Republic of the Philippines

BOHOL ISLAND STATE UNIVERSITY

Main Campus
Carlos P. Garcia North Avenue, Tagbilaran City

Vision: A premier S & T university for the formation of a world class and virtuous human resource for sustainable development in Bohol and
the country.
Mission: BISU is committed to provide quality higher education in the arts and sciences, as well as in the professional and technological
fields, undertake research and development, and extension services for the sustainable development of Bohol and the country.

Subject : ADVANCE DRESS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

Semester : SUMMER 2021-2022
Topic : The Elements of Design,
The Principles of Design and
Helpful Tips in Creating a Design
Reporter : EGRAIN GENEVA L. ORIG
Professor : JO-ANN S. INGKING, MATVE
Date : August 31, 2021

PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

The principles of design are concepts used to organize or arrange the structural elements of design. The
principles of design can help when selecting apparel designs at the point of purchase or during customization of
construction. The principles can also be helpful not only when selecting separate garments but also when
coordinating several garments and accessories into a complete outfit.

I. BALANCE-Balance is the principle that the parts or features of a garment have equal visual weight.
Whether the element is a sleeve, a cuff, or a line of buttons, it works with the other parts of a garment. 
According to the principle, from the centered of the dress, design should be identified on both sides.
There are two types of balance:

A. SYMMETRICALLY OR FORMAL BALANCE

 Design or objects are exactly alike on both sides of a center
 Evenly balanced

B. ASYMMETRICALLY OR INFORMAL BALANCE

 The structure of the decoration and accessories are different both sides from the center or all
decorations are placed on one side.
 Unevenly balance.

II. PROPORTION- Proportion is the relationship of two or more elements in a design and how they
compare with one another. It involves the relationship of one part or space compared to another part
or space, compared to the whole garment, and to the body.
 III. RHYTHM- Proportion is the relationship of two or more elements in a design and how they compare
with one another. It involves the relationship of one part or space compared to another part or
space, compared to the whole garment, and to the body.

Rhythm can be created in five ways in a design:

1. REPETITION- Repetition of line, shape, color, texture, or pattern within the design
2. GRADATION- Gradual change in lines, shapes, color values or textures within the design
3. RADIATION- Lines, shapes, colors, or textural folds inward or outward from a central point or area.
4. TRANSITION- Transition is a technique used to move the eye between different parts of a design at a
more gradual pace rather than an abrupt change in direction
5. OPPOSITION- When lines going opposite direction meet.

IV. EMPHASIS- Emphasis is used to create interest in a garment or to draw attention to a certain part of
an ensemble. When emphasis is used by an individual or a designer, one feature of the ensemble is
visually more prominent in a design than others.

V. HARMONY- it is the relationship of different portion of a design. It produces a feeling of unity

throughout the design by the choice and use of lines, shapes, color and ideas.

Rules to observe to secure harmony:

a. Spaces must be interestingly distributed.
b. Shapes must be similar and properly balanced.
c. Structural and decorative design must be consistent.
d. Textures must be pleasingly combined.
e. Ideas must be related.

ELEMENTS OF DESIGN

I. LINE- creates a visual dimension of length and width. Maybe used as an outline of an object or to
direct the eye to some point of interest in a design.

TWO KINDS OF LINE:

1. DIRECTIONAL LINE such as vertical, horizontal, diagonal, checkered, broken curved. These effect the
height and size of an individual. Lines serve as clothing design like the artistic printing flowers, dot, and
others on fabric.
2. STRUCTURAL LINE is found on neckline, armhole, hem line, dart, side seam, sleeves, collar and pleats of
garments.

II. COLOR-is a radiant energy loosely terms light that produces sensation in our eyes.
 Color Wheel

Basic Psychological Effects of Colors on People

 White- makes us feel clean and fresh, connotes innocence and purity.
 Red- makes us feel bold and daring, connotes passion and bravery.
 Yellow- makes us feel joyful, connotes cowardice and treachery.
 Blue- suggests calmness, represents truth, loyalty and wisdom.
 Green- suggests abundance, cool and restful, jealousy.
 Purple- royalty but also symbolizes suffering.
 Violet- the color which shadows of fading day seems to assume is expressive of seriousness.
 Orange- interpretive of the sun, just as it sets, suggests of hospitality, suggest deliciousness and
ripeness.
 Black- suggest strength and dignity, usually worn to formal, evening affairs, symbolizes mourning and
death.

