Competency-Based Learning Materials

Common Competency
Interpret Technical Drawing
Competency-Based Learning Material

Interpret Technical Drawing

Printed by:
Carwill Construction Inc. Technical School
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

October 2021

All rights reserved

These Competency-Based Learning
Materials are properties of the
Carwill Construction Incorporated
Technical School encourages the
use of the CBLMs contain herein for
education and training purposes
with appropriate credit given to
CCITS. Duplication and/or use of
the CBLMs for commercial
purposes require prior written
approval from the authors.

For further information, please

contact

The AC Manager
Carwill Construction Inc. Technical
School
Tibungco,Davao City
Tel. no. (082)285-2758
E-mail Add:
[email protected]
 COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING
MATERIAL

Sector: CONSTRUCTION

Qualification Title: HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR NC II

Unit of Competency: Interpret Technical Drawing

Module Title: Interpreting Technical Drawing

Carwill Construction Inc. Technical School

Tibungco, Davao City
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The Competency- Based Learning Materials on Interpreting Technical

Drawing under Heavy Equipment Operation (Hydraulic Excavator NC II) under
the TESDA Training Regulations, could have not been possible without the
outsourced materials presented in the Bibliography; and participation and
support of the following who in the way or another contributed in the
development of the CBLMs, and to whom the CCITS extends its sincerest
gratitude:
Mr. Antonio Segura, AC Manager of CCITS, who supervised the initial
stage development of the materials.
The personnel of the AC and UPTRASS Department TESDA Region XI for
their unwavering assistance in organizing training programs, which serves as
the CCITS facilities in validating CBLMs.
The trainers, who researched, developed, and used the CBLMs during the
actual training.
The TESDA Regional Director for: 1) allowing their people to participate in
making the institution; and 2) for hosting the validation of assessment tools and
regional conduct of program: a) Regional Training Center-KORPHIL Davao.
Mr. Gaudencio C. Villaceran, General Manager, CCI, and TESDA Region
XI for motivating the CCITS to develop CBLMs in support of Competency-Based
Training implementation; and extending the much-needed technical guidance.
Engr. Willy T. Ho, Owner, CCI, for recognizing, believing, and trusting the
CCITS in the pursuits of its mandate.
Secretary Adonis F. Culas, Provincial Director, for supporting the cause of
the CCITS and inspiring its people to excel; and
Finally, we would like to thank God Almighty for giving us the strength
and the passion to serve as one family which enables us to deliver beyond
words.
TO GOD BE THE GLORY!

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Drawing and Plans #01
HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY-BASED LEARNING MATERIAL

The unit of competency, “Interpret Technical Drawing is one of the

competencies of HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR NCII, a course which comprises the
knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for a TVET trainee to possess.
The module, Observing Procedures, Specifications and Manual of
Instruction, contains training materials and activities related to perform
adjustments or replacement for noted defects, perform basic preventive
maintenance servicing (PMS), and prepare equipment reports.
In this module, you are required to go through a series of learning
activities in order to complete each learning outcome. In each learning outcome
are Information Sheets, Self-checks, Operation Sheets, Task Sheets, and Job
Sheets. Follow and perform the activities on your own. If you have questions, do
not hesitate to ask for assistance from your facilitator.
Remember to:
 Read information sheet and complete the self-checks.
 Perform the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets until you are
confident that your outputs conform to the Performance Criteria
Checklists that follow the said work sheets.
 Submit outputs of the Task Sheets, Operation Sheets, and Job Sheets to
your facilitator for evaluation and recording in the Achievement Chart.
Outputs shall serve as your portfolio during the Institutional Competency
Evaluation. When you feel confident that you have had sufficient practice,
ask your trainer to evaluate you. The results of your assessment will be
recorded in your Achievement Chart and Progress Chart.
You must pass the Institutional Competency Evaluation for this
competency before moving to another competency. A Certificate of Achievement
will be awarded to you after passing the evaluation.

You need to complete this module before you can perform the module on
Perform mensuration and calculations.

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 HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR NC II
COMMON COMPETENCIES
COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIALS

LIST OF COMPETENCIES
No. Unit of Competency Module Title Code

Prepare construction Preparing construction

1 CON931201
materials and tools materials and tools

Observe procedures, Observing procedures,

2 specifications and manuals specifications and manuals CON311201
of instruction of instruction

Interpret technical Interpreting technical CON31120

3
drawing drawing 2

Perform mensuration and Performing mensuration and

4 CON311203
calculations calculations

Maintain tools and Maintaining tools and

5 CON311204
equipment equipment

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 Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………..i

HOW TO USE THIS COMPETENCY BASED LEARNING MATERIAL……………………………………………………………….……….

