfmjdlchs nhi hkpihmnl? vdsumidzmkls ims
lgidfmjdlchs nhi hkpihmnl y ims bucjdlchs prlplchcths sh nhgh pmfmr,
hkpihmnlr dcdjdmcnl
, im blrkm jlc ucm
nh pmfl. mutlrdzmjdúc
Nhsjmcsl hc nëmprhvdm
sígmnlnhish
nhi hkpihmnl.  puhnhc rhpmrtdr
rhpmrtdr 7 elrms mkpidmcnl
mkpidmcnl su olrcmnm,
olrcmnm, pmrm plnhr
plnhr
nhsjmcsmr ils sígmnls.
 

JLC^WM^L DCNHBDCDNL
Mrt. =75? nlcnh sh hsphjdbdjm ims glcdbdjmjdlchs, Mrt -62-66-65-50? sh hvdnhcjdm hi phrdlnl nh
cl sh dcjiuyhc hc hi klkhctl nh rhmidzmr  pruhgm kíxdkl 7 khshs jlkl hstm hstdpuimnl
idqudnmjdlchs , y sh puhnh mukhctmr su dgj phrl ihfmikhcth, y nlcnh sh nhkuhstrm nhrhjel m tlnms
cl mukhctl hi vmilr cl smimrdmi hc uc >0%. ims prhstmjdlchs sljdmihs.
 

JLC^WM^L DCNHBDCDNL
Mrt. >8°? hohjujdúc nh im imglr plr im quh buh Nhjrhtl 7:8= nh =428 Mrt. 6°? plrcl jukpidr
jlctrmtmnl, rhqudsdtls quh sh hstdkmc pmrm ils rhqudsdtls hc hi jlctrmtl hc khcjdúc , plnrí
susphcnhr jlctrmtl . susphcnhrsh l nmnl plr thrkdcmnl hi jlctrmtl.

• Hsth tdpl nh jlctrmtl m tärkdcl

dcnhbdcdnl plr cl pmjtmrsh ucm bhjem
jdhrtm nh thrkdcmjdúc nh jlctrmtl , hsth
cl sh puhnh thrkdcmr plr hbhjtl nhi pmsl
nhi tdhkpl 1 súil sh puhnh thrkdcmr plr
nhjdsdúc vliuctmrdm nhi trmgmomnlr , plr
nhjdsdúc vliuctmrdm nhi hkpihmnlr ym shm
 oustdbdjmnl l cl y plr rhjlcljdkdhctl
nhim phcsdúc nhi trmgmomnlr .
• Oustm jmusm? cl nm iufmr m pmfmr cdcfucm
dcnhkcdzmjdúc.
 

JMXZMZ PMWM NHZPHNDW HKPIHMNL JLC^WM^L

 DCNHBDCL Mrt. 27 júndfl sustmctdvl nh trmgmol
trmgmol
=. Jumcnl hi trmgmomnlr em hcfmýmnl mi hkpihmnlr.  OXZ^MZ JMXZMZ PMWM HI ^WMGMOMNLW
7. Kmi jlkplrtmkdhctl nhi trmgmomnlr hc hi hctlrcl imglrmi.
 WHCXCJDH?
:. Dcjukpidkdhctl frmvh nh ims lgidfmjdlchs nhi trmgmomnlr . =. Hi hcfmýl nh trmgmomnlr .
>. Im kmim bh nhi trmgmomnlr. 7. Kmitrmtl nhi hkpihmnlr.
8. Hi gmol rhcndkdhctl nhi trmgmomnlr. :. Dcnujdr mi trmgmomnlr m jlkhthr mjtms diëjdtls .
2. Im nhthcjdúc prhvhctdvm nhi trmgmomnlr.
>. Dcjukpidkdhctl sdsthkítdjl nh ims
6. Jumcnl hi trmgmomnlr sh phcsdlcm. lgidfmjdlchs nhi hkpihmnlr.
5. Plr hcbhrkhnmn jlctmfdlsm l jrúcdjm dcjurmgih. 8. ^rmsimnmr trmgmomnlr nh iufmr nh trmgmol sdc
4. Prhmvdsl plr nhspdnl oustdbdjmnl.
 oustdbdjmjdúc .
=0. Im pruhgm nh im oustm jmusm pmrm hi nhspdnl. 2. Jlcshjuhcjdms nh quh hi trmgmomnlr rhcucjdh
jlc oustm jmusm .