DIMENSION OF COLORS
 
 HUE- Hue refers to the dominant color family.
Hue refers to the origin of the colors we can see. Primary and Secondary colors (Yellow, Orange, Red,
Violet, Blue, and Green) are considered hues.
 VALUE-Tint refers to any hue or mixture of pure colors to which white is added. Pastel colors are
generally tinted colors. Tinted color remains the same color, but it is paler than the original. When
mixing a tint, always begin with white paint and gradually mix in small amounts of color until you’ve
achieved the tint you want.
 Tone is a hue or mixture of pure colors to which only pure gray is added (equal amounts of black and
white). Adding gray to a color will make the intensity much duller. Beware of mixing too much gray into
a hue as it can become over-dulled and virtually impossible to restore the brilliance
 Shade is a hue or mixture of pure colors to which only black is added. It contains no white or gray. Shade
darkens the color, but the hue remains the same. When mixing a shade, begin with the color itself then
add black one drop at a time.

III. SPACE- The area inside an enclose shape. What goes in within the space contributes to the visual
effect of the garment.
 IV. FORM or SHAPE
Form: It is an object having three dimensions like length, width and depth.
Shape: The overall shape of a garment is its form, or silhouette, or its overall outline.

Shape of Face
- Must be taken great considerations in choosing neckline treatment of a garment.

 Oval shape- this is an egg shaped that is round top and slightly elongated at the chin. It is the most
sought-after shape of face among designers. All kinds of necklines are becoming this shape.
 Round shape- this resembles the shape of a moon where necklines should be given careful
considerations.
 Triangle shape- the top is wider than the ear side going smaller to the chin. The use of wider
neckline is helpful.
 Square shape- the top head is equal to the jaw. Close necklines will do justice to the top shape of the
face.
 Heart shape- round at the top and slightly curved at the chin like the human heart. The shape is
fitting almost all kinds of necklines. The shape is fitting to almost all kinds of necklines.

BODY SHAPE/FIGURES

- Refers to the overall structure of the body.

1. Tall and slim- this has longed body length with broad shoulder, small bust, waist and hip. Loose blouse
with yokes, collar sleeves and pockets will give a nice effect. Pleated skirt or pants will complete the
attires.
2. Tall and stout- this has big bust and the waist and hips are proportional to the height. Fitted blouse with
vertical, horizontal orb diagonal lines will create a slim appearance.
3. Pear shape- this has broad hips and small shoulder. Blouses with collars and sheered sleeves will have a
good effect to balance the hips.
4. Full-busted- this has an inverted triangular shape, full at the bust. Loose blouses and dark colored skirts
are good for this type.
5. Short- waist bodice- this has short upper bodies in relation to its lower part. Yoke skirts will lengthen
the short figure as well as blouses with length beyond the second hips.

V. TEXTURE- is the element of design that describes surface appearance and feel. Textures are
compared to other textures with which they are combined and to the person wearing them. Some
adjectives used to describe textures are smooth, heavy, thin, crisp, glossy and rough.

COLOR HARMONY
Color harmony- combination of colors which gives pleasure and a complete impression of unity.

Grayed Colors- also referred to as “soft colors” or “dark colors”

Neutral Colors- black, gray, and white
Warm colors- color of the fire and sun. Sometimes called “advancing” colors.
Cool colors- colors of tress and water. Are called “receding colors”
Nature- the real source of our color harmonies.

TYPE OF COLOR HARMONY

Complementary
Colors that are opposite each other on the color wheel are considered to be
complementary colors (example: red and green).
The high contrast of complementary colors creates a vibrant look especially
when used at full saturation. This color scheme must be managed well so it is
not jarring.
Complementary colors are tricky to use in large doses, but work well when you
want something to stand out.
Complementary colors are really bad for text.

Analogous
Analogous color schemes use colors that are next to each other on the color
wheel. They usually match well and create serene and comfortable designs.
Analogous color schemes are often found in nature and are harmonious and
pleasing to the eye.
Make sure you have enough contrast when choosing an analogous color
scheme.
Choose one color to dominate, a second to support. The third color is used
(along with black, white or gray) as an accent.
Triad
A triadic color scheme uses colors that are evenly spaced around the color
wheel.
Triadic color harmonies tend to be quite vibrant, even if you use pale or
unsaturated versions of your hues.
To use a triadic harmony successfully, the colors should be carefully balanced -
let one color dominate and use the two others for accent.

Split-Complementary
The split-complementary color scheme is a variation of the complementary color
scheme. In addition to the base color, it uses the two colors adjacent to its
complement.
This color scheme has the same strong visual contrast as the complementary
color scheme, but has less tension.
The split-complimentary color scheme is often a good choice for beginners,
because it is difficult to mess up.

Rectangle (tetradic)
The rectangle or tetradic color scheme uses four colors arranged into two
complementary pairs.
This rich color scheme offers plenty of possibilities for variation.
The tetradic color scheme works best if you let one color be dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in
your design.
Square
The square color scheme is similar to the rectangle, but with all four colors
spaced evenly around the color circle.
The square color scheme works best if you let one color be dominant.
You should also pay attention to the balance between warm and cool colors in
your design.