…….ii

List of Competencies………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
………….iii

Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………
iv

MODULE CONTENCT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….v

COMPETENCY SUMMARY………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………vi

LEARNING OUTCOME #1 Analyze Signs, Symbols and Data………….…….….………………………………………………………..…...1

Learning Experiences…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
Information Sheet 3.1-1 Line Standard in a Technical Drawing…………………………….……….……………..
………….3
Self-check 3.1-1……………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………….7
Answer Key 3.1-1……………………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………..8

LEARNING OUTCOME #2 Interpret Technical Drawing…………………………….……..……………………………………………………..9

Learning Experience……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
11
Information Sheet 3.2-1 Technical Drawing…….…………………………………………………………………………………….12
Self-check 3.2-2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……..……
26
Answer Key 3.2-1..…………………………………………………………………………………………………..………………
27
Information Sheet 3.2-2 Units of Measurement………………….………………….……………………………………..
…………………….28
Self-check 3.2-2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………..32
Answer Key 3.2-2..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………...33

LEARNING OUTCOME #3 Apply Freehand Sketching…..………………………………….

…………………………………………………….34

Learning Experience……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………
35
Information Sheet 3.3-1 Tools and Tips in Freehand Sketching………………………………………..
…………………….36
Self-check 3.3-1……………………………………………………………………………………………………..………….…...45
Answer Key 3.3-1..……………………………………………………………………………………………………….….………
46

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Job Sheet 3.3-1 Perform Making a Technical Drawing Plan for a House ………………………………….……………………………
47
Performance Criteria Checklist 3.3-1………………………………….…………………………………..………….
…...48

References………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………...49

MODULE CONTENT

UNIT OF COMPETENCY : Interpret Technical Drawing

MODULE TITLE : Interpreting Technical Drawing

MODULE DESCRIPTOR:

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on analyzing,

interpreting symbols, data and work plan based on the required performance
standards.

Nominal Duration: 4 hours

Learning Outcomes:
Upon completion of this module, you must be able to:
1. Analyzing sign, symbols and data

2. Interpret Technical drawing and Plans

3. Apply free hand sketching

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COMPETENCY SUMMARY

Qualification Title : Hydraulic Excavator NC II

Unit of Competency : Interpret Technical Drawing

Module Title : Interpreting Technical Drawing

Introduction

This unit covers the knowledge, skills and attitudes on analyzing,

interpreting symbols, data and work plan based on the required performance
standards.

Learning Outcomes:

Upon completion of this module, you MUST be able to:

1. Analyzing sign, symbols and data

2. Interpret Technical drawing and Plans

3. Apply free hand sketching

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA
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1 Technical plan are obtained according to job

2. Requirements Signs, symbols and data are identified according to site

regulations.

3. Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified according to the

plan

4. Supplies and materials are listed according to specifications

5. Components, assemblies or objects are recognized as required

6. Dimensions are identified as appropriate to the plan

7. Specification de ails are matched with existing/ available resources and

in line with job requirements

8. Work plan is drawn following the specifications

9. Where applicable, correct freehand sketching is produced in accordance

with the job requirements.

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 LEARNING OUTCOME no. 1:
ANALYZING SIGNS, SYMBOLS AND DATA

Contents:
1. Line Standard in a Technical Drawing
Assessment Criteria:

1. Technical plan are obtained according to job

2. Requirements Signs, symbols and data are identified according to site

regulations.

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Classroom for discussion
 Workplace location
 Measuring tools
-architect/ engineer’s scale
-tape measure
 Blueprint of plan
-Architectural
-Structural
-Electrical
-Mechanical
-Plumbing
 Instructional Materials
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Audio Visual
 Simulation
 Discussion
 Practical Lab
 Demonstration

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Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 1

Analyzing signs, Symbols and Data

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 2.1-1: “Line Standard Read the Information Sheet.
in a Technical Drawing” After reading the learner is
encourage to answer the
self-check.

Answer Self-check 2.1-1: Compare the answer to the

answer key.