6.  Cltdbdjmjdúc nh im jmusm nhi nhspdnl.

 

^rmgmol 1 nhsjuhctl
 Mrt.=>4 Júndfl Zustmctdvl nhi ^rmgmol
mutlrdzmnls plr hi trmgmomnlr clvhnmnhs PDIM
• Zh hvdnhcjdm ils nhsjuhctls lplrtucls y
mnhjumnls nhi smimrdl nhi trmgmomnlr .
• Hc hbhjtl im clrkm hstmgihjh im prledgdjdúc nh
nhnujdr rhthchr l jlkphcsmr sukms hi smimrdl
slc quh ,khndh im lrnhc susjrdtm plr hi
trmgmomnlr.
• Hi hkpihmnlr cl puhnh nhnujdr, rhthchr l
jlkphcsmr
susjrdtm plrsukm mifucm nhi
hi trmgmomnlr . smimrdl, sdc lrnhc
• Mrt.=80 Nhsjuhctls phrkdtdnls ? jultms
sdcndjmihs, y nh jllphrmtdvms ,jmoms nh melrrl
mutlrdzmnms nh blrkm ihfmi .
 

 Mrt. =75 JZ^ phrkdth mi hkpihmnlr nhghrí vhrdbdjmr im mbdidmjdúc y

hi pmfl nh ims jltdzmjdlchs, m im prlthjjdúc sljdmi  
 

]XH HZ IM OLWCMNM ^WMGMOL

LWNDCMWDM …….. ZXPIHKHC^MWDL...
^rmgmol supihkhctmrdl l nh
• ioeIm olrcmnm lrndcmrdm nh
trmgmol hs im quh jlcvhcfmc elrms hxtrms
hxtrms hs hi quh sh
m ims pmrths, l bmitm nh hxjhnh nh im olrcmnm
jlcvhcdl m kíxdkm ihfmi. lrndcmrdm y hc tlnl jmsl hi

Mrt. =85 J.Z.^ quh hxjhnh

vdfhcth im kíxdkm
. Mrt. ihfmi
=84 J.Z.^
 

 ^WMGMOL LWNDCMWDL …..Mrt.=20

Hs hi quh sh rhmidzm
hctrh ims 2 elrms 2?00
mk emstm ims 77 elrms
=0?00 pk
 

^WMGMOL CLJ^XWCL ......

Hs hi jlkprhcndnl hctrh ims vhdctdnús

elrms =0?00 pk y ims shds elrms y 2?00 mk
 

^WMGMOL NDXWCL T CLJ^XWCL Mrt=20 J.Z.^

N
D
X
W 
CL

C
L
Hs hi
jlkprhcndnl Hs hi
jlkprhcndnl J
hctrh ims shds hctrh ims ^X
elrms 2?00 mk y ndhjdljel elrms W 
ims ndhjdljel 2?00pk y ims C
2?00 pk . 2?00 mk L
 

OLWCMNM KMUDKM Mtr.=2= J.Z.^

Ils kmylrhs nh => mýls
y khclrhs nh = 2 mýls,
cl nhghc nh trmgmomr kís
nh 2 elrms ndmrdms y :

Im olrcmnm
nurmjdúclrndcmrdm
kíxdkm nh im elrms shkmcmihs.

trmgmol hs nh 5 elrms mi nëm

y >5 elrms m im shkmcm .
Hxjhpjdlchs ?
=. Ils quh nhs
nhshkp
hkphým
hýmcc jmrfl
jmrflss nh ndr
ndrhjj
hjjdúc
dúc,, nh Ils khclrhs hcth =7 y=>
jlcbdmczm l nh kmchol.
7. ZhrZhrvdj
vdjdls
dls nlkä
nlkästdj
stdjls
ls ym
ym sh hc jhctr
jhctrls
ls urgm
urgmcls
cls mýls slil plnríc trmgmomr
l hc hi jmkpl. > elrms ndmrdms y 7> elrms
:. Img
Imglrh
lrhss nds
ndsjlc
jlctdc
tdcums
ums l dct
dcthrk
hrkdth
dthcth
cths.
s.
>. Ils jeljelbhr
bhrhs
hs khj
khjícd
ícdjls
jls nh trmc
trmcspl
splrth
rth sdc m im shkmcm.
dkplrtmr su rhkuchrmjdúc .
 

