c, u, np & p Charts … Common Example … 1/5 57

On a certain project, a certain number of construction items arrive per day, in single or
multiple Consignments (CON). In single CON, Proj Manager rejects the items with any
Defects. In multiple CONs, he rejects CONs which have more than 1 Defect. Data in
respect of the last 10 days is collected. Consider 4 cases:

MEhsanSaeed
Case A: One CON of 50 items arrives each day.
Case B: One CON of 40-50 items arrives each day.
Case C: 50 CONs of 100 items each arrive each day. *:Items with Defects
Case D: 40-50 CONs of say 100 items each arrive per day. **:CONs with > 1 Defective Item
Case A Case B Case C Case D
Day Items * Items * Cons ** Cons **
1 50 2 45 2 50 2 45 2
2 50 1 50 1 50 1 50 1
3 50 3 40 3 50 3 40 3
4 50 0 42 0 50 0 42 0
5 50 2 44 2 50 2 44 2
6 50 4 46 4 50 4 46 4
7 50 1 40 1 50 1 40 1
8 50 2 48 2 50 2 48 2
9 50 3 43 3 50 3 43 3
10 50 1 47 1 50 1 47 1

c, u, np & p Charts … Common Example … 2/5 MEhsanSaeed

Considerations
ITEMS have DEFECTS, CON with > 1 ITEM with any 2 DEFECT is DEFECTIVE. NUMBER of ITEMS or
CONs is the SAMPLE SIZE
Case A
Focus is on the single CON and the ITEMS with any DEFECT. NUMBER of ITEMS is FIXED.
c-chart
Case B
Same as Case 1 BUT the NUMBER of ITEMS is VARIABLE u-chart
Case C
This is a case where ITEMS with any DEFECT make the CON DEFECTIVE. On any Day, one or
more CONs may be DEFECTIVE. Focus is on DEFECTIVE CONs. It is a case of DEFECTIVES. That is
where np and p-charts come in. Here, the number of CONs is FIXED (50). np-chart
Case D
Same as Case C but the NUMBER of CONs is VARIABLE. p-chart

Taking the Fixed (c & np charts) & Variable Sample ( u & p charts) separately

58

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c & np Charts … Common Example … 3/5 MEhsanSaeed 59

Day Items * 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 Day Cons ** Cont Limits =

1 50 2 = 𝒄ത ± 𝒛 𝒄ത 1 50 2 𝒏ഥ𝒑 ± 𝒛 𝒏ഥ ഥ)
𝒑(𝟏 − 𝒑
2 50 1 2 50 1
3 50 3 𝒄ത = 19/10 3 50 3 nഥ𝒑 = 19/10
= 1.9 defective con-
4 50 0 = 1.9 defects per day 4 50 0 signments per day
5 50 2 5 50 2
*:Items with Defects ഥ = 1.9/50 = 0.0380
𝒑
6 50 4 6 50 4 or
7 50 1 7 50 1 ഥ = 500/19
𝒑
8 50 2 8 50 2 = 0.038 defective con-
9 50 3 9 50 3 signments
10 50 1 10 50 1 nഥ𝒑 = 50x0.038 = 1.9
∑ 19 UCL = 6.035 ∑ 500 19 UCL = 5.956
LCL = -2.235 → 0 **:CONs with >1 LCL = -2.156 → 0
Defective Item
c chart np chart
6.035 5.956
Number of Defectives
Number of Defects

4 4
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2

1.900 1 1 1 1.900 1 1 1
0 0.000 0
0.000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Days Days

u & p Charts … Common Example … 4/5

Focus: Defects Focus: Defectives
Day Items * Day Cons **
n: Variable
1 45 2 1 45 2 n : Variable
2 50 1 Chart: u 2 50 1 Chart: p
3 40 3 *:Items with Defects 3 40 3
4 42 0 4 42 0 **:CONs with >1
5 44 2 5 44 2 Defective Item
6 46 4 6 46 4
7 40 1 7 40 1
8 48 2 8 48 2
9 43 3 9 43 3
10 47 1 10 47 1
∑ 445 19 ∑ 445 19
𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐭 𝐋𝐢𝐦𝐢𝐭𝐬 Cont Limits
ഥ
𝒖 ഥ(𝟏−ഥ
𝒑 𝒑)
ഥ±𝒛
=𝒖 ഥ±𝒛
=𝒑
𝒏 where 𝒏
where
𝒖ഥ = proportional defects per day ഥ = proportional defective consignments per
𝒑
= 445/19=0.044 day
= 445/19=0.044

MEhsanSaeed 60

2
u & p Charts … Common Example … 5/5 61

Day Items ** pd LCL UCL Day Cons ** pd LCL UCL

1 45 2 0.044 -0.050 0.135 1 45 2 0.044 -0.048 0.133
2 50 1 0.020 -0.045 0.130 2 50 1 0.020 -0.043 0.128
3 40 3 0.075 -0.055 0.141 3 40 3 0.075 -0.053 0.139
4 42 0 0.000 -0.053 0.138 4 42 0 0.000 -0.051 0.136
5 44 2 0.045 -0.051 0.136 5 44 2 0.045 -0.049 0.134
6 46 4 0.087 -0.049 0.134 6 46 4 0.087 -0.047 0.132
7 40 1 0.025 -0.055 0.141 7 40 1 0.025 -0.053 0.139
8 48 2 0.042 -0.047 0.132 8 48 2 0.042 -0.045 0.130
9 43 3 0.070 -0.052 0.137 9 43 3 0.070 -0.050 0.135
10 47 1 0.021 -0.048 0.133 10 47 1 0.021 -0.046 0.131
∑ 445 19 0.044 →𝒖ഥ ∑ 445 19 0.044 →𝒑 ഥ

u chart p chart
0.133 0.128 0.139 0.136 0.134 0.132 0.139 0.130 0.135 0.131
0.135 0.130 0.141 0.138 0.136 0.134 0.141 0.132 0.137 0.133
0.087
Proportional Defects

Proportional Defectives
0.087 0.075 0.070
0.075 0.070
0.044 0.045 0.042
0.044 0.045 0.042 0.025 0.021
0.020 0.025 0.021 0.043 0.020
0.043 0.000 0.000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

-0.050 -0.045 -0.055 -0.053 -0.051 -0.049 -0.055 -0.047 -0.052 -0.048 -0.048 -0.043 -0.053 -0.051 -0.049 -0.047 -0.053 -0.045 -0.050 -0.046
Days Days