Information Sheet 3.1-1

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 LINE STANDARDS IN A TECHNICAL DRAWING
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:
1. Understand technical drawing
2. Determine the signs, symbols and data present in a technical
drawing and what it represent.
Introduction
Technical drawings bridge the communication between designers, the
people who come up who come up with ideas, and producers, the people
who put those ideas into practice. They’re designed as a universal language
to be understood by engineers, contractors, and architects.

Technical Drawing
Also known as an engineering drawing, is a detailed, precise diagram
or plan that conveys information about how an object functions or is
constructed. Engineers, electricians, and contractors all use these drawings
as guides when constructing or repairing objects and buildings.

Types of Technical Drawing

 Mechanical Engineering Drawing

Are used to define the requirements for engineering

products/components. They serve as technical manuals and as trouble-
shooting tools for identifying the weak spots in a mechanical design.
Mechanical drawings rely on precise mathematical equations to accurately
depict the mechanism and it component parts.

 Electrical Drawing
Are technical documents that depict and notate designs for
electrical systems. They convey relevant information about lighting, wiring,
and power sources, as well as information about voltage and capacity.

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Technicians rely on electrical drawings during a building’s construction or
when repairing a building’s electrical system.

 Architectural Drawing
Are detailed, precise depictions of every aspect of the
construction being proposed. Architects use the drawings to visualize ideas
and concepts, turn a design idea into a coherent plan for a building, and
decide the type of supplies and labor that is needed for the project.

Line Standards
Description and
Name Convention Example
Application
Heavy unbroken lines

Used to indicate visible

Visible Lines
edges of an object

Medium lines with short

evenly spaced dashes
Hidden Lines
Used to show concealed
edges

Thin lines made up of

long and short dashes
alternately spaced and
consistent in length
Center Lines
Used to indicate
symmetry about an axis
and locations of centers.
Thin lines terminated
with arrow heads at each
Dimension end
Lines
Used to indicate distance
measured.

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 Thin unbroken lines

Extension Used to indicate extent

lines of dimensions

Thin line terminated

with arrowhead or dot at 1.4x20

the end
Leader
Used to indicate a part,
dimension or other
reference.
Medium series of long
dash and two short
dashes evenly spaced
and end with a long
Phantom or dash.
Datum Line
Use to indicate alternate
position of parts,
repeated detail or to
indicate a datum plane.
Medium line of short
dashes evenly spaced
and labeled
Stich Line
Use to indicate stitching
or sewing

Thin solid ruled lines

with freehand zig-zags
Break
Used to reduce size of
(long)
drawing required to
delineate object and
reduce detail
Thick solid freehand
lines
Break
Use to indicate short
(short)
break

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 Thick solid lines with
Cutting or
arrow head
viewing
plane
Used to indicate
direction in which
Viewing
section or plane is
plane
viewed or taken.
optional
Thick short dashes
Cutting
Used to offset with arrow
plane for
head to show direction
complex or
viewed.
offset views

Self-Check 3.1-1
Identification

1.____________ 6._____________

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 2.____________ 7. _____________

3.____________ 8.______________

4.____________ 9.______________

5.____________ 10._____________

Answer Key 3.1-1

Identification
1. Visible Lines
2. Break (Long)
3. Hidden lines
4. Leader
5. Dimension Lines
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6. Cutting plane for offset views
7. Phantom Lines
8. Cutting or viewing planes
9. Break (short)
10. Center Lines

LEARNING OUTCOME no. 2:

INTERPRET TECHNICAL DRAWING AND PLANS

Contents:
1. Technical Drawings
2. Units of Measurement
Assessment Criteria:

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1. Necessary tools, materials and equipment are identified according to the

plan

2. Supplies and materials are listed according to specifications

3. Components, assemblies or objects are recognized as required

4. Dimensions are identified as appropriate to the plan

5. Specification details are matched with existing/ available resources and

in line with job requirements

6. Work plan is drawn following the specifications

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Classroom for discussion
 Workplace location
 Measuring tools
-architect/ engineer’s scale
-tape measure
 Blueprint of plan
-Architectural
-Structural
-Electrical
-Mechanical
-Plumbing
 Instructional Materials
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Audio Visual
 Simulation
 Discussion
 Practical Lab
 Demonstration

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Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 2

Interpret Technical Drawing and Plans

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 3.2-1: “Technical Read the Information Sheet.

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Drawings” After reading the learner is
encourage to answer the
self-check.

Answer Self-check 3.2-1: Compare the answer to the

answer key.

Read Information Sheet 3.2-2: “Units of Read the Information Sheet.

Measurement” After reading the learner is
encourage to answer the
self-check.