NHZJMCZL HC IM ^MWNH NHI ZÍGMNL

M
hr k 
s h  t 
kt . = 2  
2  >  P u 
m  cm 
c    i i  h n  n  c 
 o l 
l r 
rc 
  m 
c   hs 
h   s n  h c   r h 
h p 
  m 
 p l r  nm 
n     h
h    t  rt   d dr 
r 
r m j 
h i i b  d  ju    h 
u   r 
l  r
r   
nd  c 
n  c  
r
r   
m
m   
gm 
g    o  t  r  s 
s  h h   i m 
m s 
c  h x 
c  r  
nl 
n     m  r d dm 
r   
m e m  m k  l
l  
 
 ,,  s > 5 
x   h  c
c   k  
 p  5 e l 
 p u h  j  ji i  u 
us 
  d dv  t r 
r  
h
h   s t 
s  t  
m
m    i 
d
d  
m
m  c n l  r 
 
c  rm 
m   s 
s 
nm 
n   v   l 
l  i m  s   p 
m s   p l 
c  n h  h s sj j  m 
m   c 
cn s 
 h 
h q u  uh  h   i  p 
 l 
lp  s 
m r 
m  rt 
t   h 
hs s   ,  r   7  e l 
, p  l r 
rm  s i  ,  ,m 
m   s  m 
m r 
m  r   s t r  rm    g    p h r
r     
s í 
íg   gm  n  u  m g   l j l 
l  l  
  n 
nl      r m  m c 
ct   h 
h t l 
m  o m 
mn 
  l 
n   r r  
c  
c 
. l n  nl      h  hs s   
h i i 
 

^WMGMOL PLW ^WMGMOL ZDC ZLIXJDLC

^XWCLZ NH JLC^DCXDNMN .
Jumcnl im cmturmihzm nh im
imglr cl hxdom im mjtdvdnmn
mjtdvdnmn Mquhiims imglrhs quh plr
jlctdcumnm y sh iihvmnm plr rmzúc nh su kdskm
turcls nh trmgmomnlrhs , im cmturmihzm
mthcndnms ,chjhsdthc shr
sdc sliujdúc
 olrcmnm puhnh shr kís nh 5
elrms , cl hxjhnm nh : jlctdcudnmn , plr turcls
shkmcms. sujhsdvls nh jlctdcudnmn
,phrl hc tmihs jmsls ims
elrms nh trmgmol cl
 puhnhc hxjhnhr nhnh 82
elrms plr shkmcm.
 

Whkuchrmjdúc nhi trmgmol cljturcl y supihkhctmrdl- Mrt

Mrt
=25 J.Z.^
Hi trmgmol hxtrm cljturcl sh
rhkuchrm jlc uc rhjmrfl nh 68%

slgrh hi vmilr ndurcl

nh trmgmol
. lrndcmrdl

^rmgmol
rhjmrfl Cljturcl sh pmfm
nh :8% slgrh jlklnhi
hi vmilr uc Hi trmgmol hxtrm ndurcl sh rhkuchrm
trmgmol ndurcl, jlc hxjhpjdúc nhi jlc uc rhjmrfl nhi 78% slgrh hi
jmsl nh im olrcmnm nh :2 elrms vmilr nhi trmgmol lrndcmrdl ndurcl.
shkmcmihs .
 

NHZJMCZLZ LGIDFM^LWDLZ

Nhsjmcsl nlkdcdjmi Hi hkpihmnlr hstm lgidfmnl m nmr nhsjmcsl

rhkuchrmnl . nlkdcdjmi rhkuchrmnl, hsth nhsjmcsl tdhch ucm
nurmjdúc këcdkm nh 7> elrms.

Zh nëm
uc nhgh, mrhkuchrmr hi nhsjmcsl nlkdcdjmi
tlnls ils trmgmomnlrhs jlc hi lgidfmnl
quh emgdäcnlsh smimrdl lrndcmrdl
m prhstmrnhsu
shrvdjdls hc tlnls il nëms
nëms imglrmihs nhi shkmcm cl bmithc mi trmgmol
trmgmol , l
quh , sd bmitmc , il emymc ehjel plr oustm jmusm , l plr juipm l plr
ndsplsdjdúc nhi hkpihmnlr.
 

Gdgidlfrmbëms ?
• ettps?//sykpidbdjm.jlk/smimrdl-kdcdkl-7070

•
ettps?//
www.ylutugh.jlk/wmtje<v;wzh>hj7IgFf
&bhmturh;ylutu.gh

•
ettps?//www.mijmindmglfltm.flv.jl/sdsour/clr 
kms/Clrkm=.osp<d;::=0>