Answer Self-check 3.2-2: Compare the answer to the

answer key.

Information Sheet 3.2-1

TECHNICAL DRAWING
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:
1. Determine the necessary tools, materials and equipment used
according to the plan.

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 2. Identify components, assemblies or objects as per required by the
plan.
Introduction
Plans are often for technical purposes such as architecture,
engineering, or planning. Their purpose in these disciplines is to accurately
and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a site, building,
product or component. Plans can also be for presentation or orientation
purposes, and are often less detailed versions of the former. The end goal of
plans is either to portray an existing place or object, or to convey enough
information to allow a builder or manufacturer to realize a design.

The process of producing plans, and the skill of producing them, is often
referred to as technical drawing. A working drawing is a type of technical
drawing, which is part of the documentation needed to build an engineering
product or architecture. Typically, in architecture these could include civil
drawings, architectural drawings, structural drawings, mechanical
drawings, electrical drawings, and plumbing drawings. In engineering, these
drawings show all necessary data to manufacture a given object, such as
dimensions and angles.

Civil Drawings

A civil drawing, or site drawing, is a type of technical drawing that

shows information about grading, landscaping, or other site details. These
drawings are intended to give a clear picture of all things in a construction
site to a civil engineer.

Civil drafters work with civil engineers and other industry

professionals to prepare models and drawings for civil engineering projects,

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concentrates on the structural elements of the design, making certain that
the structure can endure normal and extreme conditions. Examples of civil
engineering projects are bridges, building sites, canals, dams, harbors,
roadways, railroads, pipelines, public utility systems, and waterworks. Civil
drafters create maps, plans, cross sections, profiles, and detail drawings.

Architectural Drawing

Architectural drawing focuses more on the spatial functionality and

aesthetics of the development work and is more concerned with the artistry,
look, feel and functionality of the design. A technical drawing of a building
(or building project) that falls within the definition of architecture.

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Architectural drawings are used by architects and others for a number of
purposes: to develop a design idea into a coherent proposal, to communicate
ideas and concepts, to convince clients of the merits of a design, to assist a
building contractor to construct it based on design intent, as a record of the
design and planned development, or to make a record of a building that
already exists.

Architectural drawings are made according to a set of conventions, which

include particular views (floor plan, section etc.), sheet sizes, units of
measurement and scales, annotation and cross referencing.

Structural Drawing

A structural drawing is a set of plans: it shows how the structure of a

building will be constructed.

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Structural Drawing Includes:

 Foundation and dimensions

 Framing details
 Details of beams and columns
 Wall sections

which serve as a guide for building the structure. The structural drawing
display the foundation, floor and roof plan of the construction. These plans
provide info such as the size and location of the structural elements existing
in their respective floor plans. Elevations display the exterior walls of a
building or structure.

Types of Structural Drawing

Structural drawing

Structural drawings are used to advance the architect’s concept by

specifying the shape and location of all parts of the structure, allowing that
structure to be built on site. Structural drawings are also used for the
preparation of reinforcement drawings.

Structural drawings would normally include the following information:

 North point
 Determination of the dimensions of the concrete structure on site.
 Plans, sections and elevations showing the design, dimensions and
levels of all the concrete elements within the structure.
 Location of all holes, chases, cavities, fixings and other elements that
affect the concrete mixing work
 Notes on specifications, finishes and all cross references affecting the
construction.

Provide the retailer with the design and section information necessary
to specify the length, shape and number of each type of reinforcement.

Reinforcement drawing
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 The reinforcement drawings (or details) fully describe and identify all
the reinforcing bars in relation to the finished concrete surface and the
holes or fasteners. They are mainly for the use of steel fasteners and it is
preferable that they are kept separate from the general layout drawing.

Standard details

The reseller will often find that certain details occur regularly in a
variety of jobs and that some detail time savings can be reduced by keeping
a library of “Standard Details” to use whenever possible.

Standard details may include: –

 Standard Notes
 Column bases and pole caps
 Underground pipes of the concrete box
 Details of expansion / construction joints, etc.

You can then complete a standard form with the information required for
specific items.

Record Drawing

It is common in the course of construction that changes are made to

the original drawings to deal with unforeseen difficulties that inevitably
occur on site. Once the construction of a reinforced concrete structure is
complete, the original drawings should be modified to show the changes in
detail that have been made during the construction process. Compared to
hand-made designs, editing computer-produced designs is relatively easy.

Mechanical Drawing

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 Mechanical drawing is a type of technical drawing which shows
information about mechanical systems like heating, ventilation and air
conditioning. Technical drawing, also called "drafting," is a particular form of
drawing used by designers, architects and engineers. There are a number of
standards and conventions for technical drawing, as technical drawings are
meant to show information and are interpreted as such. Elements like
layout, text, symbols, types of view projections, dimensioning, descriptive
geometry and line thickness are all standardized in technical drawing.

Electrical Drawing

Electrical drawings, sometimes referred to as wiring diagrams, are a

type of technical drawing that provide visual representation describing
electrical systems or circuits. They are used to explain the design to
electricians or other workers who will use them to help install or repair
electrical systems.

A set of electrical drawings on a project might include:

 A site plan which shows the location of the building and any external
wiring.
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  Floor plans which show the positions of electrical systems on each
floor.
 Wiring diagrams which show the physical connections and layout of
electrical circuits.
 Schedules and other information.

Electrical drawings for buildings tend to include the following details:

 How the electrical wires and other parts of the system are
interconnected and switched.
 Where fixtures and other components connect to the system.
 Incoming power lines and their voltage, size, capacity and rating.
 Power transformers and their winding connection and means of
grounding.
 The main switches, fused switches and tie breakers.
 Equipment such as batteries, air conditioning, solar panels,
generators, and so on, including their voltage and size.

They typically feature complex symbols and annotation to represent and

explain components of the system.

Plumbing Drawing

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 A plumbing drawing is a type of technical drawing that provides visual
representation and information relating to a plumbing system. It is used to
convey the engineering design to plumbers or other workers who will use
them to help install the plumbing system.

A plumbing drawing is used to show clearly the location of fixtures,

sanitaryware, pipework, valves and so on, and illustrates how fresh water is
to be supplied into a building and waste water removed. To illustrate the
separate hot and cold-water supply, the pipe runs will usually be colored red
and blue respectively. Drainage pipes should be illustrated with the grade
(slope) indicated. Where manholes are included, a manhole schedule should
detail the name, invert level, cover level, and depth.

Plumbing can also be detailed as a shop drawing, in which the pre-

fabricated components are shown in terms of how they will be connected,
interlink, and so on

Types
of
views
used
in

drawings

The two main types of views

(or “projections”) used in
drawings are:

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  pictorial
 orthographic

Pictorial views

Pictorial views show a 3-D view of how something should look when completed.
There are three types of pictorial views:

 perspective
 isometric
 oblique

Perspective view

A perspective view presents a building or an object just as it would

look to you. A perspective view has a vanishing point; that is, lines that
move away from you come together in the distance. For example, in Figure
1, we see a road and line of telephone poles. Even though the poles get
smaller in their actual measurement, we recognize them as being the same
size but more distant.

1. Perspective view

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 2. An isometric view

3. Oblique view of the object in Figure 2

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4. Multi-view through a glass box

5. Box opened to produce orthographic views

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6. Drawing with the glass box flattened out

7. Orthographic views of the object in Figure 2

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 8. Main floor plan of a house

9. Left elevation of house in

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10. Section A-A

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 Self-Check 3.2-1

Identification

_____________1. Type of technical drawing that provides visual

representation and information relating to a plumbing
system.

_____________2. Show a 3-D view of how something should look when

completed.

_____________3. Are used to advance the architect’s concept by specifying the

shape and location of all parts of the structure

_____________4. Focuses more on the spatial functionality and aesthetics of

the development work and is more concerned with the
artistry, look, feel and functionality of the design

_____________5. Also known as site drawing, is a type of technical drawing

that shows information about grading, landscaping, or other
site details.

_____________
_____________6.
7.

_____________
_____________8.
9.

_____________1
0.

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 Answer Key 3.2-1

Identification

1. Plumbing Drawing

2. Pictorial View

3. Structural Drawing

4. Architectural drawing

5. Civil Drawing

6. Multi-View Through a Glass Box

7. Glass Box Flattened-out

8. Isometric View

9. Obliques View

10. Perspective View

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 Information Sheet 3.2-2
Units of Measurement
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:
1. Determine the different unit of measurement.
2. Identify the use of the different unit of measurement.

Introduction
Knowing how to read a measurement and apply it in a basic and
physically visualize the measurement will be a big help when reading technical
drawing plans. In this information sheet unit of measurement that is commonly
use when making and reading a technical drawing plan.

Measurement Units
Measurement is to find a number that shows the amount of something. A
measurement unit is a standard quantity used to express a physical quantity.
Let us learn about the physical quantities and some of the standard units used
to measure them.

Length

Length describes how long a thing is from one end to the other.

METRIC SYSTEM US Standard Unit (English Unit or

Customary Unit)
 Millimeter (mm)  Inch (in):
Used to measure very short Used to measure the length of
lengths or thicknesses. small objects.
Example, length of a pencil tip. Example: Length of a bed.

 Centimeter (cm):  Foot (ft):

Used to measure small Used to measure short
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 lengths. distances and heights.
Example: Length of a pencil. Example: Heights of buildings.

 Meter (m):  Yard (yd):

Used to measure big lengths It is bigger than a foot.
Example: Length of a classroom. Example: Length of a football
field.
 Kilometer (km):
Used to measure very long  Mile (mi):
lengths or distance. Used to measure long
Example: Distance between two distances.
places. Example: Distance between two
places.

Weight

The amount of matter a thing consists of is its weight.

METRIC SYSTEM US Standard Unit (English Unit or

Customary Unit)
 Milligram (mg):  Ounce (oz):
Used to measure very light Used to measure small
things. quantities.
Example: Medicines Example: Bread.

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  Gram (g):  Pound (lb):
Used to measure small Used to measure body
things. weight, etc.
Example: Potato

 Kilogram (kg):  Ton:

Used to measure heavy Used to measure much
things. heavier things.
Example: Body weight Example: Trucks

Capacity (Volume)

Capacity is how much quantity a container can hold.

METRIC SYSTEM US Standard Unit (English Unit or

Customary Unit)
 Milliliter (ml):  Cup
Used to measure very
small quantities.  Pint
Example: Medicines.
 Quart
 Liter (l):
Used to measure liquids.  Gallon
Example: juice, milk

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Time

The ongoing sequence of events is time.

Metric Units and US Standard Unit are the same for the time

 Second (s)
 Minute (min)
 Hour (hr)
 Day
 Week
 Month
 Year

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 Self-Check 3.2-2

Identification

______________1. The ongoing sequence of events.

______________2. The amount of matter a thing consists of.

______________3. Describes how long a thing is from one end to the other.

______________4. Defines how much quantity a container can hold.

______________5. Used to measure very small quantities of liquids.

______________6. Used to measure weight of small things.

______________7. Used to measure weight of much heavier things.

______________8. A metric system used to measure very long lengths or

distance.

______________9. US unit of measurement that is bigger than a foot.

______________10. US unit of measurement used to measure weight on small

quantities.

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 Answer Key 3.2-2

Identification

1. Time

2. Weight

3. Length

4. Volume

5. Milliliter

6. Gram

7. Tons

8. Kilometer

9. Yard

10. Ounce

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 LEARNING OUTCOME no. 3:
APPLY FREEHAND SKETCHING

Contents:
1. Tips and Materials in Freehand Sketching
Assessment Criteria:

1. where applicable, correct freehand sketching is produced in accordance

with the job requirements.;

CONDITIONS: The student/trainee must be provided with the following:

 Classroom for discussion

 Workplace location
 Measuring tools
-architect/ engineer’s scale
-tape measure
 Blueprint of plan
-Architectural
-Structural
-Electrical
-Mechanical
-Plumbing
 Instructional Materials
ASSESSMENT METHODS:
 Audio Visual
 Simulation
 Discussion
 Practical Lab
 Demonstration

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Learning Experiences

Learning Outcome 3

Apply Freehand Sketching

Learning Activities Special Instructions

Read Information Sheet 3.2-1: “TIPS AND Read the Information Sheet.
MATERIALS IN FREEHAND SKETCHING” After reading the learner is
encourage to answer the
self-check.

Answer Self-check 3.2-1: Compare the answer to the

answer key.

Perform Task Sheet 3.3-1: “Perform making a Perform Job Sheet. To

technical drawing plan for a house” evaluate your level of
understanding towards the
previous discussion.

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 Information Sheet 3.3-1
TOOLS AND TIPS IN FREEHAND SKETCHING
Learning Objectives:
After reading this information sheet, you must be able to:
1. Determine how to draw a technical drawing plan.
2. Identify the different tools when making a technical drawing plan
Introduction

The ability to make quick, accurate sketches is a valuable advantage

that helps convey technical information or ideas to others. A sketch may be
of an object, an idea of something you are thinking about, or a combination
of both. Most of us think of a sketch as a freehand drawing, which is not
always the case. Sketch on graph paper takes advantage of the lined
squares, or sketch on plain paper with or without the help of drawing
instruments.

Sketching Instrument

Freehand sketching requires few tools. If you have a pencil and a

scrap piece of paper handy, you are ready to begin. However, technical
sketching usually calls for instruments that are a little more specialized.

 PENCILS AND LEADS

There are two

types of pencils those
with conventional
wood bonded cases
known as wooden
pencils and those with
metal or plastic cases
known as mechanical
pencils. With the
mechanical pencil, the
lead is ejected to the
desired length of
projection from the
clamping chuck.
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 PENS
Two types of pens are
used to produce ink lines: the
ruling pen with adjustable blade
and the needle-in-tube type of
pen. We include the ruling pen
here only for information; it has
been almost totally replaced by
the needle-in-tube type. The
second type and the one in
common use today is a technical
fountain pen, or needle-in-tube
type of pen. It is suitable for
drawing both lines and letters.
Adjustable triangle. The draftsman uses different interchangeable
needle points to produce different line widths. Several types of these
pens now offer compass attachments that allow them to be clamped
to, or inserted on, a standard compass leg.
 DRAWING AIDS

Some of the most common drawing

aids are protractors, triangles, and
French curves.

o Protractor
is used to measure or lay out
angles other than those laid out
with common triangles.

o Common triangles
may be used to measure
or lay out the angles they
represent, or they may be used
in combination to form angles
in multiples of 15°.

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 o Adjustable triangle
may lay out any angle, which
replaces the protractor and common
triangles.

o French curve
is usually used to
draw irregular curves with
unlike circular areas where
the curvature is not
constant.

Tips when making a drawing plan

1. Start seeing technical drawing as important as freehand drawing.

The natural tendency is to completely ignore technical drawing. I

suggest that you see it for what it is and start allocating several hours per
week to getting better at it! When you get better at technical work, you will
improve your overall drawing and design skills.

2. Always clean your triangles and drawing

board to keep the smudging to a minimum.

A big no-no for achieving great technical

drawings is smudging the sheet and making your
drawings look messy and clumsy. You can easily
avoid this by always cleaning your triangles.

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3. Cover your triangles in paper scotch tape – that is going to reduce
smudging as well.

Paper scotch tape will remove most grime from your drawing sheet;
just remember to change it from time to time. This technique works very
well with tip #2.

4. Construct your technical drawings

using an HB pencil.

HB gives enough clarity while

keeping smudging to a minimum. Use
that to your advantage! You can harden
the construction lines later using a softer
pencil (2B+).

5. See the virtue in patience. Don’t lose your cool when faced with
challenging technical drawings.

Technical drawing is famous (or infamous) for being a brain twister. Accept
this upfront—trust me, that’s going to save you a lot of hassle and heartache
later on. You'll have to do this for a while until you get used to it.

6. Start seeing the beauty in descriptive

geometry… and practice descriptive
geometry each and every day.

Descriptive Geometry is notorious for

being the hardest of all technical drawing
types. However, you can understand it and

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master it with enough practice. Constant practice will get you comfortable
with descriptive geometry.
7. Commit to becoming so excellent at technical drawings that you’re
able to outsource any part of your designs to drawing them on the
drafting board.

This is a stage in itself; once you cross this mental bridge, you will
start being less tense about technical drawing and actually start enjoying it!

8. Get a proper A2-A1-A0 drafting board. Stop

it with the small A4-A3 drawings.

You know the stereotypical image of the

architect working in front of a drafting board?
Guess what—you need to become like that. Get
the proper drawing tools in order to draw large
drawings on a proper-sized drafting board.

9. Do a 30-day technical drawing challenge. (No excuses!)

Chip away at technical drawing

every day for 30 days in a row. Your
progress will be obvious! It might get
frustrating after day #17, but don’t lose
faith!

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10. Use dotted lines to show the
back edges of your drawings.

This way you keep your

work tidy and clean. And, as a
bonus, you make it look smart
and elegant as well. Different line
types add different kinds of
information. And that looks good.

11. Understand the

principles and thinking
behind sections.

Understanding sections
is 90% about developing your
3-dimensional vision. This will
make more sense as you
practice it.
The first step is
understanding how to
correctly draw sections.

12. Know at least three different types of axonometric.

There are several types of axonometric drawings out there that show
the same volume at slightly different angles.

13. Know what a dodecahedron is and how to draw it in triple

projection and axonometric.

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There are several "simple" volumes out there that you need to know how to
draw: the dodecahedron is the most approachable of the lot. Start with a
triple projection, then axonometric.

14. Master triple projections.

A triple projection shows a volume from a frontal, top and side view. If
you’ve used any computer software, you already are familiar with these
concepts from the front, top and side viewport. If you know how to draw the
volume line by line, then you’re much better off.

15. Learn to solve 100 Descriptive Geometry Problems

You want to become
smarter, more disciplined
and faster in your
thinking as an architect
or designer? Try the ‘100
descriptive geometry
problems’ challenge and
we'll talk after that. 

16.  Learn to draw custom

ellipses in all types of
axonometric drawings.

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Ellipses are notoriously hard to draw in a normal axonometries, so drawing
custom ones will help you get better and better.

17. Develop a passion for solving any descriptive geometry problem you
come across.

Most architects just run away from descriptive geometry (Don’t believe
me? Try asking one to draw a simple dodecahedron sitting on its spatial
diagonal). You need to do what everyone else isn’t doing and become
genuinely passionate about learning how to do it yourself.

18. Know how to draw all the standard primitives: cube, pyramid,
cylinder, cone, tetrahedron etc.

Obviously drawing them in triple projection and different types of

axonometries is best. How do you start with that? Pick a standard cube with
the length of 4 cm. Go draw a triple projection and 3 different axos of it.

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19. Know how to draw all
standard geometrical
shapes: square, circle,
pentagon, hexagon.

Get started with planar

geometry. You will use this
later for facade and planar
studies. Also, as a tip:
knowing multiple types of
geometry will help you get
proportions right for all your
designs.

20. Ink all your best drawings – whether they are sections, technical
details, artistic axonometric etc.

Inking drawings (tracing over them with a liner instead of just leaving
them in standard pencil) is the best option out there for preserving them.

Self-Check 3.3-1

Identification

_______________1. Shows a volume from a frontal, top and side view.

_______________2. It is suitable for drawing both lines and letters.
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_______________3. The lead is ejected to the desired length of projection from
the clamping chuck.
_______________4. Gives enough clarity while keeping smudging to a
minimum.
_______________5. Usually used to draw irregular curves with unlike circular
areas where the curvature is not constant.;
_______________6. Used to measure or lay out angles other than those laid
out with common triangles.
_______________7. May lay out any angle, which replaces the protractor and
common triangles.
_______________8. Are notoriously hard to draw in a normal axonometries.
_______________9. Is the most approachable of the lot.
_______________10. Notorious for being the hardest of all technical drawing
types.

Answer key 3.3-1

Identification

1. Triple Projection
2. Fountain Pen

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3. Mechanical Pencil
4. HB
5. French Curve
6. Protractor
7. Adjustable Triangle
8. Ellipses
9. Dodecahedron
10. Descriptive Geometry

JOB SHEET 3.3-1

Title: Perform making a technical drawing plan for a house

Performance Objective:
Given by all the information from this Learning Outcome
perform the job of making a technical drawing plan that is a basis of
excavation.
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Supplies: Writing Material, Drawing Paper

Equipment: Manuals, Pencils, Protractors, Drawing Triangles

Steps/Procedure:

1. Bring a piece of paper that will serve as your drawing blueprint

2. Identify the material and the dimension of your drawing plan.

4. Given with 1hr. draw your plan

5. Present your work to the Trainer.

Assessment Method:

Practical Performance, Performance Criteria Checklist

Performance Criteria Checklist 3.3-1

Trainee’s Name____________________________________ Date__________

Criteria Yes No

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1. Using the given time, the drawing plan is submitted
timely

2. Correct of function and usage of lines is shown in the

drawing plan

3. Dimensions, Signs and Symbols are use when making

the plan

4. Showed a good and level understanding of the usage of

each symbol is shown.

5. Work Plan is drawn following the specifications.

Comments/ Suggestions:

Trainer: ___________________________ Date__________

References

Book

Navedtra 14040, 1994, Blueprint Reading and Sketching, Retrieved (October

2021)

Websites
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https://gltnhs-tle.weebly.com/lesson-43.html

https://maritime.org/doc/pdf/blueprint.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_(drawing)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_drawing

https://mohankumar.construction/blog/before-constructing-know-about-
structural-drawing/

https://www.splashlearn.com/math-vocabulary/measurements/measu

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